First Law of Thermodynamics

Closed (CM) System

Conservation of Energy for a Closed System

First Law of Thermodynamics
First Law of Thermodynamics
When a system undergoes a cyclic change, the net heat to or from the
system is equal to the net work from or to the system.

Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET)
Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh

zahurul@me.buet.ac.bd
http://teacher.buet.ac.bd/zahurul/

Q =

Mechanical equivalent of heat, J =

4.1868 kJ/kcal
1.0 in SI unit

ME 201: Basic Thermodynamics

c
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

First Law of Thermodynamics

First Law of Thermodynamics

ME 201 (2013)

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Closed (CM) System

T363

W = J

+
+

1
2 QC
1
2 QC

[J = 1.0 in SI unit]
=
=

2
1 WA
2
1 WB

2
2
1 2 : 1 QA 1 QB =
2
2
2
1 QA 1 WA = 1 QB
2

+
+

1
2 WC
1
2 WC

2
2
1 WA 1 WB
2
1 WB

(Q W )B =

(Q W )A =
1

Q = W
2
1 QA
2
1 QB

2
1 (Q

W ) is independent of the path and dependent only on the

initial and nal states; hence, it has the characteristics of a property
and this property is denoted by energy, E.
Q W = dE

Q12 W12 = E
c
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

First Law of Thermodynamics

(BUET)

First Law of Thermodynamics

First Law of Thermodynamics

First Law of Thermodynamics for a Change in State

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Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

ME 201 (2013)

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ME 201 (2013)

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Closed (CM) System

Physical signicance of the property E: it represents all the energy

of the system in the given state. This energy might be present in a
variety of forms, such as:
Kinetic Energy (KE): energy of a system associated with motion.
Potential Energy (PE): energy associated with a mass that is
located at a specied position in a force eld.
Internal Energy (U): some forms of energy, e.g., chemical, nuclear,
magnetic, electrical, and thermal depend in some way on the
molecular structure of the substance that is being considered, and
these energies are grouped as the internal energy of a system, U.

KE & PE are external forms of energy as these are independent of

the molecular structure of matter. These are associated with the
selected coordinate frame and can be specied by the macroscopic
parameters of mass, velocity & elevation.
Internal energy, like kinetic and potential energy, has no natural
zero value. Therefore, it is necessary to arbitrarily dene the
specic internal energy of a substance to be zero at some state
that is referred to as the reference state.

c
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

First Law of Thermodynamics

ME 201 (2013)

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First Law of Thermodynamics

Closed (CM) System

First Law of Thermodynamics

Internal Energy (U): A Thermodynamic Property

Closed (CM) System

E = U + KE + PE +
Q W = dU + d(KE ) + d(PE ) +

Q
dt

W
dt

dU
dt

d(KE )
dt

2
1 dU

d(PE ) = mgdZ =

(BUET)

Internal energy of a system is the

sum of all forms of the microscopic
energies.

First Law of Thermodynamics

First Law of Thermodynamics

dEcm
dt

=Q W

2
1 d(KE )
2
1 d(PE )

1
= 2 m(V2 V2 )
2
1

= mg(Z2 Z1 ) = mgh

1
Q12 W12 = (U2 U1 ) + 2 m(V2 V2 ) + mg(Z2 Z1 )
2
1

T134

c
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

+ =

= U2 U1 = m(u2 u1 )

d(KE ) = mVdV =

Various forms of microscopic

energies that make up sensible
energy.

d(PE )
dt

dEcm
dt

dU =

T133

ME 201 (2013)

5 / 17

q12 w12 = (u2 u1 ) + 1 (V2 V2 ) + g(Z2 Z1 ) (u2 u1 )

2
1
2
c
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

Closed (CM) System

(BUET)

First Law of Thermodynamics

First Law of Thermodynamics

ME 201 (2013)

6 / 17

Closed (CM) System

Enthalpy (H)): A Thermodynamic Property

H U + PV

h u + Pv

Q12 W12 = E

Q12 W12 = U

T129

W12 =

2
1 PdV

if KE 0, PE 0

= P(V2 V1 )

Q12 = U2 U1 + P(V2 V1 )

Q12 = (U2 + P2 V2 ) (U1 + P1 V1 )

Q12 = H2 H1

T117

The heat transfer in a constant-pressure quasi-equilibrium process is

equal to the change in enthalpy, which includes both the change in
internal energy and the work for this particular process.
T130

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Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

T131
(BUET)

First Law of Thermodynamics

T132
ME 201 (2013)

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Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

First Law of Thermodynamics

ME 201 (2013)

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First Law of Thermodynamics

Closed (CM) System

First Law of Thermodynamics

Joules Free Expansion Experiment

Specic Heats
C

No change in water temperature.

So, no heat transfer takes place.

cV

T139

1st

Law: Q12 = 0, W12 = 0, = U = 0.

P & V changed during this process, but without any change in U.
So, U = f (P, V ) = U = f (T ) for ideal gas.
h = u + Pv = u + RT H = f (T ) for ideal gas.
First Law of Thermodynamics

First Law of Thermodynamics

ME 201 (2013)

CV

Q
T

1
m

9 / 17

q
T

u
T

cV

q
T

dv
+ P T

q
T

CP

Q
T

1
m

q
T

cP

h
T

du
dT

q
T

dP
v T

u
dv
T + P T
U
T V + 0

as u = f (T ) for ideal gas

q = du + w = d(h Pv ) + Pdv = dh vdP

cP

(BUET)

1 Q
m T

q = du + w = du + Pdv

Valve is opened and allowed to

equilibrate.

c
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

Closed (CM) System

h
T P

dh
dT

q
T

h
T

dP
v T

as h = f (T ) for ideal gas

h = u +Pdv = u +RT dh = du +RdT cP dT = cV dT +RdT

cP
Specic heat ratio, k cV
=

cP cV = R

c
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

Closed (CM) System

(BUET)

cV =

R
k 1

cP =

First Law of Thermodynamics

First Law of Thermodynamics

kR
k 1

ME 201 (2013)

10 / 17

Closed (CM) System

Ideal gas models:

R=

Ru
M

cP (T ) cV (T ) = R
cV (T ) =

R
k (T )1

: k (T ) =

du = cV dT u2 u1 =
dh = cP dT h2 h1 =

cP (T )
cV (T )

2
1 cV (T )dT
2
1 cP (T )dT

T128

T115

First Law of Thermodynamics for closed system

T126
c
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

T127
First Law of Thermodynamics

ME 201 (2013)

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Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

First Law of Thermodynamics

ME 201 (2013)

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First Law of Thermodynamics

Open (CV) System

First Law of Thermodynamics

Open (CV) System

Conservation of Energy for CV System

T100

dEcv
dt

= Q W + mi ei me ee
= Q W + mi
= Q Wcv + mi

V2
V2
i
+ gzi me ue + e + gze
2
2
2
V
V2
hi + i + gzi me he + e + gze
2
2

ui +

Wcv Ws + Wb
Wf = P(Vi Ve ) = P(mi vi me ve )
h u + Pv

T099
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Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

First Law of Thermodynamics

First Law of Thermodynamics

ME 201 (2013)

13 / 17

Open (CV) System

= Q Wcv +

mi

hi +

V2
i
+ gzi
2

(BUET)

me

he +

ME 201 (2013)

14 / 17

Open (CV) System

Mass Continuity Equation

V2
e
+ gze
2

T123

Closed System: mi = me = 0.
dEcv
dt

First Law of Thermodynamics

First Law of Thermodynamics

First Law of Thermodynamics (FLT) for CV System

dEcv
dt

c
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

Vavg =

= Q Wnet

1
Ac

Vn dAc
Ac

Steady-State-Steady Flow (SSSF) System:

dmcv
dt

= 0 =

mi =

me

dEcv
dt

=0

One-inlet, One-exit & Steady-state: mi = me = m.

0 = Q Wcv + m (h1 h2 ) +

c
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

V2 V2
1
2
2

First Law of Thermodynamics

T122

+ g(z1 z2 )
ME 201 (2013)

T124

m = Vn dAc

15 / 17

c
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

m = V = AV =
First Law of Thermodynamics

AV
v
ME 201 (2013)

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First Law of Thermodynamics

Open (CV) System

Example: Feedwater heater at steady-state. Determine m2 & V2 . Assume,

v2 vf (T2 ).

dmcv
dt

mi

me

dmcv /dt = 0
i

mi = m1 + m2

me = m3

m = AV

m3 = 3 (AV)3
T125

2 = (T = T2 , P = P2 )

3 = (x = 0.0, P = P3 )

= m2 = 14.15 kg/s, V2 = 5.7 m/s .

c
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

First Law of Thermodynamics

ME 201 (2013)

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