1.

M hnh OSI


Lp 1- Lp vt l : c t thnh phn c kh , in t, th tc v chc nng
kch hot , duy tr v kt thc cc kt ni vt l gia cc thit b u cui
c tnh: in p, nh thi gian chuyn i in p, tc truyn d liu vt l,
khong cch ti a, u ni
Lp 2 Lin kt d liu: Cch thc nh dng d liu cho truyn thng v phng
php truy cp lp vt l, gm c c ch pht hin li
Lp 3 - Lp mng: Cung cp kt ni v cch chn ng i
Lp 4 Lp vn chuyn
o Phn d liu trn my gi thnh cc khi d liu chun, v ghp cc khi
my nhn
o Bo v cc lp trn ca m hnh OSI khi vic chi tit ha qu trnh vn
chuyn. Thit lp, duy tr v kt thc cc mch o, pht hin v khi phc cc
li
Lp 5 Lp phin
o Thit lp, qun l v kt thc phin truyn thng gia hai my
V d: my ch Web c nhiu ngi s dng v th c nhiu tin trnh
truyn thng ti 1 thi im, lp phin s qun l mi ngi s s dng
ng dn no
o Cung cp kh nng truyn d liu hiu qu, phn loi dch v, bo co cc
ngoi l xy ra nu c
Lp 6 Lp trnh din
o m bo thng tin gi t lp ng dng ca my gi c th hiu chnh xc
my nhn
o Thng dch gia cc nh dng d liu nu cn thit
Lp 7 Lp ng dng
o Cung cp dch v cho cc chng trnh ng dng (mail, truyn tp tin, web)
o Khng cung cp dch v cho lp no trong m hnh OSI m cung cp dch
v cho cc ng dng bn ngoi m hnh
o Thit lp, ng b , khi phc d liu v iu khin tnh ton vn d liu
gia ng dng trn 2 my tnh
D liu c gi trn mng phi c ng gi qua cc tng, qua mi tng c
thm 1 header (c th c trailer) ca tng tng. tng 2 (lin kt d liu) thm
trailer FCS pht hin d liu li


2. M hnh TCP/IP

Lp truy cp mng: Tng ng 2 lp thp nht trong m hnh OSI
o Lp vt l
o Lp lin kt d liu
Lp Internet: Cung cp kh nng nh tuyn bng cch nh ngha gi d liu v
h thng a ch
Lp vn chuyn: Cung cp dch v truyn thng cho lp ng dng
Lp ng dng:

3. Lp Internet ca m hnh TCP/IP.
IPV4 32 bt
IPV6 128 bit
Nhim v IP: da trn a ch ch nh tuyn cc gi tin
Mi gi tin l 1 thc th c lp, cha thng tin truyn m ko cn da vo
vic trao i trc
c trng ca IP
Hot ng lp mng (lp 3) ca m hnh OSI
L giao thc khng kt ni: gi d liu 1 chiu c gi n ch m ko cn thng
bao cho thit b u cui, thit b u cui nhn d liu v ko gi li bt k thng
tin g
IP dng cu trc a ch phn cp
IP cung cp dch v theo dng n lc ti a v khng m bo vic phn phi d
liu. Mt gi d liu c th b nh hng sai, trng lp hoc mt i trn ng
truyn n ch
IP khng cung cp chc nng khi phc d liu h hng


a ch IP cng cng : Cung cp duy nht phc v cho vic truy cp mng


a ch IP ring

- Dng cho cc my tnh khng kt ni Internet
- Nu cc mng dng a ch IP ring c nhu cu kt ni Internet th ta cn phi dch
(NAT) a ch IP ring thnh a ch IP cng cng


DHCP
- Dng cp a ch IP ng v cc tham s TCP/IP
- Khi my tnh khi ng, n s lin h vi my ch DHCP yu cu thng tin a
ch, my ch chn 1 a ch v cp n cho my tnh
- My tnh thu a ch trong 1 khong time, v phi lin h li vs my ch DHCP
nu mun ko di thi gian thu
4. Lp vn chuyn


- Lp mng nh tuyn d liu n ch nhng khng m bo d liu gi n ng
th t, khng c li hoc thm ch khng n c ch
- Lp vn chuyn cung cp 2 giao thc UDP v TCP
- Nhim v: Lm cu ni gia lp ng dng v lp mng, nu l TCP th thc hin
thm cc nhim v sau thit lp kt ni, phn on, iu khin lung d liu, v
cc c ch m bo tin cy
nh ngha
UDP: C gng ht kh nng Phi kt ni
TCP : Tin cy Phi kt ni
4.1. UDP
4.1.1. c trng
- Hot ng lp vn chuyn ca m hnh OSI v TCP/IP
- Cung cp kh nng truy cp lp mng khng c chi ph cho cc c ch tin cy
- Tng t IP, UDP l giao thc phi kt ni , trong khi d liu gi cho ch m
khng cn bo trc cho ch n
- C rt t kh nng kim tra li hn ch. Khi d liu UDP c ty chn checksum
cho kim tra li, my ch c th dng tham s ny kim tra tnh ton vn ca
d liu. Trong header ca UDP c thng tin v cng, nu my ch kim tra thy
rng d liu chuyn n mt cng khng hot ng, n s loi b d liu v gi
li thng ip port is unreachable
- Cung cp dch v phn phi c gng ht kh nng, khng m bo d liu c
phn phi thnh cng m khng mt, trng lp hoc sai th t ch n
- Khng c chc nng khi phc d liu b mt hay c li
4.1.2. Header UDP

Header ca UDP c chiu di 64 bit. Bao gm cc trng sau :
- Cng ngun (Source port) : s nguyn 16 bit ca cng ang gi.
- Cng ch (Destination port) : s nguyn 16 bit ca cng c gi.
- Chiu di (Length) : chiu di ca header khi d liu UDP (16 bit)
- Checksum : Checksum c tnh ton da trn header v ni dung khi d liu
UDP (16 bit)
- D liu (Data) : Khi d liu ca lp ng dng bn trn (kch thc thay i)
4.2. TCP
4.2.1. c trng
L giao thc hng kt ni cung cp dch v truyn d liu tin cy gia cc my
- Tng t UDP, TCP hot ng lp vn chuyn ca m hnh OSI & TCP/IP.
- Tng t UDP, TCP Cung cp lp ng dng kh nng truy cp lp mng.
- TCP l giao thc hng kt ni trong 2 thit b mng thit lp mt kt ni
trao i d liu. H thng u cui ng b vi thit b khc qun tr dng
thng tin nhm trnh nghn trn mng.
- Kt ni TCP l mt cp mch o (virtual circuit), mi mch o trn 1 hng, v
th n hot ng ch song cng.
- TCP cung cp c ch kim tra li thng qua checksum v cc thng tin header
TCP.
- Cc on (segment) d liu ca TCP c nh s th t cho php ch n c
th sp xp chng theo trnh t ban u cng nh pht hin cc on d liu b
mt.
- Khi nhn c mt hay cc on d liu TCP, my nhn s phn hi li my gi
cc tin bo nhn xc nhn cc on d liu nhn thnh cng. an d liu
no cha c tin bo nhn, my gi s phi truyn li thng tin ny, hoc n s kt
thc kt ni nu nhn thy rng my nhn khng cn trn kt ni.
- TCP cung cp dch v khi phc d liu trong my nhn c th yu cu gi li
mt on d liu. My gi s truyn li cc on d liu khng c tin bo nhn.
- Dch v phn phi d liu tin cy rt cn thit i vi cc ng dng nh truyn tp
tin, c s d liu, x l giao dch, v cc ng dng c yu cu d liu phi c
m bo phn phi thnh cng
4.2.2. Header TCP

- Cng ngun (Source port) : s nguyn 16 bit ca cng ang gi.
- Cng ch (Destination port) : s nguyn 16 bit ca cng c gi.
- S tun t (Sequence number) : s tun t ca octet d liu u tin trong on
(segment) ny, c s dng m bo d liu nhn c sp xp ng trnh t
(32 bit)
- S tin bo nhn (Acknowledgment number) : octet TCP c mong i k tip
(32 bit)
- Chiu di header (Header length) : chiu di ca header TCP tnh bng n v 32-
bit (4 bit)
- Dnh ring (Reserved) : t v 0 (3 bit)
- Bit iu khin (Control bits): dng cho cc chc nng iu khin nh thit lp,
trnh nghn, kt thc phin (9 bit) (mi bit c ngha ring v c xem l 1
c hiu (flag))
- Window: s octets m thit b s chp nhn trc khi gi tin bo nhn (16 bit)
- Checksum : Checksum c tnh ton da trn header v ni dung khi d liu
TCP (16 bit)
- Urgent: ch n cui ca thng tin urgent (16 bit)
- Options: tu chn c thm vo header nhm m bo chiu di ca header
TCP (0 hoc 32 bit, nu c)
- D liu (Data) : Khi d liu ca lp ng dng bn trn (kch thc thay i)
4.3. ARP, PING, TRACERT
Trc khi mt my c th gi d liu n 1 my khc, n phi bit a ch MAC
ca my ch
Nu a ch MAC khng tm thy n phi nh x 2 a ch lp 2 v 3 bng ARP
Nu 2 my trn 2 mng khc nhau, my gi phi gi d liu n cho default
gateway, c nhim v chuyn tip d liu n my ch mt mng t xa khc.
Cc bc thc hin ARP : My A gi cho my B
- Nu bng ARP cha c thng tin my B th phi cp nht bng
- My A xy dng gi tin ARP request v gi cho lp 2, vi yu cu a ch MAC
ch l broadcast, MAC ngun l my A
- My B nhn c bn tin, thng tin ARP request c chuyn n cho chng
trnh ARP, cp nht bng ARP ca n
- Chng trnh ARP to gi tin ARP reply vi a ch MAC ch l a ch my A,
a ch MAC ngun l my B
- My A nhn gi tin, cp nht bng ARP
Qu trnh bt tay 3 bc:

Sau qu trnh bt tay 3 bc, phin truyn thng c thit lp

Lnh PING: Kim tra kh nng gi/nhn thng tin qua mng IP. Ping hot ng
bng cch gi gi tin ICMP echo request cho my ch v lng nghe gi tin tr
li echo respond. S dng thi gian v tc p ng, PING nh gi thi gian
quay v v tc rt gi gia 2 my tnh
TRACERT : Dng xc nh ng i n ch bng cch s dng gi tin ICMP
n ch, dng gi IP c gi tr TTL khc nhau. Khi u TTL = 1 v tng dn
mi khi thng ip ICMP exceeded c gi v

5. ETHERNET
5.1. Gii thiu, Chc nng


Chc nng:
- D liu v ng dng: Khi ngi dng kt ni vo mng LAN, h c th chia s
tp tin v ngay c cc chng trnh ng dng
- Ti nguyn: l nhng th c chia s bao gm cc thit b xut nhp nh my
in,camera
- Con ng ni kt n cc mng khc: i vi cc ti nguyn xa mng cc b
thng qua gateway c th cung cp con ng ni kt n cc ti nguyn t xa
ny v d nh truy cp trang web t xa chng hn







5.2. Chun ETHERNET

Chia lp Data Link ra lm 2 phn
Lp kim sot kt ni lun l (Logical Link Control - LLC): chuyn tip ln lp
mng
Lp kim sot truy cp mi trng truyn (Media Access Control - MAC):
chuyn tip xung lp vt l
Lp th cp LLC
IEEE to lp th cp LLC cho php chc nng ca lp lin kt d liu c lp vi cc k
thut vt l c s dng. Lp ny cung cp tnh mm do cho cc dch v ca lp mng
khng ph thuc nhng k thut truyn thng lp MAC v lp 1 bn di. Lp tham
gia vo tin trnh ng gi d liu participates in the encapsulation process.
Header ca LLC thng tin cho lp lin kt d liu cch x l gi tin c ng gi bn
trong frame d liu lp 2.
Lp th cp MAC
Lp MAC lin quan n mi trng truyn vt l. IEEE 802.3 c t a ch MAC dng
nh danh duy nht tng thit b lp 2 m hnh OSI. kt ni vo mng mi thit b
u phi c 1 a ch vt l (a ch MAC) duy nht


5.3. Cu trc FRAME

- Preamble: trng thng tin gm 7 bytes cha cc bit 1, 0 lin tip, n c tc dng
ng b tn hiu.
- Bt u frame (Start-of-frame - SOF ch c trong 802.3): Trng thng tin gm 1
byte c gi tr 10101011, dng thng bo cho my nhn bit im bt u ca
Frame.
- a ch ch (Destination address): Trng a ch ch cha a ch vt l ca
card mng my nhn.
- a ch ngun (Source address): Trng a ch ngun cha a ch vt l ca
card mng my gi.
- Loi/chiu di (Type/length): Trong chun Ethernet II, trng ny cha m s xc
nh giao thc lp mng. Trong chun 802.3, trng ny cha chiu di ca
trng d liu (data). Thng tin v giao thc lp network cha trong trng
802.2, lp LLC cha 802.2 header v trng d liu.
- D liu (Data): Trng ny cha d liu nhn c t lp mng ca my gi.
Nu d liu qu ngn mt chui bit v ngha s c thm vo (c gi l pad)
m bo chiu di ti thiu ca d liu l 46 bytes.
- Frame check sequence (FCS): Trng ny dng kim tra xem ni dung ca
frame nhn c b li hay khng
5.4. Truyn thng
Truyn thng trong mng xy ra theo 1 trong 3 dng : unicast, broadcast, and
multicast.
- Unicast: truyn thng trong frame c gi t mt my n mt my duy nht
khc. Unicast l cch thc truyn thng ph bin trong mng LAN v Internet.
- Broadcast: truyn thng trong 1 mt frame c gi n tt c cc my cn li.
Broadcast l cch thc truyn thng c bn khi cn gi cng thng ip n tt c
cc thit b trong mng LAN.
- Multicast: truyn thng trong thng tin c gi n mt nhm my hoc
thit b. Khng ging nh broadcast, ch cc my l thnh vin ca nhm
multicast mi nhn c thng tin.
5.5 CSMA/CD