S 14 (24) - Thng 01-02/2014 PHT TRIN & HI NHP

Hot ng NH Hng Ti Hi Phc & Hon Thin

27
1. Gii thiu
Theo Ngn hng Th gii (WB,
1998), ti cu trc ngn hng bao
gm mt lot cc bin php c
phi hp cht ch nhm duy tr h
thng thanh ton quc gia v kh
nng tip cn cc dch v tn dng,
ng thi x l cc vn cn
tn ti trong h thng ti chnh l
nguyn nhn gy ra khng hong.
Ti VN, ti cu trc h thng
NHTM c t ra t nhng
nm cui thp nin 1990 khi h
thng NHTM trong nc bc l r
nhng yu km v ri ro mang tnh
h thng di tc ng ca khng
hong ti chnh chu . Kt qu l
h thng ngn hng hot ng
n nh hn v c nhng ng gp
rt ln vi vic pht trin kinh t.
Tuy nhin, t khi VN cam kt thc
hin WTO v Hip nh thng
mi VN M, tng dn theo l
trnh ni lng cc quy nh i vi
cc t chc ti chnh nc ngoi
sau nm 2010, c bit l sau cuc
khng hong kinh t th gii 2008,
hot ng ca h thng ngn hng
VN bc l nhng yu km v
kh nng chng vi nhng c
sc t bn ngoi,... ti cu trc h
thng ngn hng li tr thnh vn
cp bch hn bao gi ht. Bi
vit s dng phng php thng
k, phn tch nh gi thc trng
ti cu trc ca cc NHTM VN, ch
ra nhng hn ch v xut cc
gii php hu ch gp phn cho qu
trnh ti cu trc h thng NHTM
VN trong thi gian ti.
2. Thc trng ti cu trc h
thng ngn hng thng mi
VN
Th nht, v nhn thc
Hu ht cc NHTM VN nhn
thc c tm quan trng cng
nh c hi, thch thc trong qu
trnh tham gia cng cuc ti c cu
v ch ng xy dng, trin khai
k hoch ti c cu nhm nng cao
nng lc cnh tranh pht trin.
Tuy nhin, vn cn mt s ngn
hng cha mn m vi vic ti cu
trc, nht l cc ngn hng nh v
hu ht nhng ngn hng ny hot
ng km hiu qu nn nu qu
trnh ti cu trc din ra th y s
l nhng ngn hng u tin b sp
nhp hoc gii th. Chnh iu ny
gy kh khn cho Chnh ph
khi thc hin cng cuc ti c cu
NHTM.
Th hai, v x l n xu
Vn n xu c NHNN,
cc NHTM v cc ban ngnh lin
quan c bit quan tm x l trong
thi gian qua bng cc bin php:
NCS. NGuyN QuNH HoA
Trng i hc Ngn hng TP.HCM
Ti cu trc h thng ngn hng
thng mi Vit Nam
T
khi VN m ca th trng ngn hng, ti chnh, hot ng
ca h thng ngn hng VN bc l nhiu vn bt n
mang tnh h thng, l: s hu cho, thanh khon km, n
xu tng cao, cht lng qun tr iu hnh hn ch, sn phm dch v
ngho nn, m nu khng c bin php can thip kp thi s c nguy
c xy ra ri ro mt an ton h thng. V th, bi vit nh gi thc trng
ti cu trc h thng ngn hng thng mi (NHTM) VN giai on 2008
- 2012, t xut gii php nhm ng gp cho qu trnh ti cu trc
h thng NHTM VN trong thi gian ti. Trong bi vit, tc gi s dng
phng php thng k, phn tch cng c cho kt lun ca mnh.
T kha: Ngn hng thng mi, ti cu trc, sn phm, dch v,
n xu
PHT TRIN & HI NHP S 14 (24) - Thng 01- 02/2014 28
Hot ng NH Hng Ti Hi Phc & Hon Thin
c cu li n mt cch cch hp
l, gim li sut tin vay i vi
c lnh vc u tin, ng thi tng
cng trch lp, s dng d phng
ri ro x l n xu theo quy
nh ca php lut. Vi nhng n
lc ca NHNN v cc NHTM, tnh
n cui nm 2012, cc NHTM
VN x l c 65.740 t ng
n xu bng d phng ri ro v s
d phng ri ro cha s dng l
61.012 t ng; s n xu c c
cu li 237.500 t ng.
Tuy nhin, qu trnh x l n
xu ca cc NHTM VN trong thi
gian qua cn rt nhiu hn ch:
Bn thn cc NHTM khng
trch lp y , trung thc d
phng ri ro tn dng nn vic x
l n xu lm lnh mnh, an ton
h thng m NHNN cha th x l
dt im sut thi gian qua. Ngoi
ra, n xu c x l ch yu bng
d phng ri ro tn dng cho thy
hot ng x l n ca cc NHTM
VN vn cha thc s c hiu qu
v vic thng xuyn s dng qu
d phng ri ro x l n xu
khin li nhun ca ngn hng b
nh hng, t ko theo nhng
h qu xu trong hot ng kinh
doanh v gim li th cnh tranh
trn th trng.
Th ba, v tng vn t c
Vn t c ca cc NHTM VN
tng nhanh t nm 2008 n 2012
l nh c ngun vn t ngn sch
nh nc cp b sung, pht hnh
c phiu, sp nhp cc NHTM
c phn vi nhau, li nhun tng
trng cao trong giai on ny
ko theo qu d tr b sung vn
iu l v li nhun gi li tng
ln. Chnh nhng quy nh v mc
vn ti thiu ca NHNN cng vi
s n lc ca cc NHTM VN m
tnh n thi im 31/12/2012 tt
c cc NHTM VN u t c
mc vn iu l theo quy nh l
3.000 t ng, h s CAR c ci
thin ng k. Mc d vn t c
v h s an ton vn ti thiu ca
cc NHTM VN c nhng chuyn
bin tch cc, song nu so snh
vi cc quc gia khc trong khu
vc ng Nam th vn iu l
ca cc NHTM VN cn rt khim
tn. Chng hn, tnh n cui nm
2012, Ngn hng Nng nghip v
Pht trin nng thn VN l ngn
hng c vn iu l ln nht nhng
cng ch t 29.605 t ng tng
ng 1.421 triu USD (trong khi
OCBC bank ca Singapore c
vn iu l l 18.018 triu USD).
Th t, v h thng qun tr
Nng lc qun tr iu hnh ca
cc NHTM VN c nng ln,
nhiu ngn hng p dng m hnh
qun tr hin i, tin gn n m
hnh qun tr ca th gii. C cu
t chc b my Hi ng qun
tr, b my iu hnh, cc phng
ban cc ngn hng cng c
t chc sp xp li nhm xc nh
trch nhim, quyn hn ca cc b
phn, cc cp. Tuy nhin, h thng
qun tr ca cc NHTM VN vn
bc l nhiu nhc im nh: vai
tr thc t ca Hi ng qun tr
v Ban iu hnh cha c phn
bit r rng; cha coi trng vn
qun tr ri ro; qun tr cng ty ti
cc NHTM cha c quan tm
ng mc v cha c coi l m
hnh thc s cn thit cho pht
trin kinh doanh; rt nhiu NHTM
thiu vng cc thnh vin c lp
l nhng ngi c uy tn, c kinh
nghim trong cc y ban thuc Hi
ng qun tr.
Th nm, v sn phm
Cc NHTM VN v ang
khng ngng nghin cu v a
ra nhng sn phm mi ngy
cng p ng tt hn nhu cu ca
nn kinh t. Nu nh trc y,
cc NHTM VN thc hin nhim
v ch yu l cho vay v huy ng
th n nay h thng ln mnh
v hot ng a dng trn cc mt
dch v. Cc dch v tn dng v
ph tn dng ca ngn hng p
ng c cc nhu cu c bn ca
khch hng trong, ngoi nc v
xy dng c nim tin trong
lng ngi s dng dch v. Chng
hn, ni n ACB l ngi ta ngh
ngay n thi phc v n cn,
thi gian ch i ngn. Bn cnh
nhng kt qu t c, vic pht
trin sn phm ca cc NHTM VN
cn tn ti nhng vn nh: s
lng sn phm cha phong ph,
nht l nghip v ngn hng quc
t; cha ch trng nhiu n cnh
tranh v cht lng phc v v
cng ngh m ch yu nh m
rng mng li, cnh tranh v gi
c v li sut.
Th su, v nhn lc
t c hiu qu cao trong
hot ng kinh doanh ca mnh,
vn nhn s c cc NHTM
ht sc quan tm. V vy, ngay t
khu tuyn dng cc ngn hng
cng ra cc tiu chun c th
v p dng cc chnh sch i ng
tt gi v chiu d nhn ti. T
trng nhn s c trnh t i hc
tr ln ca cc NHTM VN ngy
cng gia tng v chim t l rt cao,
chng hn t l ny ACB l 93%,
ca Techcombank l 93,33%. Tuy
nhin, hin ti, i ng nhn lc
trong cc NHTM VN ang tn ti
mt s hn ch: thiu ht nghim
trng kin thc v ngn hng nh
mt ngnh kinh doanh, thiu t tin
trong giao tip, thiu kh nng t
duy sng to, ...
Th by, v cng ngh
H thng NHTM VN xy
dng c mt h tng CNTT
S 14 (24) - Thng 01-02/2014 PHT TRIN & HI NHP 29
Hot ng NH Hng Ti Hi Phc & Hon Thin
tng i hin i s dng phc
v nhu cu pht trin kinh t x
hi v ch ng hi nhp vi khu
vc v th gii. Bn cnh vic trin
khai h thng phn mm qun tr
li ngn hng nhm gip thc hin
cc nghip v giao dch, qun tr
hot ng ngn hng hng ngy,
cung cp ng dng CNTT nh mt
dch v nhm phc v mc tiu
kinh doanh ca ngn hng, gip a
dng ha sn phm dch v, m
bo an ninh h thng, chng tht
thot d liu, ng thi gim chi
ph, thi gian cung ng dch v
cng nh kh nng m rng nhanh
chng theo yu cu ca hot ng
kinh doanh. Mc d cc NHTM
VN thc c tm quan trng
ca vic ng dng cng ngh hin
i trong hot ng kinh doanh
ngn hng nhng do hn ch v
vn, kinh nghim nn vic trin
khai cn cha t hiu qu cao,
mc hin i cn thua km so
vi cc chi nhnh NHNNg v ngn
hng 100% vn nc ngoi.
Th tm, v m hnh t chc hot
ng
Hu ht m hnh t chc hot
ng ca cc NHTM VN c
sp xp, phn nh thnh cc b
phn kinh doanh, h tr v kim
sot. Cng tc chuyn i, vn
hnh m hnh t chc mi ca cc
NHTM VN c bn p ng
c cc yu cu ra: thc hin
c mc tiu chuyn i t m
hnh ngn hng truyn thng sang
m hnh NHTM hin i, a nng;
to ra c s phn tch v mt t
chc gia khi kinh doanh vi cc
khi qun l ri ro, tc nghip v
h tr; thc y trin khai cc dch
v, sn phm mi. Mc d c rt
nhiu c gng trong vic chuyn i
m hnh t chc hot ng nhng
n nay m hnh t chc ca cc
NHTM vn cn nhng im cha
hon thin: vn cn tnh trng cc
phng ban nghip v t tr s chnh
v chi nhnh c phn nhim
theo nghip v v phn khc theo
a gii hnh chnh, cha ch trng
phn nhim theo nhm khch hng
v loi hnh dch v nh thng l
quc t; mng li chi nhnh phn
b cha hp l.
Th chn, v s hu
Cu trc s hu ca h thng
NHTM VN ngy cng a dng
ph hp vi trnh pht trin
kinh t trong nc v xu th hi
nhp, m ca th trng ti chnh.
Tuy nhin, c cu s hu cho gia
cc NHTM, s tham gia ca cc
tp on kinh t vo cc NHTM
ang l nguyn nhn ca mt s
nh hng tiu cc n s an ton
v lnh mnh ca h thng ngn
hng VN nh: s hu cho c th
gip cc ngn hng cho vay theo
quan h m h qu l ny sinh rt
nhiu khon n xu; s hu cho
to ra ri ro mang tnh h thng v
vn thanh khon v kh nng tr
n ca mt ngn hng c th ko
theo nhng vn tng t rt
nhiu cc ngn hng khc; s hu
cho c th dn ti tnh trng tng
vn o nn ngun lc v kh nng
chng ri ro ca ngn hng
khng c nh gi ng mc.
V vy, vn t ra i vi c
quan hoch nh chnh sch l lm
th no gim tnh trng s hu
cho trong khu vc ngn hng v
lm th no gim tc ng ca
cc cu trc s hu cho n vic
tun th cc quy nh m bo hot
ng an ton.
Tm li, trong thi gian qua,
mc d vic ti cu trc h thng
NHTM VN t c mt s
thnh qu ng khch l nhng
cng cn khng t nhng hn ch.
V vy, trong thi gian ti cn phi
tip tc tin hnh cc bin php ti
cu trc h thng NHTM VN
hot ng ca cc NHTM VN c
th t c mc tiu: An ton
Hiu qu - Pht trin bn vng
Hi nhp quc t Chnh ph
(2009), Ngh nh 59/2009/N-CP
ngy 16/7/2009.
3. xut mt s gii php ti
cu trc h thng ngn hng
thng mi VN trong thi gian
ti
Mc tiu ln ca ti cu trc
l to mt h thng ngn hng a
dng v loi hnh, quan h s hu
v quy m, trong c cc ngn
hng mnh c th cnh tranh
trong khu vc v quc t, c cc
ngn hng lm tr ct cho c h
thng ngn hng trong nc v c
cc ngn hng c quy m nh v
va hot ng trong nhng phn
khc th trng khc nhau.
t c mc tiu ny, nhng gii
php c xut l:
Nhm gii php v m
Th nht, tin hnh thanh tra
nh gi, phn loi, phn nhm
ngn hng thng mi da vo cc
tiu ch, tiu chun nh gi ngn
hng tt, an ton. Nhm nhng
ngn hng km nht, khng p
ng cc tiu chun nh gi s b
buc chm dt hot ng, sp nhp
vo cc ngn hng c tnh hnh ti
chnh tt hn. Nhm ngn hng c
kh nng phc hi v nhm ngn
hng c tnh hnh ti chnh tt c
khuyn khch sp nhp hnh
thnh ngn hng mi c quy m
ln hn, hot ng hiu qu hn.
Th hai, sa i, b sung,
hon thin hnh lang php l: cc
cp qun l cn xy dng hnh
lang php l v hot ng ngn
hng tht cng khai, minh bch
v cng bng to iu kin cho
PHT TRIN & HI NHP S 14 (24) - Thng 01- 02/2014 30
Hot ng NH Hng Ti Hi Phc & Hon Thin
cc NHTM c bnh ng trong
cnh tranh, m bo an ton h
thng ng thi ci thin nim tin
ca cng chng vo h thng ngn
hng; a vo thc hin cc tiu
chun qun tr mi, cc quy nh
v an ton v phng trnh ri ro
theo thng l quc t; hnh thnh
mi trng kinh doanh lnh mnh,
xa b phn bit i x gia cc
NHTM.
Th ba, nng cao vai tr nh
hng, qun l, gim st ca
NHNN v Chnh ph. Vic gim
st ca NHNN v Chnh ph i
vi cc NHTM phi c tin
hnh thng xuyn lin tc, linh
hot v h tr cc t chc c
gim st, m bo tnh h thng,
phi hp cc chnh sch hiu qu
v hp tc vi quc t trong gim
st ti chnh cc ngn hng hot
ng an ton, hiu qu, trnh tnh
trng cnh tranh khng lnh mnh.
Th t, tip tc c phn ha
NHTM nh nc. Vic c phn ha
cc NHTM nh nc to iu kin
cho cc ngn hng ny ch ng
hn trong hot ng ca mnh:
nng cao nng lc ti chnh, ci
thin cht lng dch v, gia tng
sc cnh tranh v hiu qu hot
ng thc s tr thnh nhng
ngn hng nng ct trong hot
ng ca h thng NHTM VN.
Th nm, phi hp c hiu qu
vic ti cu trc h thng NHTM
vi vic pht trin mnh cc th
trng ti chnh: th trng chng
khon, th trng bo him v cc
qu u t theo nhng tiu chun
quc t p ng nhu cu vn
cho nn kinh t.
Th su, tip tc ch ng hi
nhp quc t trong lnh vc tin t,
tn dng v ngn hng. Qu trnh
hi nhp ny cn phi c tnh
ton c th sao cho ph hp vi
nng lc ca cc NHTM VN v
kh nng qun l v gim st ca
cc c quan qun l Nh nc.
Th by, x l vn s hu
cho. Vn mu cht trong cng
tc x l s hu cho l phi m
bo ngn nga hnh vi c tnh vi
phm, ng thi trit tiu li ch t
vic s hu cho ca cc c nhn
v t chc. thc hin iu ny,
i hi phi c s phi hp ng
b gia NHNN v cc B ngnh
lin quan trong vic ban hnh cc
vn bn php quy cng nh vic
kim sot vic thc thi cc iu
khon quy nh.
Nhm gii php t pha cc
NHTM
Th nht, tng cng nng lc
ti chnh. Cc NHTM cn ch ng
nng cao nng lc ti chnh ca
mnh trn cc phng din chnh
nh: vn t c, cht lng ti sn,
thanh khon, kh nng sinh li.
lm c iu ny trc tin cc
NHTM cn phi tng bc tng
vn iu l bng cc bin php: pht
hnh c phiu cho nh u t trong
nc v nc ngoi, t nguyn sp
nhp, hp nht vi nhau; khi tin
hnh u t hay cho vay mi cn
tun th ng quy trnh; minh bch
thng tin v trch lp y cc
khon d phng; tun th yu cu
an ton trong hot ng kinh doanh
v c cu huy ng v c cu cho
vay; hn ch ri ro, tit gim chi
ph v nng cao kh nng sinh li.
Th hai, nng cao nng lc qun
tr iu hnh. nng cao nng lc
qun tr iu hnh, cc NHTM VN
cn tch bch r quyn hn, trch
nhim ca cc ban, trung tm ti
hi s chnh cng nh tng cng
s phi hp gia cc ban ny vi
cc chi nhnh ton h thng; xy
dng h thng cnh bo sm v
pht trin h thng cng c, chng
trnh phn mm phc v cng tc
qun l ri ro th trng, tc nghip
theo chun mc v thng l quc
t; tng cng v nng cao cht
lng cng tc d bo, nghin cu
th trng phc v cho cng tc
qun tr, iu hnh nhm pht trin
dch v phi tn dng; c chnh sch
i ng tt cho nhng nh qun l
gii gi v thu ht nhn ti.
Th ba, ci thin cht lng sn
phm hin c v khng ngng pht
trin sn phm mi. Cc NHTM
cn phi tn dng tt c nhng li
th v ngun nhn lc, cng ngh
nng cao cht lng sn phm
hin c cng nh khng ngng a
ra cc sn phm mi nhm p ng
tt nht nhu cu ca khc hng.
Lm c iu ny s gip ngn
hng to c nim tin vi khch
hng v gip ngn hng ngy cng
khng nh c v th ca mnh
trong trn th trng.
Th t, nng cao cht lng
ngun nhn lc theo hng nng
cao trnh chuyn mn, kh nng
sng to, kh nng giao tip, phong
cch lm vic chuyn nghip.
lm c iu ny, ngay t khu
tuyn dng cn phi t ra cc tiu
ch cn thit c th ng thi kt
hp o to v o to li thng
xuyn cn b. i vi cc cn b
qun l cc cp c tim nng nn
c k hoch o to, thc tp, trao
i nhn vin gia vi cc ngn
hng uy tn ca nc ngoi hot
ng trong v ngoi nc.
Th nm, tip tc i mi cng
ngh ngn hng. Trong thi gian
qua, mc d vic ng dng cng
ngh ngn hng ca cc NHTM
VN tin mt bc xa nhng so
vi cc NHTM ca cc nc tin
tin trn th gii th cng ngh s
dng cc NHTM VN cn kh lc
hu. Do , cc NHTM VN phi
S 14 (24) - Thng 01-02/2014 PHT TRIN & HI NHP 31
Hot ng NH Hng Ti Hi Phc & Hon Thin
c k hoch c th v tin hnh i
mi cng ngh nhm to ra nhng
sn phm dch v c tnh cnh
tranh cao, kh nng bo mt thng
tin tt nng cao nng lc cnh
tranh ca mnh.
Th su, sp xp li mng li
mt cch khoa hc. Sut mt thi
gian di, cc NHTM VN khng
ngng m rng mng li m
khng ch nhiu n tnh hiu
qu, kh nng qun l, ngun lc, ..
v vy dn n tnh trng c ni
rt tha (cc thnh ph, th ln),
c ni rt thiu (nng thn, vng
xa xi). Nhng ni tha th cnh
tranh khng lnh mnh ginh
git khch hng, nhng ni thiu
th lng ph ngun lc. Vy nn,
trong thi gian ti cc NHTM cn
phi c gii php c th c cu li
mng li nh sp nhp, gii th,
thay i nhn s qun l, trong
iu kin hn ch ti thiu s xo
trn, hoang mang v tm l i vi
i ng nhn s.
4. Kt lun
Tm li, c th ni, ti c cu
h thng ngn hng v ang l
vn cp thit khng ch i vi
ring ngnh ngn hng m i vi
ton b nn kinh t. V vy, khng
ch cc NHTM, Ngn hng Nh
nc m cc c quan chc nng,
b ngnh u phi cng chung tay
thc hin. Mt khc, y l mt
vn ln nn khng th nng
vi trong quyt nh, cn phi tnh
ton k lng trong tng bc
hnh ng xy dng nn mt
h thng ngn hng pht trin lnh
mnh, lm nn tng cho vic ti c
cu ton b nn kinh tl
TI LIU THAM KHO
Bo co thng nin ca cc NHTM VN (t
nm 2008 n nm 2012).
Claudia Dziobek, Ceyla Pazarbasioglu
(1998), Lessons from Systemic Bank
Restructuring, IMF.
David S.Hoelscher (2006), Bank
Restructuring and Resolution, IMF.
c Huy (2011), H thng ngn hng Vit:
Rt cn mt cuc i tu!, http://dantri.
com.vn/c76/s76-536358/he-thong-
ngan-hang-viet-rat-can-1-cuoc-dai-tu.
htm, 25/4/2012.
Phm Ch (2012), Ci t ngn hng: Mi
ch cha chy, http://vietnamnet.vn/
vn/kinh-te/vef/62708/cai-to-ngan-hang-
-moi-chi--chua-chay-.html, 26/4/2012.
Phm Hng (2011), C cu li h thng
ngn hng thng mi, http://www.
baomoi.com/Co-cau-lai-he-thong-ngan-
hang-thuong-mai/126/6956734.epi,
22/4/2012.
Trn S Chng (2012), T huyt ca
h thng ngn hng, http://vietnamnet.
vn/vn/chinh-tri/tuanvietnam/71910,
22/4/2012.
Sanjay Kalra (2012), Banking System
Restructuring, IMF.
(Tip theo trang 9)
Hart, Stuart. (1995), Does It Pay To Be Green? An Empirical Examination Of The Relationship
Between Emissions Reduction And Firm Performance, Business Strategy and the
Environment (September).
Heim, G and Zenklusen, O (2005), Sustainable Finance: Strategy Options for Development
Financing Institutions, Eco: Fact, Stampfenbachstrass, Zurich, 2005.
Jan Willem van Gelder, (2006), Sustainable Banking In Practice: A Closer Look At The
Nominees For The 2006 Financial Times Sustainable Banking Awards, Banktrack.,
Profundo.
Jeucken, M (2001) Sustainable Finance and Banking, The fnance Sector and The Future of
the Planet, Earthscan, London,
Jeucken, M and Bouma, J,J (1999) The Changing Environment of Banks, GMI Theme Issue,
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