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Notación Indicial, Ejemplos Resueltos Convencion de Suma
Notación Indicial, Ejemplos Resueltos Convencion de Suma
Victor Liu
February 22, 2009
Abstract
Some examples of using Einstein summation notation are presented. All manipulations
assume a three-dimensional space with cartesian coordinates (rather, the basic identities and
conversions from vector calculus only work in cartesian coordinates). The point here is to use
Einstein notation as a way of getting from one vector identity to another.
1 Basics from vector calculus
Dot product u v u
i
v
i
Cross product u v
ijk
u
j
v
k
Gradient f
i
f
Divergence u
i
u
i
Curl u
ijk
j
v
k
Directional derivative u v u
i
i
v
j
Vector Laplacian
2
u
i
i
u
j
2 Identities
Antisymmetry of permutation
ijk
=
jik
=
jki
= . . .
Derivatives of orthonormal basis
i
e
j
= 0
Derivatives of coordinates
i
x
j
=
ij
Permutations diering by 1 index
jmn
imn
= 2
ij
Permutations with identical indices
ijk
ijk
= 6 (twice the dimensionality)
Permutations diering by 2 indices
ijk
imn
=
jm
kn
jn
km
3 Examples
3.1 A vector identity
Show a (b c) = (a c)b (a b)c.
ijk
a
j
(
klm
b
l
c
m
) =
kij
klm
a
j
b
l
c
m
= (
il
jm
im
jl
)a
j
b
l
c
m
= a
j
b
i
c
j
a
j
b
j
c
i
= (a
j
c
j
)b
i
(a
j
b
j
)c
i
1
3.2 Proof of vector calculus null identities
Show (f) = 0 and (u) = 0.
(f) =
ijk
k
f
=
ikj
k
f
=
ikj
j
f
=
ijk
k
f
= 0
This is shown by antisymmetry, since we are free to swap the order of dierentiation in the third
to last line and switch all instances of j and k in the second to last line.
(u) =
i
ijk
j
u
k
=
ijk
j
u
k
=
jik
j
u
k
=
jik
i
u
k
=
ijk
j
u
k
= 0
The proof is analogous to the previous case.
3.3 The vector Laplacian identity
Show (u) = ( u)
2
u.
ijk
j
(
klm
l
u
m
) =
ijk
klm
l
u
m
=
kij
klm
l
u
m
= (
il
jm
im
jl)
j
l
u
m
=
j
i
u
j
j
j
u
i
=
i
j
u
j
j
j
u
i
=
i
(
j
u
j
) (
j
j
)u
i
3.4 An example from uid mechanics
Show
v v =
|v|
2
2
+ (v) v
v
a
a
v
b
=
b
v
a
v
a
2
+
bac
(
adf
d
v
f
)v
c
=
1
2
v
a
b
v
a
+
1
2
(
b
v
a
)v
a
abc
(
adf
d
v
f
)v
c
= v
a
b
v
a
(
abc
adf
)(
d
v
f
)v
c
= v
a
b
v
a
(
bd
cf
bf
cd
)(
d
v
f
)v
c
= v
a
b
v
a
(
b
v
c
)v
c
+ (
c
v
b
)v
c
= v
a
b
v
a
v
a
(
b
v
a
) + v
a
(
a
v
b
)
= v
a
a
v
b
2