2

MC LC
Mc lc 2
M u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1 Khng gian b chn a phng 5
1.1. Mt s kin thc chun b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2. Khng gian b chn a phng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2 V cc nh l c bn ca gii tch hm trn khng gian
b chn a phng 18
2.1. nh l Hahn-Banach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.2. nh l nh x m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.3. Nguyn l b chn u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Kt lun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Ti liu tham kho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3
M U
nh l Hahn-Banach, nh l nh m, nguyn l b chn u l cc
nguyn l c bn ca gii tch hm. Chng c vai tr v ngha to ln
trong lnh vc ton gii tch ni ring v ton hc hin i ni chung.
Dng c in ca cc nh l trn c pht biu trong khng gian
Banach. Vo khong thp nin 60 n 80 ca th k trc, chng c
m rng trn nhiu lp khng gian rng hn khng gian Banach, in
hnh l cc m rng ln mt s lp khng gian li a phng bi mt s
chuyn gia ni ting trong gii tch hm nh Kothe, Meise, Vogt,...(xem
[5]). Cc m rng trn lp khng gian khng li a phng (nhng b
chn a phng) c thc hin vo nhng nm 90 ca th k trc bi
chm cc cng trnh ca Bayoumi (xem [2], [3], [4]). Nhng kt qu ny
l c s quan trng nghin cu gii tch phc trn khng gian khng
li a phng.
Vi mc ch tm hiu cc nh l c bn ca gii tch hm trn khng
gian b chn a phng, chng ti la chn ti sau cho lun vn ca
mnh l: V cc nh l c bn ca gii tch hm trn khng gian b chn
a phng.
Ni dung ca lun vn c trnh by trong 2 chng. Chng 1 trnh
by nhng kin thc c s v khng gian vct tp cn dng v sau v
nhng kt qu c bn v khng gian b chn a phng, nh x tuyn
tnh lin tc gia cc khng gian b chn a phng. Chng 2 trnh
by ba nh l c bn ca gii tch hm i vi khng gian b chn a
phng l: nh l Hahn-Banach, nh l nh x m v nguyn l b
chn u.
4
Lun vn c thc hin ti trng i hc Vinh di s hng dn
tn tnh v nghim khc ca thy gio, TS. Kiu Phng Chi. Tc gi
xin by t lng bit n su sc ca mnh n thy. Nhn dp ny, tc gi
xin chn thnh cm n Ban ch nhim khoa sau i hc, Ban ch nhim
khoa ton. Tc gi xin c cm n cc thy, c gio trong b mn Gii
tch, Khoa ton nhit tnh ging dy v gip tc gi trong sut
thi gian hc tp. Cui cng xin cm n gia nh, ng nghip, bn b,
c bit l cc bn trong lp Cao hc 18 Gii tch cng tc, gip
v ng vin tc gi trong sut qu trnh hc tp v nghin cu.
Mc d c nhiu c gng, nhng lun vn khng trnh khi nhng
hn ch, thiu st. Chng ti rt mong nhn c nhng kin ng
gp ca cc thy, c gio v bn b lun vn c hon thin hn.
Ngh An, thng 9 nm 2012
Bi Quang Trung
5
CHNG 1
KHNG GIAN B CHN A PHNG
1.1. Mt s kin thc chun b
Mc ny nhc li mt s kt qu v khng gian vct tp, khng gian
nh chun, khng gian Banach cn dng v sau. Cc kt qu ny c th
tm thy trong [1].
1.1.1 nh ngha. Cho E l mt khng gian tuyn tnh trn trng K
v M l mt khng gian con ca E. M c gi l c i chiu n v k
hiu codimM = n, nu tn ti khng gian con N ca E sao cho N c
chiu n v E l tng trc tip ca M v N, tc l vi mi x E tn ti
duy nht y M v z N sao cho x = y + z.
1.1.2 nh ngha. Khng gian vct tp l mt khng gian vct cng
vi mt tp trn sao cho cc php ton cng v nhn v hng l
lin tc.
Tp con U trong khng gian vct X c gi l cn nu U U vi
mi K v [[ < 1; tp U c gi l ht nu vi mi x X tn ti
> 0 sao cho x U vi mi [[ < .
Trong khng gian vct tp lun tn ti c s ln cn | ca 0 gm
cc tp cn, ht v vi mi U | tn ti V | sao cho V + V U.
1.1.3 nh ngha. Tp con U ca khng gian vct X c gi l li
nu vi mi x, y U, vi mi 0 1, th x + (1 )y U.
Khng gian vct tp c gi l li a phng nu n c c s ln
cn | ca 0 gm cc tp li.
6
1.1.4 nh ngha. Tp con U ca khng gian vct tp E c gi
l b chn nu vi mi ln cn V ca 0 tn ti s > 0 tng ng sao cho
U tV vi mi t > s.
Khng gian vct tp c gi l b chn a phng nu n tn ti
mt ln cn ca 0 l tp b chn.
Mi khng gian b chn a phng lun c c s m c cc ln
cn ca 0 (xem [6]). Mt khc, nu khng gian vct tp c c s ln
cn ca 0 l m c th n kh mtric. V vy, mi khng gian b chn
a phng l kh mtric.
1.1.5 nh ngha. Khng gian vct tp E c gi l F-khng gian
nu tn ti mtric d bt bin trn E (tc l d(x, y) = d(x +z, y +z) vi
mi x, y, z E) sao cho (E, d) y v mtric d sinh ra tp ca E.
Nh vy, mi khng gian b chn a phng l mt F-khng gian.
1.1.6 nh ngha. Mi F-khng gian v li a phng c gi l
khng gian Frechet.
1.1.7 nh ngha. Cho E l khng gian tuyn tnh trn trng R. Hm
|.| : E R c gi l mt chun trn E nu tho mn cc iu kin
sau:
1) |x| 0, vi mi x E v |x| = 0 x = 0;
2) |x| = [[|x|, vi mi R v vi mi x E;
3) |x +y| |x| +|y|, vi mi x, y E. Khi (E, |.|) c gi l
mt khng gian nh chun.
Khng gian nh chun l khng gian mtric vi mtric sinh bi chun
d(x, y) = |xy|, x, y E. Khng gian nh chun E c gi l khng
gian Banach nu E y vi mtric sinh bi chun. Vi tp sinh bi
mtric sinh bi chun cc php ton cng v nhn v hng trn E l lin
tc. R rng mi khng gian nh chun l mt khng gian li a phng
7
v b chn a phng. Bi v B
n
= x E : |x| <
1
n
, n = 1, 2, ... l
c s ln cn gm cc tp li, b chn ca E. Hn na, ngi ta chng
minh c kt qu quan trng sau:
1.1.8 nh l. Khng gian vct tp l kh nh chun khi v ch khi
n li a phng v b chn a phng.
V d sau cho thy mi khng gian b chn a phng c th khng
li a phng.
1.1.9 V d. Xt khng gian l
p
= x = x
n
R :

n=1
[x
n
[
p
< +
vi 0 < p < 1. Khi , l
p
l khng gian vct vi cc php ton cng v
nhn v hng theo s hng tng ng ca dy. Hn na, l
p
l Fkhng
gian vi mtric bt bin xc nh bi
d(x, y) =

n=1
[x
n
y
n
[
p
vi mi x, y l
p
. Tuy nhin l
p
khng phi l khng gian li a phng.
Tht vy, gi s l
p
li a phng. Khi , tp V = x l
p
: d(x, 0) 1
cha ln cn li, cn U ca 0. Khi U li cha tp V

= x l
p
:
d(x, 0) , vi > 0 no . Xt dy x
k
l
p
xc nh nh sau:
x
k
n
= 1 nu k = n v x
k
n
= 0 nu k ,= n. Khi ,
1
p
x
k
V

U vi mi
k. Do tnh li ca U ta c
y =
1
p
1
s

1ks
x
k
U
vi mi s. Mt khc d(y, 0) = s
1p
> 1 khi s ln. Mu thun vi
U V . Vy l
p
khng phi l khng gian li a phng.
Tuy nhin l
p
l khng gian b chn a phng, bi v V l ln cn
b chn ca 0. Tht vy, vi mi ln cn U ca 0, tn ti > 0 sao cho
V

= x l
p
: d(x, 0) U. Nu ly s =
2

th r rng V tU vi
mi t s.
8
V d sau li chng t mi li a phng c th khng b chn a
phng.
1.1.10 V d. Gi s R

= x = x
n
: x
n
R l khng gian vct
cc dy s thc vi cc php ton cng v nhn v hng theo s hng
tng ng ca dy. Khi , R

l Fkhng gian vi khong cch xc

nh bi
d(x, y) =

n=1
1
2
n
[x
n
y
n
[
1 +[x
n
y
n
[
vi mi x, y R

. Hn na, R

l khng gian li a phng vi tp

li a phng xc nh bi h m c cc na chun p
n
trn R

nh sau
p
n
(x) = [x
n
[
vi mi x R

. Ni cch khc R

l khng gian Frechet. Tuy nhin,

R

khng phi l khng gian b chn a phng. Tht vy, nu ngc

li th n l khng gian nh chun. Khi , tn ti chun trn R

sao cho tp sinh ra bi chun trng vi tp sinh ra bi p

n
. Xt
B(0, 1) = x R

: |x| < 1. Khi , tn ti

V = x R

: p
i
(x) = [x
i
[ < , i I
trong I l tp hu hn sao cho V B(0, 1). Ly x
0
= x
0
n
R

sao cho x
0
n
= 0 nu n I v x
0
n
,= 0 vi n / I. Khi , x
0
,= 0 v suy ra
|x
0
| = r > 0. Vi mi s t nhin k do cch xc nh ca x
0
v V ta c
kx
0
V . Do kx
0
B(0, 1) vi mi k. Suy ra |kx
0
| = kr < 1 vi mi
k. Ta nhn c s mu thun. Vy R

khng b chn a phng.

1.2. Khng gian b chn a phng
Mc ny chng ti trnh by nhng kt qu c s v cc khng gian b
chn a phng, c th hn l cc khng gian tuyn tnh p-nh chun.
Cc kt qu chnh ca mc ny c bn c trch ra t [2].
9
Trong mc ny, cc khng gian vct c xt trn trng K = R, C.
1.2.1 nh ngha. Mt pchun trn khng gian vct E l nh x
|.| : E R
+
tho mn cc tnh cht sau:
i) |x| = 0 khi v ch khi x = 0;
ii) |x| = [[
p
|x|, vi mi K, x E;
iii) |x + y| |x| +|y|, vi mi x, y E.
(E, |.|) gi l khng gian tuyn tnh p-chun, hay vit gn l khng gian
p-chun, (vi 0 < p 1).
1.2.2 V d. Xt tp R vi cu trc tuyn tnh thc thng thng. Vi
0 < p 1 c nh, xt cng thc
|x| = [x[
p
, x R.
Khi , cng thc trn xc nh mt p chun trn R.
1.2.3 nh ngha. Mt ta chun trn khng gian vct E trn trng
K l nh x |.| : E R
+
tho mn cc tnh cht sau:
i) |x| = 0 khi v ch khi x = 0;
ii) |x| = [[|x|, vi mi K, x E;
iii) |x +y| (|x| +|y|), vi mi x, y E, trong 1 l hng
s c lp vi x, y.
S nh nht iii) ng c gi l hng s ta chun ca khng gian
(E, |.|).
1.2.4 Nhn xt. 1) Gi s (E, |.|) l khng gian ta chun. Khi , h
B
E
(0, ) = x E : |x| < , > 0 l c s ln cn ti 0. Hn na, E
l khng gian mtric tuyn tnh, do c s ln cn ti gc c th chn l
m c.
2)Nu |.| l mt p-chun trn E vi 0 < p 1 th |.|
1
p
xc nh mt
ta chun, hn na d
p
(x, y) = |xy|
1
p
l mtric sinh ra tp tuyn tnh
trn E.
10
3) Ngi ta cn chng minh c rng: nu E l khng gian b chn
a phng th tn ti mt p-chun |.| trn E sao cho d
p
(x, y) = |xy|
1
p
l mtric sinh ra tp tuyn tnh trn E. Do , mi khng gian b chn
a phng xc nh bi mt p chun no , tc l n c xem nh
mt khng gian p-nh chun.
1.2.5 nh ngha. Khng gian pnh chun E c gi l p-Banach
nu n y vi mtric sinh bi p-chun.
Nh vy mi khng gian p-Banach l F-khng gian.
1.2.6 V d. Khng gian b chn a phng l
p
, 0 < p < 1, c xc
nh bi p-chun
|x| =

n=1
[x
n
[
p
vi mi x l
p
.
1.2.7 Mnh . Mi p-chun l mt hm thc lin tc.
Chng minh. Gi s |.| l mt pchun trn E. Ta chng minh bt
ng thc sau
[|x| |y|[ |x y|
vi mi x, y E.
Tht vy, vi mi x, y E
|x| = |x y + y| |x y| +|y|.
Suy ra
|x| |y| |x y|. (1.1)
Mt khc
|y| = |yx+x| |yx|+|x| = [ 1[
p
|xy|+|x| = |xy|+|x|.
Suy ra
|x y| |x| |y|. (1.2)
11
T (1.1) v (1.2) suy ra
[|x| |y|[ |x y|.
Bt ng thc ny chng t p-chun lin tc.
1.2.8 nh ngha. Cho E v F ln lt cc khng gian p-chun, khng
gian q-chun. nh x A : E F c gi l nh x tuyn tnh nu
A(tx + y) = tA(x) + A(y) vi mi x, y E v vi mi t K.
V d sau cho thy nh x tuyn tnh gia cc khng gian p-chun c
th khng lin tc.
1.2.9 V d. Cho E = C(I, K) l khng gian p-chun cha tt c cc
hm lin tc trn on I = [0, 1] nhn gi tr trong K, xc nh bi
p-chun (0 < p 1)
|f| = sup
xI
[f(x)[
p
.
Cho F l khng gian con ca E cha tt c cc hm f E sao cho f c
o hm df lin tc trn I.
Xt nh x D : F E xc nh bi D(f) = df vi mi f F. Khi
, d thy D l nh x tuyn tnh. Tuy nhin D khng lin tc. Tht
vy, xt dy f
n
F xc nh bi f
n
(x) =
sin nx
n
, n = 1, 2, ... vi mi
x I. Ta c
|f
n
|
1
p
=
_
sup
xI

sin nx
n

p
_1
p

1
n
.
Suy ra |f
n
|
1
p
0 khi n . V vy f
n
hi t ti 0 trong F. Tuy
nhin
Df
n
(x) = df
n
(x) = cos nx,
v do
|Df
n
|
1
p
=
_
sup
xI

cos nx

p
_1
p
= 1
vi mi n. Ta nhn c Df
n
khng hi t ti 0 trong E. Vy D khng
lin tc.
12
1.2.10 nh ngha. Cho E v F ln lt cc khng gian p-chun, khng
gian q-chun (0 < p, q 1). nh x tuyn tnh A : E F c gi l
b chn trn U E nu tn ti C > 0 sao cho
|A(x)|
1
q
C|x|
1
p
(1.3)
vi mi x U. Nu U = E th ta ni A l nh x tuyn tnh b chn
trn E.
Bt ng thc (1.3), c th vit li di dng tng ng
|A(x)| C
1
|x|
q
p
,
trong C
1
= C
q
. nh l sau y ni ln s tng ng ca nh
x tuyn tnh lin tc v nh x tuyn tnh b chn trong khng gian
p-chun.
1.2.11 nh l. Cho E v F ln lt cc khng gian p-chun, khng
gian q-chun (0 < p, q 1) v nh x tuyn tnh A : E F. Khi ,
cc mnh sau l tng ng:
(a) A lin tc;
(b) A lin tc ti 0;
(c) Tn ti M > 0 sao cho |A(x)| M|x|
q
p
, vi mi x E;
(d) A bin mi tp b chn trong E thnh mt tp b chn trong F.
Chng minh. R rng (a) (b) v (c) (d). Ta chng minh (b) (c).
Nu A lin tc ti 0. Khi , tn ti r > 0 sao cho B
E
[0, r] c nh qua
A nm trong B
F
[0, 1]. Khi , vi x ,= 0 th r
1
p
x
|x|
1
p
B
E
[0, r] v do
|A(r
1
p
x
|x|
1
p
)| 1.
Suy ra
|A(x)| M|x|
q
p
,
13
trong M =
_
1
r
_
p
q
. R rng x = 0 bt ng thc trn lun ng. V
vy (c) c chng minh.
Cui cng ta ch cn chng minh (c) ko theo (a). Nu (c) ng th
|A(x) A(y)| M|x y|
p
q
vi mi x, y E. Bt ng thc ny chng t A lin tc u trn E.
1.2.12 Nhn xt. Nu p = q th (c) c dng |A(x)| M|x| tng t
nh trong khng gian nh chun.
Cho E v F ln lt cc khng gian p-chun, khng gian q-chun
(0 < p, q 1) v L(E, F) khng gian cc nh x tuyn tnh lin tc t
E vo F. Khi , L(E, F) l khng tuyn tnh vi cc php ton cng
v nhn v hng theo im thng thng.
Vi mi A L(E, F), ta t
|A| = inf
_
M : |A(x)| M|x|
q
p
vi mi x E
_
.
Theo nh l 1.2.11, |A| hon ton xc nh v
|A(x)| |A||x|
q
p
vi mi x E. B sau cho ta phng php xc nh chun ca nh
x.
1.2.13 B . Cho E v F ln lt cc khng gian p-chun, khng gian
q-chun (0 < p, q 1). Nu A L(E, F) th
|A| = sup
xE0
|A(x)|
|x|
q
p
= sup
|x|1,x,=0
|A(x)|
|x|
q
p
= sup
|x|=1
|A(x)|.
Chng minh. T nh ngha ca |A|, ta c ngay
|A| = sup
xE0
|A(x)|
|x|
q
p
.
14
Do tnh tuyn tnh ca A v tnh cht ca q chun ta c
|A| = sup
xE0
|A(x)|
|x|
q
p
= sup
x,=0
|A
_
x
|x|
1
p
_
|.
Nu ta t y =
x
|x|
1
p
vi x ,= 0 th |y| = 1. Suy ra
|A| = sup
x,=0
|A
_
x
|x|
1
p
_
| = sup
|y|=1
|A(y)|.
Cui cng, t
sup
xE0
|A(x)|
|x|
q
p
sup
|x|1,x,=0
|A(x)|
|x|
q
p
sup
|x|=1
|A(x)|
v ng thc trn ta nhn c
|A| = sup
xE0
|A(x)|
|x|
q
p
= sup
|x|1,x,=0
|A(x)|
|x|
q
p
= sup
|x|=1
|A(x)|.
1.2.14 nh l. L(E, F) l khng gian q-chun vi chun c xc nh
nh trong B 1.2.13. c bit, nu F l khng gian q-Banach th
L(E, F) cng vy.
Chng minh. Vi mi A L(E, F) ta c
|tA| = sup
|x|=1
|tA(x)| = sup
|x|=1
[t[
q
|A(x)| = [t[
q
sup
|x|=1
|A(x)| = [t[
q
|A|
vi mi t K. Hai iu kin cn li ca q-chun i vi cng thc
|A| = sup
|x|=1
|A(x)| c kim tra d dng.
By gi, gi s F l khng gian q-Banach v A
n
L(E, F) l dy
Cauchy. Khi , vi mi x E, ta c
|A
m
(x) A
n
(x)| = |(A
m
A
n
)(x)| |A
m
A
n
||x|
q
p
.
Suy ra A
n
(x) l dy Cauchy trong F. V F y nn A
n
(x) hi
t ti y F. Ta xc nh nh x A : E F xc nh bi A(x) =
15
y = lim
n
A
n
(x). Khi , d dng kim tra c A l nh x tuyn
tnh. T A
n
l dy Cauchy suy ra |A
n
| l dy s b chn. Do
sup
n1
|A
n
| = C < +. Ta nhn c
|A(x)| = | lim
n
A
n
(x)| = lim
n
|A
n
||x|
p
q
sup |A
n
||x|
p
q
= C||x|
p
q
.
Vy A lin tc.
Vi mi > 0, tn ti N N sao cho
|A
m
A
n
| <
vi mi m, n N. Khi , vi mi x E ta c
|(A
n
A)(x)| = lim
m
|(A
n
A
m
)(x)| < |x|
p
q
vi mi n N. Suy ra |A
n
A| < vi mi n > N. Do A
n
hi t
ti A trong L(E, F).
nh l sau y trnh by s m rng nh x tuyn tnh ln khng
gian con ng.
1.2.15 nh l. Cho E l khng gian p-chun, M l khng gian con ca
E v F l khng gian con q-Banach. Nu A : M F l nh x tuyn
tnh lin tc th tn ti duy nht mt m rng tuyn tnh lin tc A
/
ca
A ln bao ng M ca M sao cho
|A| = |A
/
|.
Chng minh. D dng chng minh c bao ng ca M l khng gian
con ng ca E. Ly x M. Khi , tn ti dy x
n
M sao cho
lim
n
x
n
= x. Ta c
|A(x
n
) A(x
m
)| |A||x
n
x
m
|
q
p
.
Bi v mi dy hi t l dy Cauchy nn |x
n
x
m
|
q
p
0, khi m, n .
Suy ra A(x
n
) l dy Cauchy trong F. V F Banach nn lim
n
A(x
n
) =
16
y := A
/
(x). Khi A
/
(x) xc nh (khng ph thuc vo dy x
n
). Tht
vy, gi s u
n
M v lim
n
u
n
= u. Khi ,
|A(x
n
) A(u
n
)| |A||x
n
u
n
|
q
p
= |A||x
n
x + x u
n
|
q
p
0
khi n . V vy lim
n
A(x
n
) = lim
n
A(u
n
) = A
/
(x). D dng
kim tra c A
/
l nh x tuyn tnh v r rng A
/
= A trn M.
Tip theo ta chng minh A
/
b chn. Bi v mi q chun l lin tc
nn
|A
/
(x)| = lim
n
|A(x
n
)|.
Mt khc
|A(x
n
)| |A||x
n
|
q
p
.
Suy ra
|A
/
(x)| |A| lim|x
n
|
q
p
= |A||x|
q
p
vi mi x M. Do A
/
b chn v |A
/
| |A. R rng |A
/
| |A|.
Do |A
/
| = |A|.
Ta nhn c trc tip h qu sau.
1.2.16 H qu. Cho E l khng gian p-chun, M l khng gian con tr
mt trong E v F l khng gian con q-Banach. Nu A : M F l nh
x tuyn tnh lin tc th tn ti duy nht mt m rng tuyn tnh lin
tc A
/
ca A ln E sao cho
|A| = |A
/
|.
Vic m rng tuyn tnh lin tc t mt khng gian con ng bt k
ln ton b khng gian dng nh cha c cu tr li y . Trng
hp c bit, nu F l trng v hng K c nghin cu trong chng
sau. Mnh sau thuc v Kondia
17
1.2.17 Mnh . Nu M l khng gian con tht s v ng ca F-khng
gian b chn a phng E th vi mi > 0, tn ti y E vi |y| = 1
v x M sao cho
|x y| 1 .
Chng minh. Ly y
0
E M v t d = inf|y
0
x| : x M. Khi ,
d > 0 v vi mi > 0 tn ti x
0
M sao cho
d |x
0
y
0
| d + .
R rng
y =
x
0
y
0
|x
0
y
0
|
1
p
/ M,
bi nu ngc li th y
0
M. Ta c |y| = 1 v vi mi
x
/
= x
0
+|x
0
y
0
|
1
p
x
v x
/
M ta c
|y x| =
_
_
_
x
0
y
0
|x
0
y
0
|
1
p
x
_
_
_
=
1
|x
0
y
0
|
|y
0
x
/
|
1
d +
|y
0
x
/
|

d
d +
= 1

d +
.
V ty nn ta chn c b sao cho < . Ta nhn c iu
cn chng minh.
18
CHNG 2
V CC NH L C BN CA GII TCH HM TRN
KHNG GIAN B CHN A PHNG
Chng ny trnh by cc nh l c bn ca gii tch hm l nh l
Hahn-Banach, nh l nh x m v nguyn l b chn u trn khng
gian b chn a phng. Cc kt qu chnh ca chng ny c trch
ra t [2].
2.1. nh l Hahn-Banach
Mc ny trnh by mt dng m rng phim hm tuyn tnh vi d
liu da trn cc hm na tuyn tnh kiu (thay bi h d liu na
chun hay s chun dng c in ca nh l Hahn-Banach).
2.1.1 nh ngha. Cho E l khng gian vct trn trng v hng K.
Hm thc khng m q trn E c gi l na tuyn tnh kiu nu n
tho mn:
(i) q(x + y) (q(x) + q(y)), x, y E,
(ii) q(tx) = tq(x), x E, t 0, trong 1. Nu (ii) thay bi iu
kin q(tx) = [t[q(x) vi cc v hng t K th ta gi q l na tuyn tnh
tuyt i kiu .
nh l sau l mt dng ca nh l Hahn-Banach.
2.1.2 nh l. Cho E l mt vct thc, M l khng gian con ca E c
i chiu n v q l mt hm thc na tuyn tnh kiu xc nh trn E.
19
Gi s f l mt phim hm tuyn tnh trn M sao cho
f(x) q(x) vi mi x M.
Khi , tn ti m rng tuyn tnh

f xc nh trn E sao cho

f(x) = f(x)
vi mi x M v

f(x)
n
f(x)q(x)
vi mi x E. Nu = 1 th ta nhn c nh l Hahn-Banach c
in.
Chng minh. u tin ta gi thit M c i chiu 1. Ly b E M v
gi M
1
l khng gian tuyn tnh con sinh bi M b. Ta khng nh
rng: tn ti m rng tuyn tnh f
1
trn M
1
sao cho
f
1
(x) q(x)
vi mi x M
1
. Vi mi y
1
, y
2
M ta c
f(y
1
) f(y
2
) = f(y
1
y
2
) q(y
1
y
2
) q(y
1
+ b y
2
b)
[q(y
1
+ b) + q(y
2
b)].
Suy ra
q(y
2
b) f(y
2
) q(y
1
+ b) f(y
1
). (2.1)
By gi, c nh y
1
v cho y
2
chy khp M th supq(y
2
b)f(y
2
) :
y
2
M tn ti v k hiu n l . Tng t, nu c nh y
2
M v
cho y
1
chy khp M th infq(y
1
+ b) f(y
1
) : y
1
M tn ti v k
hiu n l . Khi , t (2.1) suy ra . Do , tn ti R sao cho
.
Khi , vi mi y M ta c
q(y b) f(y) q(y + b) f(y). (2.2)
20
rng, mi phn t x M
1
lun c vit di dng duy nht
x = y + b, trong R v y M. Do , nh x f
1
: M
1
R cho
bi
f
1
(x) = f
1
(b + y) = + f(y)
l xc nh. D dng kim tra c f
1
l tuyn tnh trn M
1
v f
1
= f
trn M. Ta ch ra f
1
(x)q(x) vi mi x M
1
. Tht vy, gi s > 0.
Khi , theo (2.2), ta c
+ f(y) q(y + b).
Thay y bi
y

trong bt ng thc trn ta nhn c

+ f(
y

) f(
y

+ b).
Suy ra
+ f(y) q(y + b),
tc l
f
1
(x) q(x).
Nu < 0 th cng t (2.2) suy ra
f(y) q(y b).
Thay y bi
y

ta c
f(
y

) q(
y

b).
Suy ra

[f(y) + ]

q(y + b),
tc l
f
1
(x) q(x).
Bt ng thc hin nhin ng vi = 0. Do
f
1
(x) q(x)
21
vi mi x M
1
.
Nu codimM = n th lp li qu trnh xy dng trn n ln ta nhn
c m rng tuyn tnh

f tha mn yu cu

f(x)
n
f = q(x)
vi mi x E.
2.1.3 Nhn xt. 1) Nu = 1, tc l q l na tuyn tnh kiu 1 th
chng ta thu c dng c in ca nh l Hahn-Banach. Trng hp
ny, chng minh c th thc hin c m khng cn iu kin M c
i chiu hu hn bng phng php s dng b Zorn.
2) Nu M c i chiu v hn v > 1 th qu trnh m rng s phi
thc hin v hn bc, v v th
n
. Do , khng th s dng b
Zorn trong trng hp ny v Kalton xy dng c v d m nh
l Hahn-Banach khng ng trong F-khng gian khng li a phng
(xem [2].
Sau y l dng phc ca nh l 2.1.2. N c chng minh tng
t nh dng c in quen thuc v nh vo nh l 2.1.2.
2.1.4 nh l. Cho E l mt vct phc, M l khng gian con ca E
c i chiu n v q l mt hm thc na tuyn tnh tuyt i kiu , xc
nh trn E. Gi s f l mt phim hm tuyn tnh trn M sao cho
[f(x)[ q(x) vi mi x M.
Khi , tn ti m rng tuyn tnh

f xc nh trn E sao cho

f(x) = f(x)
vi mi x M v
[

f(x)[
n
f(x)q(x)
vi mi x E. Nu = 1 th ta nhn c nh l Hahn-Banach c
in.
22
Sau y, chng ti gii thiu mt s h qu ca nh l Hahn-Banach
trong F-khng gian b chn a phng.
2.1.5 H qu. Cho f l phim hm tuyn tnh lin tc trn khng gian
con ng M ca F-khng gian b chn a phng E sao cho codimM =
n. Khi , tn ti phim hm tuyn tnh lin tc trn E tha mn

f = f
trn M v
|f|
M
|

f|
E

n
|f|
M
.
Nu = 1 th |f| = |

f| vi mi khng gian con ng M.

Chng minh. Trng hp M = 0 l hin nhin ng. V vy, ta gi
thit M ,= 0. t
q(x) = |f|
M
|x|
1
p
,
vi mi x E, trong E c mtric ha bi |.| l mt p-chun trn
E. Suy ra q l mt phim hm na tuyn tnh tuyt i kiu . T
[f(x)[ |f|
M
|x|
1
p
= q(x),
suy ra ta c th p dng nh l 2.1.4 v thu c phim hm tuyn
tnh

f trn E tha mn
[f(x)[
n
q(x) = |f|
M
|x|
1
p
,
vi mi x E. T suy ra

f lin tc v
|

f|
E
|f|
M
.
R rng
|

f|
E
|

|
M
= |f|
M
.
Do , ta nhn c iu cn chng minh.
Sau y l mt h qu khc ca nh l Hahn-Banach, n cn c
gi l nh l tch trong khng gian b chn a phng.
23
2.1.6 H qu. Cho M l khng gian con ng ca F-khng gian b chn
a phng E sao cho codimM = n v b E M. Khi , tn ti phim
hm

f tuyn tnh lin tc trn E tha mn
1 |

f|
E

n
,

f = trn M v

f(b) = d
1
p
trong d = inf|y b| : y M. c bit,
nu = 1 th |

f| = 1 vi mi khng gian con ng M.

Chng minh. Gi M
1
l khng gian con sinh bi M v b. Trn M
1
ta xc
nh nh x
f(x) = f(y + b) = d
1
p
vi x = y +b M
1
, y M v K. D thy, f l nh x tuyn tnh.
By gi, t M ng suy ra d > 0, v do f ,= 0. Vi = 0 ta nhn
c f = 0 trn M. Vi = 1 v b ,= 0 ta c f(b) = d
1
p
. Vi ,= 0 ta c
y

M. Do
[f(x)[ = [[d
1
p
= inf
yM
|y b|
1
p
|
y

b|
1
p
= |y + b|
1
p
= |x|
1
p
.
T suy ra f b chn trn M
1
v |f|
M
1
1. Tip theo ta chng
minh |f|
M
1
1. Tht vy, theo tnh cht ca cn di ng tn ti
dy y
n
M sao cho |y
n
b| d. t x
n
= y
n
b. Khi f(x
n
) =
f(y
n
b) = d
1
p
. Ta c
|f|
M
1
= sup
xM
1
[f(x)[
|x|
1
p

[f(x
n
)[
|x
n
|
1
p
=
d
1
p
|x|
1
p

d
1
p
d
1
p
= 1
khi n . Do |f| = 1. Theo H qu 2.1.5, ta c th m rng tuyn
tnh lin tc f ti

f trn E sao cho
|f|
M
|

f|
E

n
|f|
M
tc l
1 |

f|
E

n
.
Chng minh kt thc.
24
2.2. nh l nh x m
Mc ny trnh by nh l nh x m i vi F-khng gian b chn
a phng. Trc ht ta nhc li i l Baire v phm tr.
2.2.1 nh l. (Baire) Mi khng gian mtric y thuc phm tr
th hai, tc l n khng th biu din c di dng hp m c cc
tp ng c phn trong rng.
Bi v F-khng gian l khng gian mtric tuyn tnh y nn chng
thuc phm tr th hai.
2.2.2 nh l. Cho E v F ln lt l cc p-Banach khng gian v q-
Banach. Nu A L(E, F) v A l ton nh th A l nh x m, tc l
A bin mi tp m trong E thnh tp m trong F.
Chng minh. Vi mi n = 1, 2, .. t
B
n
= x E : |x| <
1
2
n
= B
E
(0,
1
2
n
)
v
S
n
= A(B
n
) = A
_
B
E
(0,
1
2
n
)
_
.
T E =
n1
nB
1
v A l ton nh suy ra
F =
n1
nS
1
=
n1
nS
1
.
Theo nh l Baire, tn ti k sao cho kS
1
c phn trong khc rng. Do
, tn ti F v a > 0 tha mn B
F
(, a) kS
1
. V nh x y ky
l ng phi nn S
1
cha hnh cu m B
F
(, r) vi r > 0 v S
1
. Khi

B
F
(0, r) S
1
S
1
S
1
2
1q
= S
0
,
trong S
0
= 2
1
q
S
1
. Suy ra B
F
(0, r) S
0
v
2
1
q
B
F
(0,
r
2
) S
1
25
bi v
B
F
(0, r) = r
1
q
B
F
(0, 1).
By gi ta chng minh bng quy np
B
F
(0,
r
2
n+q
) S
n
. (2.3)
vi mi n. Tht vy, gi thit quy np ng vi n = 1. Gi s
B
F
(0,
r
2
n+q
) S
n
.
Khi , nu
y B
F
(0,
r
2
n+1+q
) =
_
r
2
n+1+q
1
q
B
F
(0, 1) =
1
2
1
q
B
F
(0,
r
2
n+q
)
th tn ti z B
F
(0,
r
2
n+q
) sao cho y =
1
2
1
q
z. Mt khc, v
B
F
(0,
r
2
n+q
) S
n
nn tn ti x B(0,
1
2
n
) sao cho z = Ax. T suy ra
y =
1
2
1
q
Ax = A[
1
2
1
q
x] A
_
B(0,
1
2
n+1
) S
n+1
.
Tip theo, nu y F v |y| <
r
2
th t y S
1
v (2.3), tn ti
x
1
B
1
tha mn
|y A(x
1
)| <
r
2
2+q
.
Khi y A(x
1
) S
2
, v th tn ti x
2
B
2
sao cho
|y A(x
1
) A(x
2
)| <
r
2
3+q
.
Tip tc qu trnh trn ta nhn c x
n
B
n
sao cho
|y A(x
1
) A(x
2
) ... A(x
n
)| <
r
2
n+1+q
.
26
T

n=1
|x
n
| <

n=1
1
2
n
= 1, suy ra chui

n=1
x
n
hi t ti im
thuc x B
E
(0, 1) v
A(x) = A(

n=1
x
n
) = y.
Do y S
0
. Suy ra B
F
(0,
r
2
) S
0
. Tng t, ta c
B
F
(0,
r
2
n+q+1
) S
n
(2.4)
By gi, ta chng minh A l nh x m. Cho U l tp m ty ca E.
Khi , vi mi x U v y = A(x), tn ti n sao cho x + B
n
U. Suy
ra
y + S
n
A(U).
T S
n
cha ln cn ca 0 (do (2.4)) suy ra A(U) l ln cn m ca y.
Do A(U) m.
2.2.3 H qu. (Banach) Cho E v F ln lt l cc p-Banach khng
gian v q-Banach. Nu f L(E, F) v f l song nh th f l mt ng
phi.
Chng minh. Theo nh l nh x m th A
1
lin tc. Do , A l ng
phi.
2.3. Nguyn l b chn u
Cho E, F l cc F-khng gian b chn a phng. Nu B L(E, F)
b chn, tc l tn ti M > 0 sao cho
sup|A| : A B M.
Khi , vi mi x E tn ti M
x
> 0 sao cho
sup|A| : A(x) B M
x
.
27
Ni cch khc, nu B b chn u th n b chn im. i vi khng
gian Banach, nguyn l b chn u khng nh rng mnh ngc li
trn vn ng. Sau y ta chng minh nguyn l b chn u vn ng
cho cc lp Fkhng gian b chn a phng.
2.3.1 nh l. Cho E l khng gian p-Banach v F l khng gian q-
Banach. Gi s A
k

kI
l h thuc L(E, F). Khi , cc mnh sau
l tng ng:
1) A
k

kI
ng lin tc, tc l vi mi > 0, tn ti > 0 sao cho
|x| < |A
k
(x)| < , k I.
2) A
k

kI
b chn im, tc l vi mi x E, tn ti M
x
> 0 sao
cho
|A
k
(x)| < M
x
, k I.
3) A
k

kI
b chn u, tc l tn ti M > 0 sao cho
|A
k
| < M, k I.
Chng minh. (a) (b). Gi s (a) ng. Khi , ta tm c > 0 sao
cho
|x| < |A
k
(x)| < 1, k I.
Nu x ,= 0 th vi y =

1
px
|x|
1
p
, ta c |y| = . Do
|A
k
(y)| = |A
k
_

1
px
|x|
1
p
_
| 1.
Suy ra
|A
k
(x)|
|x|
p
q

p
q
:= M
x
vi mi k I. Bt ng thc hin nhin ng vi x = 0. Vy ta thu
c (b).
28
(b) (c). Vi mi s t nhin n, t
D
n
= x E : |A
k
(x)| n, k I.
Do cc A
k
lin tc suy ra D
n
l ng. T gi thit (b) suy ra E =
n1
D
n
.
Khi , theo nh l Baire v phm tr, tn ti D
n
cha hnh cu ng
B
E
(, r). Suy ra
|A
k
(x)| n
vi mi x B
E
(, r) v vi mi k I. Do , nu |x| r th
|A
k
(x)| |A
k
(x + )| +|A
k
()| 2n
vi mi k I. V vy
|A
k
|
q

2n
r
q
p
= M
vi mi k I, bi v
|A
k
(x)| |A
k
|
q
|x|
q
p
.
Ta thu c
|A
k
|
(2n)
1
q
r
1
p
= M
1
q
vi mi k I.
(c) (a). Cho > 0 v =

M
. Khi , vi |x| <
p
q
, chng ta c
|A
k
(x)| M|x|
q
p
<
vi mi k I. Do , h A
k
ng lin tc.
2.3.2 H qu. Cho E, F l cc F-khng gian b chn a phng. Nu
A
n
L(E, F) v A
n
hi t im ti nh x A, tc l lim
n
A
n
x =
Ax vi mi x E th A L(E, F).
Chng minh. T gi thit d dng suy ra A l nh x tuyn tnh. Hn
na, t lim
n
A
n
(x) = A(x) suy ra
sup
n1
|A
n
(x)| |A(x)|
29
vi mi n. Do , h A
n
b chn im, suy ra n b chn u, tc l
sup
n1
|A
n
| = M < . Do
|A(x)| = lim
n
|A
n
(x)| lim
n
|A
n
||x|
q
p
M|x|
q
p
vi mi x E. Vy A lin tc.
30
Kt lun
Lun vn thu c cc kt qu sau:
1) Trnh by h thng cc kin thc c bn v khng gian b chn
a phng; khng gian pBanach; nh x tuyn tnh lin tc gia cc
khng gian b chn a phng.
2) Trnh by chi tit cch xy dng cc nh l c bn ca gii tch
hm trn khng gian b chn a phng l nh l Hahn-Banach v cc
h qu; nh l nh x m v nguyn l b chn u.
3) Chng minh chi tit nhiu kt qu m trong cc ti liu khng chng
minh hoc chng minh vn tt nh: Mnh 1.2.7; nh l 1.2.11; B
1.2.13; nh l 1.2.14; nh l 1.2.15; Mnh 1.2.17; H qu 2.1.5;
H qu 2.1.6; nh l 2.2.2 v nh l 2.3.1.
4) Trnh by mt s v d minh ho cho mt s kt qu nh: V d
1.1.9; V d 1.1.10; V d 1.2.9.
31
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] Nguyn Vn Khu, L Mu Hi (2001), C s l thuyt hm v gii
tch hm, Tp I, II, NXBGD.
[2] Bayoumi, A., (1989) On holomorphic Hahn-Banach extension the-
orem and properties of bounding and weakly-bounding sets in some
metric vector spaces, Portugal. Math. 46, no. 3, 329-340.
[3] Bayoumi, A. (2003) Foundations of complex analysis in non locally
convex spaces. Function theory without convexity condition North-
Holland Mathematics Studies, 193. Elsevier Science B.V., Amster-
dam.
[4] Bayoumi, A. (1990) The theory of bounding subsets of topological
vector spaces without convexity condition, Portugal. Math. 47,No.
1, 25-42.
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