wkv_x mnvwqKv

BDivcxq BDwbqb evsjv`k Rjevqy cwieZb mnhvwMZv

mvgwMK Dk
`wY Gwkqvq `wi`eve Rjevqy AwfhvRb I ckgb fwgKv cvjb Kiv|
mywbw` Dk
evsjv`k, bcvj I mvKf Abvb `ki emiKvwi fwgKv cvjbKvix`i mgZv ew Kiv hvZ Zuviv RvZxq,
AvwjK I ewkK Rjevqy cwieZb mswk wmvMnY cwqvq Ask wbZ cvib Ges bxwZ wbaviY cwqvK
cfvweZ KiZ cvib|
Pov AskMnYKvix
bcvj I evsjv`k Ges evcKv_ `wY Gwkqvi Rjevqy cwieZbi KviY wZM `wi` I wec`vcb RbMvx|
KvwZ djvdj
(K) UKmB Dbqbi Dci Rjevqy cwieZbi bwZevPK cfve Ges G msv RvZxq, AvwjK I AvRvwZK
Kkj I bxwZgvjv mK emiKvwi fwgKv cvjbKvix I mvgvwRK chvq aviYv I mPZbZv mw ne; (L)
Rjevqy cwieZb welqK Awacivgk I cPvivwfhvb Pvjvbv mK emiKvwi fwgKv cvjbKvix`i `Zv ew
cve; (M) `wY Gwkqvi Afi Ges `wY Gkxq I BDivcxq Rjevqy cwieZb welqK bUIqvKjvi ga
mK ew cve; Ges (N) bvMwiK mgvRi bUIqvKjvi m Rjevqy cwieZb welq g~j bxwZ wbaviK I
Abvb AswkfvMx`i wbweo mK I AvbyvwbK hvMvhvM vwcZ ne|

BDivcxq BDwbqbi Avw_K

mnhvwMZvq Kgm~wPwU evevwqZ

Advg I Advg bZZvaxb RvU wmGmAviGj Kgm~wPwU evevqb KiQ

wmGmAviGj mwPevjq: Advg, evwo 4, ivW 3, eK AvB, ebvbx, XvKv 1213, evsjv`k
dvb: +880 2 8813607-9, 8824440, dv: +880 2 8817402, web: www.csrlbd.org
dUv: Advg cKvkKvj: gvP 2014 AvwK I cQ`: iWjvBb
vZv_: GB cKvkbvwU BDivcxq BDwbqb I Advgi Avw_K mnhvwMZv w`q Zwi nqQ| GLvb cKvwkZ gZvgZ KvbvfveB BDivcxq BDwbqb I Advgi
gZvgZi cwZdjb wnme MnY Kiv DwPZ ne bv|

wkv_x mnvwqKv

fQv ee
Rjevqy cwieZb eZgvb mgqi mePq eo gwK| Rjevqy cwieZbi dj
wekevcx GK gvivZK wechq mw nqQ| evqygji Mo Zvcgvv gk
eo PjQ Avi Zvi dj Rjevqyi cwieZb nQ| hw`I mgM wek Gi
cfve coQ, Zey Rjevqy cwieZbi KviY wKQz `k ewk wZM nQ Ges
SzuwKi ga iqQ|

wkv_x mnvwqKv

msKjb
Zvcm ib PeZx
AvwZKzi ingvb wngy
cKvkKvj
gvP 2014
AvwK, cQ` I gy`Y
iWjvBb
dUv: Advg
mwPevjq
Advg, evwo 4, ivW 3, eK AvB, ebvbx, XvKv 1213, evsjv`k
dvb: +880 2 8813607-9, 8824440, dv: +880 2 8817402
web: www.csrlbd.org

02

Rjevqy cwieZbi cfve SzuwKc~Y `kjvi ga evsjv`k AbZg|

evsjv`ki fMvwjK Aevb, Av_mvgvwRK AeKvVvgv, wekvj RbMvx,
RbmsLv NbZ Ges ewki fvM gvbyli Kwl I cvKwZK m`wbfi RxweKv
Gi g~j KviY| Rjevqy cwieZbi cfve RjvQvm, ebv, Liv, N~wYSo,
b`xfvOb, f~wgam BZvw` cvKwZK `yhvMi cwigvY I wZi gvv eoQ|
Rjevqy cwieZbi cfve dmji Drcv`b wewNZ nQ, evoQ ivMevwa I
Abvb wechq| weklZ evsjv`ki `wY DcK~jxq Awaevmxiv BwZgaB
Rjevqy cwieZbmsv KviY Rxeb-RxweKv nvwiqQ| Zv`i AbKB eva
nq ckv cwieZb KiQ Ges `ki Abvb Aj vbvwiZ nqQ|
Avgiv gb Kwi, Rjevqy cwieZbmsv SuywK gvKvwejvq miKvwi I
emiKvwi D`vM ckgb I AwfhvRb ZiYiv iZc~Y f~wgKv cvjb
KiZ cvi| GgbwK ewMZfveI ZiYiv Zv`i `bw`b Rxebi bvbv
AvPvi-AvPiY cwieZbi gvag RxebhvvK AviI Kveb-mvkqx Ki
ZzjZ cvi| Avgiv wekvm Kwi, ZiY bZZ Rjevqy-mnbxq evsjv`k
MoZ `p c`c be| GRb c_gB ZiY`i Rjevqy cwieZb welq
Rvbvbvi D`vM bqv cqvRb| ZeB Zviv vbxq, RvZxq Ges AvRvwZK
chvq wewfb D`vMi mv_ mc nZ cvie| Avgiv Avkvev`x, G eBwU
Rjevqy cwieZb mK RvbZ ZiY`i mnvqZv Kie Ges mevBK Aviv
ewk RvbZ AvMnx Ki Zzje|
cKvkbvq Avw_K mnvqZv Kivi Rb Avwg BDivcxq BDwbqbK AvwiK
abev` RvbvB| eBwU ZiY`i KvR GjB Avgv`i cqvm mv_K ne|
gbxlv wekvm

gvbRvi, cwjwm GvWfvKwm wefvM, Advg

03

c_g Aavq

Rjevqy cwieZb
1.1 Rjevqy Kx?
Rjevqy ejZ wbw` vbi `xN mgqi, mvaviYZ 30
eQii AvenvIqvi wewfb Aevi MocoZv wnmveK
evSvbv nq| Rjevqy mvaviYZ eo GjvKvi Rb
wbYxZ nq _vK| GKwU GjvKvi Zvcgvv, ewcvZ,
evZvmi Av`Zv, evqyPvc, evqycevn Ges evqygjxq
KYvi `wbK mvgwMK cwimsLvbK m GjvKvi
AvenvIqv ej| AvenvIqv mvaviYZ Dcv`vbjvi
^ mgqi gvS ZviZg wb`k Ki| Avi Rjevqy
nQ b~bZg 30 eQii AvenvIqvi Mo|

m~wP
05

c_g Aavq
Rjevqy cwieZb

12

wZxq Aavq
Rjevqy cwieZb ckgb

Rjevqy cwieZb AvenvIqvi GBme g~j Dcv`vbi

cwieZbi mv_ Avwfve RwoZ| GQvov GKwU
wbw` GjvKvi AvenvIqv I Rjevqy Kgb ne Zv
Aviv wKQz fZ I AevbMZ c~ekZi Ici wbfi
Ki| mjv nQ: Avsk, DPZv, mgy` _K
`~iZ, evqycevni w`K, mgy`mvZ, ceZi Aevb,
ebfwg, fwgi Xvj, gvwUi weklZ BZvw`| hgb

Avsk Abyhvqx m~hwKiY cZbi ZviZg NU; hv

Kv_vI j^fve, Kv_vI wZhKfve co| ZvB
vbf` DZv I Av`Zvi ZviZg NU|
wbiiLv eivei vbmg~n m~hiwk Lvovfve co
ej IB me Aj DZv ewk| wbiiLv _K
Di I `wY Avsk Zvcgvv gB KgZ
_vK| mvaviY wnmve cwZ 10 Avsk
AvenvIqvi DZv 10 nvm cvq ejB wbiiLv
_K mePq `~ieZx Di I `wY gi Aj
eid iqQ|

04

17

ZZxq Aavq
Kveb-mvkqx Dbqb

30

PZz_ Aavq
Rjevqy cwieZb gvKvwejvq evsjv`ki Aevb I ZiY`i KiYxq

DPZvi ewZ Zvcgvv nvm cvq| cwZ 1000

wgUvi DPZvq AvenvIqvi Zvcgvv 60 nvm cvq|
GgbwK DPZvi ZviZg GKB Avsk AewZ
`yB Aji Zvcgvv `yiKg nq|
Kvbv vb mgy` _K KZUv `~i Zvi Ici

evZvmi Av`Zvi gvv wbfi Ki Avi Av`Zvi

Ici Rjevqyi DZv AbKvsk wbfikxj|
mgy`-wbKUeZx GjvKvi evqyZ MigKvj Av`Zv
I kxZKvj g`y DZv weivR Ki| G aibi
RjevqyK mgfvevcb Rjevqy ej|

mgy` _K cevwnZ Rjxq evc~Y evqy h Aj

w`q eq hvq, m Aj ewcvZ ewk nq|
wK jfvM _K cevwnZ evqy Avevi
DZv evovq|
kxZj ev D mgy`mvZi KviY DcKjeZx
GjvKvi AvenvIqvqI cwieZb cwijwZ nq|
Gi D`vniY wnme ckv gnvmvMii D
cvwbi cevn Gj wbbvi K_v DjL Kiv hvq,
hvi cfve DcKjeZx `kjvZ `xN Liv
ch `Lv w`qQ|
DuPz ceZ evqycevn evavcv nj AvenvIqv I
RjevqyMZ cv_K cwijwZ nq| D`vniY^ic,
wngvjq evavcv nq gmywg Rjevqy evsjv`k,
fviZ I bcvj cPzi ewcvZ NUvq|
MvQi c^`b I evxfebi gvag Rjxq ev
NbxfZ nq ewcvZ NUvq| ebfwgi cMvpZvi
KviY Kvbv Kvbv vb m~hvjvK gvwUZ co
bv, dj IB me GjvKv Vvv _vK| ZvQvov
ebfwg So, mvBKvb, UbWv BZvw`i MwZc_
evav mw Ki evqygjxq Aevi ic e`j `q|
m~hwKiY DuPz vbi Xvj eivei coj fwg D
nq Zvcgvv evo, Avevi Xvji wecixZ w`K
coj Zvcgvv AZUv evo bv| ZvQvov Xvj
eivei j^fve myhvjvKi cZb, wZhKfve
m~hvjvK cZbi Zzjbvq Zzjbvg~jK D
AvenvIqvi mw Ki|

05

ejgvwUi weklZ njv Zv hZ `Z Mig nq, ZZ

`Z VvvI nq| mB Zzjbvq K`ghy cwjgvwU
`Z MigI nq bv, Mig nj Vvv nZI `wi nq|
ZvB Kvbv vbi gvwUi weklZi Ici
AvenvIqv I Rjevqyi cv_K `Lv w`Z cvi|

Rjevqy Kvbv Aji RxeewP I cwZek wbaviY

Ki| mgvRi RxweKvi wfZ Mo IV RxeewP I
cwZeki Ici wbfi Ki| AvenvIqv I Rjevqyi
cwZwU Dcv`vb Avgv`i RxebaviY GKwU AZxe
iZc~Y wbqvgK|

Kvbv RvqMvi Mo Rjevqyi `xNgqvw` I A_cY~

cwieZbK Rjevqy cwieZb ejv nq| eZgvb mvgvwRK
I ivRbwZK `wKvY _K Rjevqy cwieZb ejj mviv
cw_exi mvwZK mgqi gvbweK Kvhgi KviY m
Rjevqy cwieZb evSvq| Rjevqy cwieZbi dj
cw_exi evqygji Zvcgvv, evqyPvc, evZvm BZvw`
m~PKi cwieZb nq I cieZxKvj cw_exc Zvi cfve
co| Gi AbZg D`vniY nQ wekevcx Zvcgvv
nvm-ewi mv_ mv_ cw_exc wngevni AvqZbi
nvm-ew| GB cwieZbi mgqKvj KqK `kK eQi
_K KqK wgwjqb eQi nZ cvi|

gv 1-3 wWwM mjwmqvm Zvcgvv ewi Rb cvq

20-30 fvM Dw` I cvYxi cRvwZ wejywi gwKi
myLxb ne| GKBfve 3-6 wWwM mjwmqvm
Zvcgvv ewi Rb mgy`ci DPZv 2-5 wgUvi
ew cve|

gbylm wewfb KviY Rjevqyi wewfb Dcv`vb

cfvweZ nq Ges m cfve Dcv`vbi ^vfvweK gvv
evnZ nIqvi dj Rjevqy cwiewZZ nQ| Rjevqy
cwieZb GKwU cvKwZK cwqv njI gbylm Gme
KviY Zv eY Zivw^Z nQ|

1.1.1 Rjevqyi iZ

06

1.2 Rjevqy cwieZb Kx?

1.2.1 Kxfve Rjevqy cwiewZZ nQ?

cvKwZKfve cw_exi Rjevqy cwiewZZ nq AvmQ
cw_exi i _KB, ZvB GwUK cvKwZK cwqv ejv
hvq| wK eZgvb gbylm KviY G cwieZbi nvi
eY ew cqQ| gbylm KviYB eZgvb Rjevqy
cwieZbi cavb KviY| gvbyl Zv`i `bw`b Rxebi
gvb Dbqbi Rb wewfb iKg KvR Ki hv wewfb iKg
wMbnvDm Mvmi wbMgb NUvq Ges cwieki wewfb
DcKvix Dcv`vbi wZ mvab Ki|
eZgvb mgq gbylRwbZ wMbnvDm Mvmi dj
cw_exi DvqbK Rjevqy cwieZbi GKwU AbZg
KviY aiv nq| Rjevqyi evwbK gWj GB mg
m~PKK BsiwRZ AbK mgq Climate Forcing ej
m^vab Kiv nq| Ze, gvbeKgKvi dj AwZwi
wMbnvDm cfve m ewkK DZvB eZgvb Rjevqy
cwieZbi cavb KviY, G evcvi ewki fvM
Rjevqy-wevbxB GKgZ|

wMbnvDm Mvmi GKwU AbZg cavb ewk njv

Gjv m~hiwk _K Avmv Zvc ai ivLZ cvi|
wMbnvDm Mvmi gvv evqygj hZ ewk ne,
evqygj ZZ ewk Zvc ai ivLZ cvie|
gbylwbtmZ GB wMbnvDm Mvm ewk Zvc ai
evqygji Zvcgvv Z_v cw_exi Zvcgvv evwoq
w`Q| dj Rjevqyi AbZg cavb Dcv`vb Zvcgvv
cwiewZZ nq hvQ; dj RjevqyI cwiewZZ nQ|
AvgwiKv (5,762,050 gwUK Ub Kveb cwZeQi),
ivwkqv (1,540,360), KvbvWv (521,404), myBWb
(48,760.9), myBRvijv (41,789.4), Awjqv
(332,377) I Rvcvbi (1,224,740) gZv abx
`kjv cPzi cwigvY wMbnvDm Mvm evZvm
QovQ| abx `kjvi cPyi cwigvY KviLvbv, Mvwo,
GqviKwkb, wegvb Pvjvbv Ges wejvmej
Rxebhvcbi Rb evZvm GB wMbnvDm Mvmi
cwigvY eo hvQ|

07

Avgv`i `ki GKRb gvbyli Zzjbvq AvgwiKvi

GKRb gvbyl 65 Y ewk wMbnvDm Mvm evZvm
Qvo| Rjevqy cwieZbi Rb DbZ, abx ev wkvbZ
`kjvB mePq ewk `vqx| m Zzjbvq Avgv`i
`ki mvaviY gvbyli `vq LyeB Kg|

1.2.2 Rjevqy cwieZbi cfve I Avgv`i Szwu K

wekevcx Rjevqy cwieZbi dj Avqx wKsev vqx
bwZevPK Ges BwZevPK cfve coQ| UNFCCC
ewkK DvqbK gvbyli KviY m, Avi Rjevqyi
wewfbZvK Ab KviY m Rjevqyi cwieZb
evSvZ eenvi Ki| gvbyli KviY m
cwieZbmg~nK gbylm (anthropogenic) Rjevqyi
cwieZb ej| Ze G K_v Ab^xKvh h, wekevcx
Rjevqyi cwieZb ay cvKwZK KviYB bq, Gi ga
gvbem KviYI kvwgj|

mgy`ci DPZv ew
RxeRi Aejyw ev msLvMZ wecyj ZviZg
KwlwfwK Drcv`b nvm ev asm
Lv`msKU
RxebvcKiY nvm
RxweKvi Drm asm
^vSzuwK
Rjevqy-Dv ew I gvbevwaKvi jNb
mvgvwRK Aeq

Rjevqy cwieZbi AvMi kZwU njv cw_exi Zvcgvv eo hvIqv| cw_exi Zvc
eo Mj 5wU NUbv NUeB: (1) `wY gi, ceZi Pov I wngevn h eid AvQ
Zv Mj hve, (2) mgy`i DcwifvM Mig nq wbPvc I N~wYSo ne, (3) wKQz wKQz
Aj mgy`i cvwb ev nq AwZwi gN I ew ne, (4) wewfb Aj elvKvj
Zzgyj ewZ ebv Ges kxZ gmyg Liv ne Ges (5) mgy`i cvwb eo Mj
Rvqvii cvwbi DPZv evoe Ges RjvQvmi cwigvY eo hve|

Rjevqy cwieZbi AvMi kZwU njv cw_exi

Zvcgvv eo hvIqv| cw_exi Zvc eo Mj 5wU
NUbv NUeB: (1) `wY gi, ceZi Pov I wngevn
h eid AvQ Zv Mj hve, (2) mgy`i DcwifvM
Mig nq wbPvc I N~wYSo ne, (3) wKQz wKQz Aj
mgy`i cvwb ev nq AwZwi gN I ew ne, (4)
wewfb Aj elvKvj Zzgyj ewZ ebv Ges kxZ
Kvbv `k Rjevqy cwieZbi cfve mwZB coQ gmyg Liv ne Ges (5) mgy`i cvwb eo Mj
Rvqvii cvwbi DPZv evoe Ges RjvQvmi
wK bv, Zv PviwU gvb` weePbv Kiv nq:
1. Rjevqy cwieZbi KviY Kviv mePq ewk cwigvY eo hve|
wZM;
5wU NUbvi mv_ mcKhy AbK cfve ZLb SzuwK
2. Kv_vq cvKwZK `yhvM ewk nQ;
nq `Lv `e| (1) eid Mj Mj DRvb _K
3. mePq ewk RbmsLv Kv_vq wZM nQ;
4. wZM `kwU wZ gvKvwejvq ev AwfhvRbi Avmv cvwbi cwigvY evoe| dj wewfb Aj Nb Nb
ebv ne| 2007 mvj GK eQiB Avgv`i `k 2
Rb GiBga Kx Kx c`c wbqQ|
evi ebv nqwQj| GB ebvi fqvenZvI evoe|
evsjv`k GKvavi mgy`c
i DPZv ew, jeYvZv Avevi ceZ I wngevni eid kl nq Mj b`xjv
mgmv, wngvjqi eid Mjvi KviY b`xi w`K wKq hve| dj Kvbv cvwb cvIqv hve bv| (2)
cwieZb, ebv BZvw` me w`K w`qB wZM nQ I elvKvj DRvbi cvwb dzwiq hvevi ci kxZKvj
ne| GQvov cvKwZK `yhvMi gvvI evoe AbK cvwbi NvUwZ `Lv `e, dj Liv-Avv GjvKvi
AbK ewk| GB PviwU gvb`B Rjevqy cwieZb cwigvY evoe (3) mgy`i cvwb Mig nq Mj
wbPvc evoe| Kvbv Kvbv wbPvc N~wYSo
wZM `i ZvwjKvq evsjv`k kxl|
cwiYZ nq| ZvB N~wYSoi msLvI eo hve| Avevi
wekevcx Rjevqy cwieZb evsjv`k h wewea N~wYSo mgy` _K Avm ej m RjvQvmI eo
bwZevPK cfve coQ Ges BwZga coQ, Zv wbP hve| (4) mgy`i cvwbi DPZv evoj Rvqvii
cvwbi DPZvI evoe Ges DcKjxq ewoeuvajv
DjL Kiv njv:
fO DcKjxq Aj cvweZ nq hve; (5) mgy`i

ewcvZ nvm
cvwbi DPZv evoj Rvqvii cvwb DcKji AbK

jeYvZv ew
fZi Pj Avme, dj `ki fZi AbK `~i

A^vfvweK Zvcgvv
ch jeYv nq hve (6) mgy`i cvwbi DPZv ew

giKiY
Ges Awi evZvm `yUv wgj DcKjxq b`xfvOb

fMf cvwbi i nvm

eo hve| hgb: BwZga KzqvKvUv, gnkLvjx,

mycq cvwbi Afve

gwibWvBf, KevRvi mgy`mKZmn DcKj evcK

cvKwZK `yhvM ew

08

09

fvOb `Lv w`qQ; (7) nvIi ebvi ZxeZv eo

hvevi KviY evwoNi I emZwfUvi qwZ evoe
Ges (8) Livi KviY Qovjv wKq Mj cvnvwo
Aj cvwbmsU `Lv `e|
evsjv`k GKvavi mgy`c
i DPZv ew, jeYvZv
mgmv, wngvjqi eid Mjvi KviY b`xi w`K cwieZb,
ebv BZvw` me w`K w`qB wZM ne|
wekevcx Rjevqy cwieZb evsjv`k h wewea
bwZevPK cfve coQ Ges BwZga coQ, Zvi
wKQz wbP AvjvPbv Kiv njv:
`Lv MQ, Pvi w`bi ewk mgq ai Kgc 2.5
wgwjwgUvi ewcvZi NUbv Kg MQ| hw`I ^
mgqi Rb ewcvZ eoQ| wK GZ gmywg
ewcvZi P `yej
nq MQ| GB cwiwwZ GRb
AvkvRbK h, GB Dcgnv`ki KwlKvR `xNgqvw`
ewi DchvMx| BwZgaB evsjv`ki Di-c~e
Aj avbi dzj Avmvi mgq _K exR ei nIqvi
gvSLvbi mgqUzKz Z cqvRbi Zzjbvq ewcvZ Kg
nIqvq wU-Avgb RvZi avbi Drcv`b Kg AvmQ|
GgbwK fiv elvq 2010 mvj RqcyinvUi KvjvB
DcRjvq AbvewZ Avgb avbi wekvj LZ iv`
cyoQ| hLvb Avgb avb ivcYi AZ 3 mvn
ch cvwb ai ivLv wbwZ KiZ nq, bv nj Kzwk
evo bv; mLvb cvwbi Afve RwgZ dvUj `Lv
w`qQ| ewcvZ Kg hvIqvq b`-b`xi cvwbcevn
Kbv gmyg ^vfvweK gvvq _vK bv| dj b`xi
cvwbi wecyj Pvci KviY mgy`i jvbvcvwb hZUzKz
GjvKvRyo AvUK _vKvi K_v ZZUzKz _vK bv, cvwbi
cevn Kg _vKvi KviY mgy`i jvbvcvwb jfvMi
KvQvKvwQ Pj Avm| dj jeYvZv eo hvq `ki
DcKjxq Aji wecyj GjvKvq| `wY-cwg
hkvi GgbUv `LZ cvIqv hvq, mLvb gmyg
Mvi cvwbi cevn Kg hvIqvq jeYvZv ew cvq|
myc cgvYi wfwZ ejv hvq h, `ki `vKvcmn
`wYvj mgy` ffvMi AbK fZi ch jvbvcvwb
BwZgaB XzK coQ| GB mgmv DcKjxq Aj
_K hkvi, Kzwqv, dwi`cyi Ges Puv`cyi ch Di
w`K weZ
nqQ Ges Aviv Di weZ
nZ cvi
ej wekl`i AwfgZ| 1990 wLv `k
jeYv fwgi cwigvY wQj 8,30,000 ni, Avi
2001 wLv bvMv` Zv nqQ 30,50,000 ni|

10

Rjevqyi cwieZbi cfve

evsjv`k ew cqQ bvbv
iKg cvKwZK `yhvM| Zba
N~wYSo, RjvQvm, ebv,
b`xfvOb Ges fwgami gvvew
DjLhvM| AvM 15 wKsev 20
eQi cici eo aibi Kvbv
cvKwZK `yhvM njI eZgvb
2 _K 3 eQi ciciB eo
aibi `yhvM nvbv w`Q|
jfvM N~wYSo ev UbWvi
AvNvZ GLb cvq bwgwK nq
`uvwoqQ| AKvr N~wYevqy
AvNvZ nvb `ki wewfb
RvqMvq| 2012 mvj wekevsK
cKvwkZ Soi Rb SzuwKc~Y
12wU `ki ZvwjKvq
evsjv`ki Aevb wZxq|

Kg ewcvZi KviY DcKjxq GjvKvq jeYvZvi Livq Dv ne cvq 80 j gvbyl| evsjv`kmn

mgmv w`b w`b Aviv cKU nq DVe ej mgy`Z
xii ek KwU `k AvMvgx w`bjvZ wgVv
wekl`i AwfgZ|
cvwbi Zxe msKU `Lv `e| 2020 wLv bvMv` G
mgmv fqven ic be| fMf cvwbi i nvm
evsjv`k bvwZkxZv Zvcgvvi `k wnme cvIqvq AbK GjvKvq `Lv w`Q mycq cvwbi
cwiwPZ njI weMZ KqK eQi Zvcgvvi Afve| wekl Ki `ki Divj GB Afve cKU|
A^vfvweK AvPiY mB cwiwPwZ vb nq hvQ| bIMuv Rjvi 11wU DcRjvi ga cvikv, mvcvnvi,
1960 wLv exq GjvKvq mevP 42.30 wbqvgZcyi, avgBinvU, cZxZjv GB cuvPwU DcRjv
mjwmqvm Zvcgvv bw_fz Kiv nq| ^vaxbZvi ci wbq h ei`fw g, mLvbKvi miKvwi-emiKvwi
evsjv`k 1972 wLvi 30 g Zvcgvv bw_fz 540wU cv_wgK we`vjqi cvq me KwUZB fMf
Kiv nq 45.10 mjwmqvm, ivRkvnxZ| 1995 cvwbi i nvm cvIqvq ^vfvweK bjKcjv AKRv
wLv Gm bw_fz Kiv nq 430 mjwmqvm| nq coQ, dj `Lv w`qQ mycq cvwbi msKU|
2009 wLvi 26 Gwcj bw_fz Kiv nq weMZ GQvov gmyg GgwbZB hLvb cvwbi i nvm
14 eQii ga mevP Zvcgvv 42.20 mjwmqvm, cvq, Zvi Ici IB mgq MvQcvjvi c^`b eo
hkvi| Zvcgvvi GB cwimsLvb AvcvZ`wZ hvIqvq fMfi mycq cvwbi Afve `Lv w`Q|
hw`I gb nQ Zvcgvv KgQ, wK AZxZi Abw`K jvbvcvwbi AvMvmb DcKjxq GjvKvq `Lv
mevP Mo Zvcgvv wQj Kg, A_P eZgvb mevP w`Q mycq cvwbi Zxe msKU|
Mo Zvcgvv AZwaK ewk| Zvcgvv evovi NUbvwU
AbKUv mc~iK nvi NUe| Kbbv, evowZ Rjevqyi cwieZbi cfve evsjv`k ew cqQ
Zvcgvvi KviY cvwbi evxfeb eo hve Ges bvbv iKg cvKwZK `yhvM| Zba N~wYSo, RjvQvm,
evZvm Rjxq evi cwigvY evwoq `e| evZvm ebv, b`xfvOb Ges fwgami gvvew DjLhvM|
Rjxq ev eo hvIqv gvb evZvm Av`Zvi AvM 15 wKsev 20 eQi cici eo aibi Kvbv
cwigvY evov| Av` evZvmi cfve cKZ Zvcgvv cvKwZK `yhvM njI eZgvb 2 _K 3 eQi ciciB
bv evovjI AbyfZ Zvcgvv eo hve| dj eo aibi `yhvM nvbv w`Q| jfvM N~wYSo ev
Zvcgvvi ZzjbvqI ewk Mig AbyfZ ne| UbWvi AvNvZ GLb cvq bwgwK nq `uvwoqQ|
BwZgaB GKwU Rwic `Lv MQ, evsjv`ki AKvr N~wYevqy AvNvZ nvb `ki wewfb RvqMvq|
Av`Zvi gvv w`b w`b ew cvQ| ZvQvov 2030 2012 mvj wekevsK cKvwkZ Soi Rb Szwu Kc~Y
wLv bvMv` evwlK Mo ewcvZ 10-15 fvM Ges 12wU `ki ZvwjKvq evsjv`ki Aevb wZxq|
2075 wLv bvMv` Zv cvq 27 fvM eo hve| 2010 wLvi 28 gvP KzwoMvgi igvwi DcRjvi
dj evZvm Av`Zvi gvv eo hve Pig nvi| mvbvcyi Pi gv 1 wgwbU vqx GKwU kwkvjx UbWv
40wU Ni Dwoq wbq ecy dj| GQvov
GB Av`Zv Mig evwoq `e|
mgy`
ii DPZv ew Ges DcKj jeYvZv evovq
w`b w`b ewcvZi cwigvY I mgq cwieZb NUQ, m~hi Zvc Zzjbvg~jK Nb jvbvcvwb ewk Zvc kvlY
mgqgZv ebv nQ bv| 2008 wLv evsjv`ki Ki Mig nq IV Ges AwZewb iwk wewKiY Ki
Mo ewcvZ wQj 2300 wgwjwgUvi, ei` GjvKvq Mo ^vfvweK
Zvcgvv
evwoq
`q|
dj
ewcvZ nqwQj 1150 wgwjwgUvi| GiKg ^ ewcvZ jeYvZv-Avv DcKjvj Zzjbvg~jK Mig nq
w`b w`b eoB PjQ| Gi dj fMf cvwbi i DVQ w`b w`b| MvQ Kg _vKvi KviY Ges cvwb
bg wMq Livq Avv ne wecyjmsLK gvbyl, Gi `xNY Zvc ai ivLvq GB Mig vwqZ cvq|
ga evsjv`ki Divji jvKB ewk| GiKg
Livq KZ gvbyl wZM ne, Zvi evcvi wewfb Drm Rjevqy cwieZb Avgv`i Rb Lye iZcY~ Ges
_K Avjv`v Avjv`v Dcv cvIqv hvq| Kviv gZ, Rjevqy cwieZb gvKvwejv KiZ nj mec_ g
Rjevqy cwieZbRwbZ KviY 2050 wLv bvMv` cqvRb G m^ mwVK aviYv|

11

wZxq Aavq

Rjevqy cwieZb ckgb

2.1 Rjevqy cwieZb ckgb Kx?

cvavb cvq, c_gwU njv wMbnvDm Mvmi wbtmiY

Rjevqy cwieZb ckgb ejZ mvaviYZ Ggb eev Kgvbv Ges wZxq njv Rjevqy cwieZb g~j `vqx
ev c`c evSvq, hv Rjevqy cwieZbi MwZ KgvZ Kveb WvB-AvBWK AveKiY, hv Kveb AvxKiY
ev iva KiZ mnvqZv Ki| wekevcx Rjevqy wnme cwiwPZ|
cwieZb ckgb-cwqv Ges KgKv Kveb wbtmiY
c_gwUi Rb cw_exevcx bvbv iKg chyw Avwevi
Kwgq wekevcx Dvqb-cwqvK k_ Ki|
nqQ, nQ Ges AviI bZzb bZzb chyw Avwevii
Abfve, wMbnvDm Mvm cyxfZfve Rgv nevi nvi Pv PjQ| G chywjvK cwiekeve ev Kveb
Kgvbvi hKvbv D`vMK Rjevqy cwieZb ckgb msKzwPZ Dbqb chyw (Low Carbon Development
ejv hvq| Rjevqy cwieZb ckgb cavbZ `ywU welq Technologies)| G chywi g~j j Ges Dk

Kxfve Kg kw eenvi Ki AwaKZi chyw-mev

c`vb Kiv hvq, hv mvgwMK Dbqb mnvqZv Ki|
wMbnvDm Mvm wbtmiY Kgvbvi AviKwU mnR Ges
iZc~Y Dcvq nQ gvbyli `bw`b KvRKgi
aib cwieZb| `bw`b Afvm cwieZbi gvag
`bw`b Rxeb wbtmwiZ Kvebi cwigvY cvq
AaK bvwgq Avbv me|
Rjevqy cwieZb ckgbi Aci cvcUwU nQ
Kveb AveKiY| Kveb AveKiY GKwU cvKwZK
cwqv, hv ^vfvweKfveB KvebPi gvag MvQi
gvS KvebK Ave Ki MvQi kvixiexq cwqvi
gvag MvQi kixii Ask cwiYZ nq| Rjevqy
cwieZbi dj evqygji AwZwi Kvebi cwigvY
KgvZ ewk Ki eivcY Ges msiYI Rjevqy
ckgbi AvIZvq co|

2.2 Rjevqy ckgb I wMbnvDm Mvm

wbMgb nvm

Rjevqy cwieZb Ges wMbnvDm Mvm wbMgb eZgvb

Avwfve RwoZ| Rjevqy cwieZbi cavb KviY
wnme gbyl wbtmZ wMbnvDm MvmK `vqx Kiv nq|
ZvB, Rjevqy cwieZb ckgbi cavb AvjvP welq
nQ, wMbnvDm Mvm wbMgb nvm|
cw_exevcx Rjevqy cwieZbi Rb h KqKwU
MvmK `vqx Kiv nq, Zv`i wMbnvDm Mvm ejv nq|
G`i ga AbZg Mvmjv nQ:
Kveb WvB-AvBW, Kveb gbv-AvBW, wg_b,
bvBUvm AvBW, UUv dyiv wg_b, mvjdvi nv
dyivBW, nv dyiv B_b, UvB dyiv wg_b
(GBPGdwm-23) BZvw`| Gi ga Kveb
WvB-AvBW Rjevqy cwieZb mePq ewk
wZKi cfve dj|
DcwiD Mvmi ga ewki fvM MvmB evqygj I
cwiek ay gvbeKgKvi gvag Rgv nq| hw`I
g~j `vqx Mvm Kveb WvB-AvBW cvKwZKfveI Rgv
nq, wK gvbeKgKvi dj Zvi nvi eo MQ
AbK Y| Avi Gme Mvmi Rgv nevi KviYB g~jZ
ewkK DZv evoQ Ges Rjevqy cwiewZZ nQ|

cw_exevcx Rjevqy cwieZbi

Rb h KqKwU MvmK `vqx
Kiv nq, Zv`i wMbnvDm Mvm
ejv nq| G`i ga AbZg
Mvmjv nQ: Kveb
WvB-AvBW, Kveb
gbv-AvBW, wg_b, bvBUvm
AvBW, UUv dyiv wg_b,
mvjdvi nv dyivBW, nv
dyiv B_b, UvB dyiv wg_b
(GBPGdwm-23) BZvw`| Gi
ga Kveb WvB-AvBW
Rjevqy cwieZb mePq ewk
wZKi cfve dj|

ZvB Rjevqy cwieZb iva ev Rjevqy cwieZbi nvi

12

13

KgvZ wMbnvDm Mvm wbtmiY Kgvbv AZxe Riwi| 2.2.2 Rjevqy cwieZbi mv_ Kveb
wMbnvDm Mvm Kgvbvi D`vMB m KviY wekevcx Kxfve RwoZ
Rjevqy cwieZb ckgb wnme cwiwPZ|
Icii AvjvPbv _K evSv hvq, Kveb Avgv`i
Rxebi mv_ IZcvZfve RwoZ Ges Avgiv
2.2.1 Kveb Kb iZc~Y
Avgv`i Rxeb eyS bv eyS Kveb wbtmiY Kwi|
mKj Rxe`n Kveb viv MwVZ| GKRb gvbyli cZ ev civfve Avgiv GZ RwoZ _vKjI
`ni gvU IRbi kZKiv 18 fvM nQ Kveb| ewki fvM mgqB Avgiv eywS bv GZ Kveb wbtmiY
Dw` cvwb Ges Kveb WvB-AvBW mwwjZfve nQ| D`vniY^ic hw` ejv hvq Avgiv hLb Mig `~i
m~hi Avjvi kw MnY Ki mvjvKmsklYi KiZ dvb PvjvwQ ev AKvi `~i KiZ e`ywZK
gvag LyeB mij kKiv Zwi Ki| G mij kKiv evwZ RvjvwQ, we`yr eenvii gvag Avgiv Kveb
cieZx mgq bvbv RwUj cwqvi gvag Rxe`n wbtmiY KiwQ, hw`I Avgiv mivmwi Kveb eenvi Ki
MVbi iZc~Y wewfb (dvU, cvwUb, wbDwKK dvb ev evwZ PvjvwQ bv| Gfve Avgv`i Rxeb
AvwmW BZvw`) GKK Zwi Ki| kKiv GLvb kw Kveb Rwoq MQ AbK Nwbfve|

ivbv Kivi Rb Avgv`i `k cavbZ KvV eeZ

nq| ivbvi KvV msMn KiZ Avgv`i wbfi KiZ nq
MvQi Ici Ges AbK e wbab nq KvV
msMnKvix`i nvZ| ZvQvov KvV cvovj Kveb
WvB-AvBWmn Abvb wMbnvDm Mvm Drcb nq|
GQvov MvQ Zvi Lv`i Rb evqygj _K Kveb
WvB-AvBW msMn Ki, hv Kveb WvB-AvBWi
2.2.3 `bw`b Rxeb Kvebi eenvi I fvimvg ivq mnvqZv Ki| AwaK nvi ewbab
Kvebi cvKwZKfve AvxKiYi nvi Kwgq
Kveb wbtmiY
`bw`b Rxeb mKj KvR Avgiv Kveb wbtmiY Kwi| evqygj Kveb WvB-AvBWi gvv evwoq `q|
`bw`b Rxeb Kveb wbtmiYi KqKwU LvZ wbP GQvov AbK vb eZgvb ivbvi KvR cvKwZK Mvm
eenvi Kiv nQ, cvKwZK Mvm hw`I KvVi _K
wPwZ Kiv njv:
Kg wbMgb Ki, wK Z_vwc Gi dj Kveb wbtmiY
1. ivbv
hvMvhvM, Lvevi Zwi, KwlKvR mewKQzB KvebNwUZ
hM, wekl Ki Kveb WvB-AvBW Zwi Ki| Ze
Kveb WvB-AvBW Z_v KvebNwUZ wMbnvDm Mvm
wbMgbi mePq iZc~Y Drm nQ Rxevk Rvjvwb
eenvi| wekRyo Rjevqy cwieZb Rxevk Rvjvwb
mePq iZc~Y f~wgKv cvjb KiQ|

mKj Rxe`n Kveb viv MwVZ| GKRb gvbyli `ni gvU IRbi
kZKiv 18 fvM nQ Kveb| Dw` cvwb Ges Kveb WvB-AvBW
mwwjZfve m~hi Avjvi kw MnY Ki mvjvKmsklYi gvag LyeB
mij kKiv Zwi Ki| G mij kKiv cieZx mgq bvbv RwUj cwqvi
gvag Rxe`n MVbi iZc~Y wewfb (dvU, cvwUb, wbDwKK AvwmW
BZvw`) GKK Zwi Ki| kKiv GLvb kw mvjK wnme, gvS gvS
iZc~Y Dcv`vb wnme Ask bq| GQvov hZ aibi RwUj Re hM
iqQ Zvi MVbi g~j GKK nQ Kveb| Kveb Qvov RwUj Rxeb MVbKvix
Ges RweK cwqv mcv`bKvix hM MVb Ame| wewfb RwUj Re hM
hgb: GbRvBg, AvgvBbv AvwmW BZvw` Kveb viv MwVZ|
mvjK wnme, gvS gvS iZc~Y Dcv`vb wnme
Ask bq| GQvov hZ aibi RwUj Re hM iqQ
Zvi MVbi g~j GKK nQ Kveb| Kveb Qvov RwUj
Rxeb MVbKvix Ges RweK cwqv mcv`bKvix hM
MVb Ame| wewfb RwUj Re hM hgb: GbRvBg,
AvgvBbv AvwmW BZvw` Kveb viv MwVZ|

cavb cavb wMbnvDm Mvmi ga `Lv MQ

KvebMwVZ hMB ewk| Kveb WvB-AvBW ev wg_b
ev wmGdwm meB KvebMwVZ hM|

Avgv`i cwZw`bi Rxebi eenvh _K

wkKviLvbvq Drcv`b-cwqv ch me RvqMvZB
DcRvZ wnme KvebNwUZ hM wbtmZ nq Ges Gi
GQvov Avgiv `bw`b Rxeb h mKj wbZeenvh AbKjvB wMbnvDm Mvm|
wRwbm eenvi Kwi, Zvi ewki fvMB Kveb viv
MwVZ| Mvwoi Rb eenvi Kiv Zj, Mvm _K KkjMZfve ejv hvq, hKvbv gvbeKgKvB
jLvi KvMR ch meB Kveb viv MwVZ| ZvB Kveb WvB-AvBW Zwi Ki| gvbyli kvm bIqv
Avgv`i Rxeb Kvebi iZ A^xKvi Kivi _K i Ki LvIqv mewKQzB Kveb wbtmiYi mv_
RwoZ| evwoi kxZvZc wbqY h _K i Ki
Kvbv Dcvq bB|

14

Kveb Avgv`i Rxebi mv_ IZcvZfve RwoZ Ges Avgiv Avgv`i

Rxeb eyS bv eyS Kveb wbtmiY Kwi| cZ ev civfve Avgiv
GZ RwoZ _vKjI ewki fvM mgqB Avgiv eywS bv GZ Kveb
wbtmiY nQ| D`vniY^ic hw` ejv hvq, Avgiv hLb Mig `~i KiZ
dvb PvjvwQ ev AKvi `~i KiZ e`ywZK evwZ RvjvwQ, we`yr
eenvii gvag Avgiv Kveb wbtmiY KiwQ, hw`I Avgiv mivmwi
Kveb eenvi Ki dvb ev evwZ PvjvwQ bv| Gfve Avgv`i Rxeb
Kveb Rwoq MQ AbK Nwbfve|
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

e`ywZK Avjv
e`ywZK cvLv
iwdRviUi
Iqvwks gwkb
KwDUvi
PjvPji Rb eeZ Mvwo
KvMR
dv dzW
e`ywZK Bw
kxZvZc wbqYeev
Mnvwji AveRbv
Uwjwfkb

nQ| ZvQvov AvRKvj we`yPvwjZ bvbv iKg ivbvi

hcvwZ B`vbxs Lye Rbwcq nQ, hvZ we`yr
mieivni Ici evowZ Pvc w`Q| Gme AvaywbK
DcKiY mivmwi Kveb wbMgb bv KijI Gjv
PvjvZ AbK ewk we`yZi cqvRb nq Ges we`yr
Drcv`b GKwU mivmwi Kveb wbtmiYKvix cwqv|
Gfve Avgiv `bw`b Rxeb h e`ywZK mivg
hgb, e`ywZK evj, dvb BZvw` eenvi Kwi Zvi
meB Kveb wbtmiYi mv_ RwoZ|
iwdRviUi GKwU AbZg Kveb wbtmiYKvix Mnvwj
h| iwdRviUi DPgvvq we`yr eenvi QvovI
wmGdwm Mvm wbtmiY Ki hv wMbnvDm Mvm nevi
mv_ mv_ IRb iweasmx MvmI|

15

KwDUvi eenvi GKBfve we`yr cqvRb nq Avi 372 KvwU Ub Kveb wbtmiY KgvZ cvie| Avi
A_bwZK mvkqi K_v ejvB evj|
we`yr hKvbvfve eenviB Kveb wbtmiY nq|
GQvov AvevwmK eevi kxZvZc wbqY h DP `bw`b Rxeb hme kw mvkq Kiv hvq Zvi
kwi eenviKvix Ges G _K wmGdwmI wbMgb wKQz wbP `Lvbv njv:
nq| GQvov Avgv`i `bw`b hvZvqvZi Rb eeZ 1. evwoZ we`yr-mvkqx e`ywZK evwZ jvMvZ ne,
hvbevnb Zj ev Mvmi gZv Rxevk Rvjvwb eenvi
we`yr-mvkqx evwZ mvaviY evwZi gv 20% we`yr
Ki, hv DP nvi Kveb wbMgb Ki|
eenvi Ki|
2. iwdRviUi mvaviYZ Mnvwj eenvii 20
GgbwK covjLvq eeZ KvMR ZwiZ eenvi Kiv
kZvsk kw LiP Ki| iwdRviUi Kbvi mgq
nq MvQ, ZvB KvMR Drcv`bi mgq ewbab cqvRb
iwdRviUi we`yr-mvkqx wK bv `L wbZ ne|
nq| GQvov Drcv`bi wewfb chvq Rxevk Rvjvwb
iwdRviUii Zvcgvv 3 wWwM mjwmqvmi
eenvi Ki kw Zwi Kiv nq|
ga ivLv evbxq|
Icii msw AvjvPbvq `Lv hvq, Avgv`i 3. evwoi kxZvZc wbqYeevi Zvcgvv 20 wWwM
mjwmqvm ev Gi ewk ivLZ ne| Mxi mgq
cvZwnK Rxebi QvULvUv KvR _K i Ki
Zvcgvv 25 wWwM mjwmqvm ivLj fvjv| 1
AbK eo KvR me RvqMvZ Kveb wbtmwiZ nq|
wWwM mjwmqvm Zvcgvvi Rb 6% ch kw
Avgv`i Rxebhvcb-cwZZ ZvB wKQz QvULvUv
mvkq Kiv me|
cwieZb cvi AbK Kveb wbtmiY KgvZ| cvZwnK
Rxeb Kxfve Kveb wbtmiY Kgvbv hvq Avgiv Zv 4. hme kxZvZc h Ges iwdRviUi G wmGdwm
eenvi Ki bv GiKg cY q Kiv|
cieZx AbyQ` `Le|
5. Kvbv RvqMvq hZ nj ewMZ Mvwo eenvi
bv Ki Rbcwienb eenvi Kiv DwPZ| me nj
2.2.4 `bw`b Rxeb Kvebi eenvi I
cvq nuU hvIqv|
Kveb wbtmiY Kgvbvi Dcvq
hLb KD kw euvPvq ev Kg LiP Ki, Zv ay eq 6. Lv`ZvwjKvq hZ ewk me kvKmewR ivLv,
Kgvq bv; mv_ mv_ Zj, Mvm wKsev Kqjvi gZv
gvsmRvZxq Lvevi hZ `~i me Kg LvIqv|
Rxevk Rvjvwbi Pvwn`vI nvm Ki| Avi Kg Rxevk 7. hme wRwbm cybivq eenvi Kiv hvq, mjv
Rvjvwbi A_ nQ Kg Kveb WvB-AvBW wbtmiY, hv
dj bv w`q evievi eenvi Kiv|
ewkK DZv I Rjevqy cwieZbi cavb KviY|
8. eenvi Kiv kl nj cvwbi Uvc ev Kj e
ivLv| hLb cqvRb ay ZLb Pvjy ivLv|
Zvi gvb GB bq h Avgiv Kvbv aibi hcvwZ
9. hKvbv K ZvMi AvM me aibi e`ywZK
eenvi Kie bv| eZgvb me aibi wbZcqvRbxq
hcvwZ e Ki hvIqv|
hcvwZ Kg kw LiP nq, Gfve Zwi Kiv nQ|
fvvK ay Ggb wRwbm ev cwZ evQvB KiZ ne 10. Uwjwfkb `Lv kl nj Zv vevB gvW bv
iL e Ki myBP Lyj ivLv|
hvZ AvMi Pq Kg kw LiP nq| Gfve GKRb
gvbyl Zvi `bw`b Rxeb Kveb wbtmiYi gvv wZb 11. KwDUvi eenvi kl Zv e Ki myBP Ad
Ki ivLv|
fvMi GK fvM ch bvwgq AvbZ cvi| D`vniY
wnme ejv hvq, GKRb gvwKb bvMwiK eQi Mo 12. gvevBj dvb PvR `qv kl PvRvi Lyj ivLv|
cvq 18,181 KwR Kveb wbtmiY Ki| Gi
GK-ZZxqvsk ne cvq 6,000 KwR| eQi GKRb GQvov AmsL Dcvq iqQ hjvi gvag `bw`b
hw` 12,000 KwR Kveb wbtmiY KgvZ cvi, Rxeb kw mvkq Kiv hvq| GQvov Avgv`i Rxebi
AvgwiKvi mevB hw` Zv`i Kveb wbtmiY Kwgq mv_ mKhy wewfb LvZ iqQ hLvb kw mvkq
dj Ze eQi Mo ay cvZwnK RxebB Zviv cvq Kiv Lye iZc~Y|

16

ZZxq Aavq

Kveb-mvkqx Dbqb
3.1 Kwl

wejy nIqvi gvag cwieki gvivZK wZ nQ|

Kwl AbK Dbqbkxj `kB wRwWwcZ mePq GQvov wek A_bxwZI c_vMZ Kwli KviY kZ kZ
iZc~Y f~wgKv ivL Ges GZ wekevcx cvq 130 KvwU Wjvii wZi myLxb nQ|
KvwU gvbyl wbhy iqQ| UKmB Kwl Ges
Lv`eev G LvZ AvKlYxq, wbivc` Kgmsvbi ZvB KwlZ cwiekeve chywi cPjb ay cwiek
mvebv Zwi Kie| cPwjZ KwlcwZmg~n Lye `Z iv ev Rjevqy cwieZb gvKvwejvq mnvqZvB `e
cw_exi cvKwZK mc` wbtkl KiQ Ges G LvZ bv; wek A_bxwZZ bZzb w`Mi m~Pbv Kie| dj
eZgvb gvU gvbeNwUZ wbtmiYi kZKiv cvq 13 A_bwZK ewP, Drcv`b ew ev bZzb Kgmsvb
fvM wbtmiY nQ| ebf~wg DRvo Ges RxeewP Zwii gZv welqjvI iZ mnKvi `Lv DwPZ,

17

hv fwelZ cw_exi UKmB Dbqbi Rb cavb

mnvqK wnme KvR Kie| ZvB Kwli Dbqb Ges
GZ chywi eenvi cvq 230 KvwU gvbyli Rb
cw_exevcx Avkxev` nq Avme| wekl Ki
evsjv`ki gZv ^vbZ `k Gi cfve ne
my`~icmvix|

wewbqvMi cqvRbI co bv| feb wbgvY LvZ

Kveb-mvkqx chyw eenvii gvag wecyj cwigvY
kw mvkq Kiv me Ges GKB mv_ kw eenvii
LiPI Kg hve|

gbylwbtmZ wMbnvDm Mvmi kZKiv cvq 38%

wbtmiY ay feb wbgvY LvZ _KB wbtmZ nq|
Kveb WvB-AvBW, wg_b Ges bvBUvm AvBWi Rjevqy cwieZb f~wgKv ivLv wk LvZi ga mevwaK
gZv wMbnvDm Mvm wbMgbi gvag Rjevqy cwigvY wbMgb G LvZ _KB nq| wK Avkvi K_v
cwieZb Kwl weivU f~wgKv ivL|
h, G LvZB mePq djcm~ Ges ^LiP wMbnvDm
Mvm wbtmiY Kgvbvi myhvM iqQ|
Kwl LvZ eQi cvq 510 _K 610 KvwU gwUK Ub
mgZzj Kveb WvB-AvBW Drcb Ki hv gvU gvbe feb wbgvYi h h chvq evqygj wMbnvDm Mvm
wbtmZ wMbnvDm Mvmi cvq 12 fvM| Gi ga 300 wbtmZ nq:
KvwU gwUK Ub mgZzj Kveb WvB-AvBW Avm feb Zwi
wg_b Ges 280 KvwU gwUK Ub mgZzj Kveb feb eenvi
WvB-AvBW Avm bvBUvm AvBW wbtmiY _K, hv feb msvi Ges feb wewbgvY
gvU gvbe wbtmZ wg_b Ges bvBUvm AvBWi
h_vg 50 Ges 60 fvM| 1990 mvj _K 2010 feb Zwii hme wMbnvDm Mvm wbtmZ nq:
mvj ch wekevcx Kwl LvZ wMbnvDm Mvm Drcv`b KuvPvgvj Zwi
eoQ kZKiv cvq 19 fvM|

KuvPvgvj cwienb

feb wewbgvY eR cwienb

Kwl LvZ wMbnvDm Mvm ckgbi AbK Dcvq feb wewbgvY eR cwikvab
iqQ| Kwl LvZ KwlwfwK ckgb weKjv
AKwlwfwK (kwi eenvi, cwienb) ckgb weKi GKwU feb Zwi, msvi Ges wewbgvY Mo cwZ
Pq A_bwZKfve ewk jvfRbK| mePq eMwgUvi 1000 _K 1500 KwR mgZzj Kveb
mvebvgq Dcvq nQ DbZ dmj Ges PviYfwg WvB-AvBW wbtmZ nq| GKwU feb Zwi, msvi
eevcbv (hgb: DbZ KwlcwZ AbymiY, cyw Ges wewbgvY Mo cwZ eMwgUvi 1000 _K 1500
Dcv`vb eenvi, Rwg Pvl Ges Aekl eevcbv), KwR mgZzj Kveb WvB-AvBW wbtmZ nq (ay feb
dmj Drcv`b Rwgi qcv Re Ask cybivi Ges wbgvYB 500 KwR mgZzj Kveb WvB-AvBW
qcv Rwg cybivi| GQvov DbZ mPeev, f~wg wbtmZ nq)|
eenvi cwieZb, Kwl-ebvqb Ges Mevw`c I mvi
eevcbv| AbK ckgbcwZ we`gvb chyw chywMZ Ges KkjMZ cwieZbi gvag GKwU
eenvi KiB GLbB cqvM Kiv me| wK chywi feb Zwii hKvbv chvq wMbnvDm Mvm wbtmiY
Dbqb fwelZ wewfb ckgb c`c MnY iZc~Y KgvbvB Kveb-mvkqx feb wbgvY|
wbqvgK nq `uvove|
Kveb-mvkqx feb wbgvY hme Kkj MnY Kiv hvq:
3.2 feb wbgvY

bZzb chywi gvag eeZ KuvPvgvji cwigvY

nvm Kiv;
cw_exZ gvU eeZ cv_wgK kwi kZKiv 40 fvM
kw LiP nq evmvevwo I wewfb aibi feb viv| hme KuvPvgvj Drcv`b Kg Kveb wbtmZ nq
Gme febi wewfb DcKiY cwieZbi gvag wecyj
mjv eenvi Kiv (wimvBKj hvM KuvPvgvj);
cwigvY kw euvPvbv me| cwiekeve AvevwmK feb wewbgvY `evw` cywoq ev MZ fivU Kivi
Ges evwYwRK feb wbgvY ^vfvweKi Pq Lye ewk
KvR eenvi bv Ki wimvBKj Kiv|

18

feb eenvii Rb h wMbnvDm Mvm Drcb nq Zv

cavbZ:

we`yr eenvi

Mig cvwb, Zvc BZvw` ZwiZ eeZ Rxevk

Rvjvwb

Zij eR cwikvab

KwVb eR cwikvab

feb AewZ wkcwqv

GjvKvf` kwi eenvi _K feb cwZ eMwgUvi
0-100 KwR mgZzj Kveb WvB-AvBW wbtmZ nq,
mLvb Kveb-mvkqx chyw eenvi Ki Zv cwZ
eMwgUvi 10 KwRZ bvwgq Avbv me|
Kveb-mvkqx feb `yBfve Kveb wbtmiY Kgvbv nq:

kw eenvii gvv Kgvbv

bevqbhvM kwi Drm eenvi Kiv|

eZgvb kwmvkqx AbK chyw eeZ nQ, hgb
c_vMZ e`ywZK evwZi e`j wmGdGj evwZ eeZ
nQ| kwmvkqx wdR _K i Ki Uwjwfkb,
KwDUvi ch eenvi Kiv nQ|
bevqbhvM kwi Drm wnme Avgv`i `k
miwe`yr eZgvb ek Rbwcq| GQvov evqvMvm
Ges evqywe`yr eenviiI AbK myhvM iqQ|

3.3 kw eenvi

ewkK kw mieivn LvZ weki evwlK wMbnvDm Mvm

wbMgb eoB PjQ| weki wPi-eabkxj Zvc,
we`yr Ges cwienbi Rb kwi Pvwn`v gUvZ
GLbv Rxevk RvjvwbB cvavb cvQ| Dwbk kZKi
i _K gvSvgvwS ch Rxevk Rvjvwb eenvi
cw_exevcx cvq GK j `k nvRvi KvwU gwUK Ub
mgZzj Kveb WvB-AvBW wbMgb nqQ|
eZgvb Zvc I we`yr Drcv`b Ges cwienb LvZi
Rb cqvRbxq Rxevk Rvjvwbi eenvi weki gvU
Kveb, wg_b Ges bvBUvm AvBWi gZv wMbnvDm
Mvm wbMgbi kZKiv cvq mi fvMi Rb `vqx|
eZgvb wek h nvi Rxevk Rvjvwbi Drcv`b Ges
eenvi eoB PjQ, Zv cw_ex Ges cwieki
`xNvqx Ges UKmB eevcbvi Rb gvivZK
gwK nq `uvwoqQ|

2004 mvj cwienb LvZ cvq

630 KvwU gwUK Ub mgZzj
Kveb WvB-AvBW wbtmZ nq hv
weki gvbewbtmZ Kveb
WvB-AvBWi 23%| cwienb
LvZ mevP 74% wMbnvDm
Mvm wbMZ nq moK
cwienbeev _K| A_bwZK
mnhvwMZv I Dbqb msv
(IBwmwW)fz `kmg~ni evBii
`kmg~n Gi ga 36% Gi Rb
`vqx Ges hw` eZgvb nvi G ew
PjZ _vK Ze 2030 mvj
bvMv` G nvi ne 46%|

19

kwi eenvi wek MZ 20

eQi mevP eoQ
Gwkqvq (cwZeQi
3.6%)| Rxevk Rvjvwb
2004 mvj weki gvU
cv_wgK kwi Pvwn`vi
kZKiv cvq 80 fvM
mieivn KiZ Ges
Kveb-mvkqx kwi Drm
cmvi mwVK bxwZgvjvi
Afve G nvi AvMvgx
20-30 eQi gvMZfve
evovi Avkv iqQ| Gi
ga mePq ewk nQ
Zj (35%), Kqjv
(25%) Ges Mvm
(21%)|
eZgvb bevqbhvM kwi
Drm cw_exi gvU cv_wgK
kw Pvwn`vi cvq 15%
mieivn Ki hv
cwiekeve A_bxwZi
Rb 2050 mvj bvMv`
Kgc wY nIqv
cqvRb| mRb G LvZ
wecyj cwigvY wewbqvM
cqvRb| GZ Ki kwi
wbivcv wbwZ nevi mv_
mv_ Zv Rb^v, UKmB
Dbqb Ges A_bxwZZI
Ae`vb ivLZ cvie|
20

21

wesk _K GKwesk kZK ch cw_exi RbmsLv Pvi

Y evojI cv_wgK kwi eenvi eoQ cvq `k
Y| ewki fvM wekl`i gZ, A_bwZK cewi
dj^ic AvmQ KqK `kK cw_exZ wekl Ki,
Dbqbkxj `kjvZ kwi Pvwn`v Ges eenvi
DjLhvM nvi evoe|
kwi eenvi wek MZ 20 eQi mevP eoQ
Gwkqvq (cwZeQi 3.6%)| Rxevk Rvjvwb 2004
mvj weki gvU cv_wgK kwi Pvwn`vi kZKiv
cvq 80 fvM mieivn KiZ Ges Kveb-mvkqx kwi
Drm cmvi mwVK bxwZgvjvi Afve G nvi AvMvgx
20-30 eQi gvMZfve evovi Avkv iqQ| Gi
ga mePq ewk nQ Zj (35%), Kqjv
(25%) Ges Mvm (21%)|

evqywe`yr
evqvwWRj
evqvMvm
miwe`yPvwjZ kxZvZc h
XDqi kw eenvi Ki we`yr
f~Zvcxq kw eenvi Ki we`yr
bvbvchyw eenvi miwe`yr

GQvov AviI AbK chyw iqQ, wK GjvZ

miKvwi ccvlKZv wbwZ KiZ ne hvZ Kg
LiP bevqbhvM kwi chywjv mvaviY gvbyli
KvQ cuQvq|

3.4 ebvqb

wesk kZvxi kl w`K vxq Aj ebf~wg wbab

Ges bvwZkxZv Ges Dixq wKQz Aj ebf~wg ew
cw_exevcx wMbnvDm wbMgb ew Ges nvm iZc~Y
f~wgKv iLQ| AbK Kg LiP wekevcx h ckgb
D`vM iqQ ZvZ iZc~Y f~wgKv ivLZ cvi
ebf~wg, hv GKB mv_ Rjevqy AwfhvRb Ges UKmB
DbqbI mnvqK ne|

eZgvb bevqbhvM kwi Drm cw_exi gvU cv_wgK

kw Pvwn`vi cvq 15% mieivn Ki, hv cwiekeve
A_bxwZi Rb 2050 mvj bvMv` Kgc wY nIqv
cqvRb| mRb G LvZ wecyj cwigvY wewbqvM
cqvRb| GZ kwi wbivcv wbwZ nevi mv_ mv_
Zv Rb^v, UKmB Dbqb Ges A_bxwZZI Ae`vb
ivLZ cvie|
ebvqbwfwK ckgb KgcwiKbv Rjevqy cwieZb,
RxeewP iv Ges UKmB Dbqb mnvqK Ki
bevqbhvM kw eevcbv wMbnvDm Mvm wbMgb cYqb Kiv hvq|
Kwgq cwieki Dbqbi mv_ mv_ kw AwbqZv
`~ixKiY iZc~Y f~wgKv ivLZ cvi| bevqbhvM ebf~wg wbab nvm, eb eevcbv, ebvqb I eivcY
kw njv Ggb kw hv bvbv cvKwZK Drm hgb: Ges Kwl ebvqb viv Kveb ckgb-mveZvi mvdj
m~hi Avjv, evZvm, ew BZvw` _K cvIqv hvq Ges cavbZ wbfi Ki KgZrciZv, cqvMi mgq Ges
GjvK evievi eenvi Kiv hvq|
wbw` Aji Ici| ^Kvjxb mgqi Rb ebvqbi
KqKwU DjLhvM bevqbhvM kw Drm njv:

m~hiwk

Rjcevn

evqycevn

f~Zvcxq kw BZvw`|
bevqbhvM kwi Drm eenvi Ki bvbv iKg kw
mieivn eev Zwi Kiv hvq| GiKg GKwU Lye
cwiwPZ D`vniY njv miwe`yr| GQvov bevqbhvM
kwi Drm eenvi Ki hme kw mieivneev
eZgvb Lye Rbwcq mjv njv:

Rjwe`yr

22

Pq ebf~wg wbab iva AwaKZi djcm~|

ebvqbi gvag Kveb ckgbi ga KvVRvZxq cY

AveKZ Kveb, cY cwZvcb Ges Re-kwi Rb
Dw Ask Zwi Afz| Gfve evqygj _K
Kveb AcmvwiZ nq gvbyli KvV, Z Ges Pvwn`v
gUvq| ebvqb _K cv evqvgvm ev Dw Ask
wekevcx eQi cvq 12 x 1018-74 x 1018 Ryj
kw mieivn KiZ cvi| hv kw Drcv`bK`i
aib Abymvi (ZjPvwjZ, MvmPvwjZ ev KqjvPvwjZ
Kvbv aibi eev cwZvwcZ nQ Zvi Ici wbfi
Ki) eQi 40 _K 440 KvwU mgZzj Kveb
WvB-AvBW ckgb mnvqZv KiZ cvi|

cvKwZK KviY QvovI eb AbK AvM _KB f~wgi

eenvi cwieZb, AwZ gvvq ebR m` AvniY,
Mevw`ci AwZwi PviY, Avb Ges we`wk RvZi
MvQi Abyceki gZv gvbeKgKv viv wZM
nQ| GQvov Rjevqy cwieZbi cfvemn wewfb
ewkK cwieZb ebf~wgi ckgb-mgZvq Kveb
AveKiY evwoq (bvBUvRb Rgv nIqv) ev Kwgq
(evqy`~lYi cfve) cfvweZ KiZ cvi|
Zvi ciI, ebvqbi chywi eenvi i, wevi
Ges vbvi Rjevqy cwieZb AwfhvRb Ges ckgb
wekvj mvebv mw KiQ| wMbnvDm Mvm wbtmiY
Kgvbv ev Kveb AveKiY ew Kiv QvovI ebvqb
LvZ chyw vbvi Kkj viv evcK Av_mvgvwRK,
vbxq, ewkK Ges UKmB Dbqb f~wgKv ivLvi
myhvM we`gvb|

3.5 wk

wk Drcv`b cw_exZ eeZ gvU kwi

GK-ZZxqvsk eq nq Ges gvbewbtmZ wMbnvDm
Mvmi GK-PZz_vsk wbMgb nq wk LvZ| wk LvZ
wbMZ wMbnvDm Mvm cavbZ kw eenvi dj
wbtmZ Kveb WvB-AvBW, Drcv`bcwqvq eeZ
Rxevk Rvjvwb BZvw` LvZ _K Avm|
Abvb LvZ kw eenvi ewi mv_ mv_ wk LvZ
cv_wgK kw eenvii nvi 1970 mvj 40% _K
Kg 2004 mvj 37% nq| `Lv hvQ h, LvZ
wnme wk LvZ kZKiv wnmve KgjI cwigvY
wnmve wk LvZ kwi eenvi eoB PjQ|
wkRwbZ kw eenvii wnme DbZ `kjv
35%, Dbqbkxj `kmg~n 53% Ges Aevi
A_bxwZi `kmg~n 12% wMbnvDm Mvm mivmwi
wbtmiY KiQ| eZgvb wk LvZ cZ wbtmiY
720 KvwU gwUK Ub mgZzj Kveb WvB-AvBW Ges
civ wbtmiY 1200 KvwU gwUK Ub mgZzj Kveb
WvB-AvBW| Gi ga 84% kw eeZ nq, jvnv
I wj, wewfb avZewk, ivmvqwbK Ges mviwk,
cUwjqvg widvBbvwi Ges KvMRwk| 2003 mvj
Dbqbkxj `kmg~n _K 42% jvnv I wj, 57%
bvBUvRb mvi, 78 fvM wmgU Ges 50 fvM
Avgvwbqvg Drcvw`Z nq|

cvKwZK KviY QvovI eb

AbK AvM _KB f~wgi
eenvi cwieZb, AwZ gvvq
ebR m` AvniY,
Mevw`ci AwZwi PviY,
Avb Ges we`wk RvZi
MvQi Abyceki gZv
gvbeKgKv viv wZM
nQ| GQvov Rjevqy
cwieZbi cfvemn wewfb
ewkK cwieZb ebf~wgi
ckgb-mgZvq Kveb
AveKiY evwoq (bvBUvRb
Rgv nIqv) ev Kwgq
(evqy`~lYi cfve) cfvweZ
KiZ cvi|

23

wk LvZ wZbfve Kveb WvB-AvBW wbMZ nq:

1. kw Drcv`b Rxevk Rvjvwb eenvi;
2. wewfb ivmvqwbK cwqvq Rxevk Rvjvwbi eenvi;
3. A-Rxevk Rvjvwb LvZ (wewfb ivmvqwbK Drcv`b
cwqv)|

Rvjvwbi cwieZb Ges wKQz eR eenvi

Ki mc~iK Rvjvwb Drcv`b;
KuvPvgvj cwieZb;
bevqbhvM kw eenvi;
KuvPvgvji mwVK eenvi, AcPq iva Ges
wimvBKj Kiv;
Kveb WvB-AvBW AveKiY Ges msiY|

wkLvZ wMbnvDm Mvm wbtmiY KgvZ ekwKQz

ckgb weK Zwi Kiv nqQ| G ckgb weKjv wekevcx `xNvqx Kveb ckgb Kveb-mvkqx chyw
cavbZ wZb aibi| Drcv`b cwqvi cwieZb, Dveb miKvwi Ges emiKvwi Dfq LvZK GwMq
LvZwfwK chyw, Drcv`b cwqvwfwK chyw|
AvmZ ne| wkLvZ Kveb ckgb weZ chyw
DvweZ nqQ, hw`I weki AbK `kB wMbnvDm
Gi ga Drcv`b cwqvZ cwieZb Avgv`i `ki Mvm ckgb miKvi ev evRvi viv Av`Z bq| AbK
Rb mePq DchvMx| wbP wKQz D`vniY `Iqv njv: mvkqx ckgb chyw DvweZ njI Gme A_bwZK

Kg kw eenvi Ki Ges ewk hvwK `Zvhy evavi KviY wk Kveb ckgb GLbv Lye GKUv
RbwcqZv jvf Kiwb|
hcvwZ eenvi Kiv;

3.6 hvMvhvMeev

weK Rvjvwb eenvi Ges DbZ AvaywbK I we`gvb

A_bwZK cew i mv_ mv_ A_bwZK Dbqb Ges chywi mswgkY evcKnvi wMbnvDm Mvm wbtmiY
gvbeKjvYi c~ek
Z wnme wekevcx cwienb Kwgq djvi Dcvq iqQ|
KgKvi iZ ew cvQ| cw_exi cwienbeevi
eeZ gvU kwi kZKiv 95% Avm cUwjqvg RvZ Pvifve hvbevnbi wMbnvDm Mvm wbtmiY Kgvbv
Rxevk Rvjvwb _K| 2004 mvj cwienb LvZ hZ cvi:
cw_exi gvU wMbnvDm Mvm wbtmiYi kZKiv cvq 23 1. hvbevnbi fvi/IRb Kwgq, hvbevnbi KvRi
cwigvY Kwgq;
fvMi Rb `vqx, hvi wZb-PZz_v skB wQj moK cwienb
LvZ| MZ `yB `kK hKvbv LvZi Pq cwienb 2. Bwbi `Zv ew Kwi, hvZ Kg Rvjvwbi
LvZ wMbnvDm Mvm wbtmiY eoQ mePq ewk|
cqvRb nq;
wekevcx `Z A_bwZK Dbqbi dj wbKU fwelZI 3. Kg Kveb wbtmiYKvix Rvjvwb eenvi Ki;
G nvi evoe| hw`I weki ewki fvM gvbyliB 4. hvbevnbi wbvkb avc A-KvebRvZxq wMbnvDm
ewMZ Kvbv hvbevnb bB Ges cw_exi ewki fvM
wbtmiY Kwgq|
gvbyliB gvUiPvwjZ hvbevnb cekMgZv AbK
Kg| wK G Aev `Z cwiewZZ nQ|
cieZx KqK `kK cwienb KgKv axi axi ew
cq Lye kwkvjx Aevb cuQve| wek cwienb LvZ
gvU kwi eenvi eQi 2% Ki evoe Ges Dbqbkxj
A_bxwZi `kmg~n G nvi ne mevP| m Abyhvqx,
cwienb LvZ 2030 mvj bvMv` kwi eenvi Ges
wMbnvDm Mvm wbtmiY eZgvbi Pq 80% ew cve|

weK Rvjvwb
ReRvjvwb

g~jZ Rxei `nvekl _K Drcvw`Z RvjvwbK

Re-Rvjvwb ejv nq| KvebmsewjZ Rxei
`nveklK RvjvwbZ icvi Kivi AbK Kkj
iqQ| G Rvjvwbmg~ni ga B_vbj, wg_vbj,
evqvwWRj, WvB wg_vBj B_vi BZvw`i gZv
2004 mvj cwienb LvZ cvq 630 KvwU gwUK Ub KvebmsewjZ RvjvwbI iqQ|
mgZzj Kveb WvB-AvBW wbtmZ nq, hv weki gvbe
wbtmZ Kveb WvB-AvBWi 23%| cwienb LvZ cvKwZK Mvm (wmGbwR, GjGbwR, wRwUGj)
mevP 74% wMbnvDm Mvm wbMZ nq moK cvKwZK Mvm g~jZ wg_b, mivmwi hvbevnb eenvi
cwienbeev _K| A_bwZK mnhvwMZv I Dbqb Kiv hvq ev AviI Pvc Ab Rvjvwb hgb wmGbwR ev
msv (IBwmwW) fz `kmg~ni evBii `kmg~n Gi GjGbwRZ cwiewZZ KiI eenvi Kiv hvq|
ga 36%-Gi Rb `vqx Ges hw` eZgvb nvi G ew
PjZ _vK Ze 2030 mvj bvMv` G nvi ne 46%| e`ywZK hvbevnb
dzqj mj ev nvBweW hvbevnb ivmvqwbK Rvjvwb
cwienb LvZ Rvjvwb cvovbv _K Lye mvgvb cwigvY _K kw cvq, hv ZvrwYKfve we`yZ cwiYZ nq|
wg_b I bvBUvm AvBW Ges kxZvZc hi Mvm eZgvb e`ywZK hvbevnb `yBfve we`yr mieivn
_K wKQz dwy ibUW Mvm wbtmZ nq| cwienb LvZ Kiv nq; c_gZ, hvbevnbi Icii e`ywZK jvBb
gvU wMbnvDm Mvm wbtmiYi 0.1-0.3% nQ wg_b _K mivmwi we`yr mieivn; wZxqZ, hvbevnb
Ges 2.0-2.8% nQ bvBUvm AvBW| dwy ibUW
AewZ evUvwi ev dzqj mj _K ivmvqwbK kw
Mvm gvU wbtmZ Kveb WvB-AvBWi 5-10%|
mieivn, hv ZvrwYKfve ivmvqwbK kwK
e`ywZK kwZ icvi Kiv| fwelZ me aibi
cwienb LvZ wMbnvDm Mvm wbtmiY Kgvbv,
Kvbv Kvbv FYvZK wMbnvDm Mvm e`ywZK hvbevnb wZxq aibi kwi Drm eeZ
wbtmiYi chyw eZgvb we`gvb| hgb, e`ywZK ne| e`ywZK hvbevnbi hvwK `Zv cvq 90%
Ub, dzqj mj ev evUvwiPvwjZ gvUihvb BZvw`| njI evUvwii ^vqy Ges msw hvvi `N G
cvKwZK Mvm, ReRvjvwb, nvBWvRbi gZv chywK Rbwcq nevi c_ Aivq| 300 wKwgi gZv

24

25

Rjevqy cwieZb ckgb ZiYiv iZcY~

f~wgKv cvjb KiZ cvi| ZiYiv Zv`i
`bw`b Rxebi bvbv AvPvi-AvPiY
cwieZbi gvag RxebhvvK AviI
Kveb-mvkqx Ki ZzjZ cvi| KqKwU
D`vniY wbP `Lvbv njv:
evwoZ miwe`yr vcb I eenvi
AwffveK`i DyKiY;
c_vMZ evji e`j kw-mvkqx Ges
AwaKZi ` wmGdGj evj eenvi Kiv;
wewfb wbZcqvRbxq KvR AcvKZ Kg
cvwb LiP Kiv, (`uvZ gvRvi mgq Kj e
ivLv, AcvKZ Kg mgq wbq Mvmj
Kiv);
hLbB me nq cvq nuU Me Mgb
Kiv, GKUz ewk `~iZ AhvwK hvbevnb
eenvi Kiv;
hLbB me kxZvZc wbqY h cwinvi
Kiv;
MvQ jvMvbv;
wcUi KvMRi `yB cvk eenvi
Ki wcU Kiv;
hKvbv `e h_vme ewk eenvi Kiv,
me nj hme cY cwiZ nevi ci Kg
eR Zwi Ki mjv eenvi Kiv;
wimvBKj Kiv hvq Ggb cY eenvi
Kiv;
evRvi Kivi cybeenvihvM evM
eenvi Kiv, cwjw_bi Zwi evM cwinvi
Kiv;
hLb eenvi Kiv nQ bv, ZLb e`ywZK
hcvwZi myBP e ev Lyj ivLv;
ckgbi wewfb Z_-Dcv Rvbv Ges
AciK RvbZ mvnvh Kiv;
vbxq, RvZxq Ges AvRv wZK chvq
wewfb ckgb D`vMi mv_ mc nIqv;
Abi cwieZbi Rb Acv bv Ki
wbRi AvPiY cwieZb Kiv|

26

27

hvv`Ni RbI 400 KwRi ewk cwigvY evUvwii cywoq ev wkLvZ mn `nb viv eR _K kw
cqvRb nq|
Zwii gvag DjLhvM cwigvY bevqbhvM kw
cvIqv hvq, mv_ mv_ wekvj wMbnvDm Mvm wbtmiY
moK cwienb gvagi cwieZb
nvm nq| eZgvb cw_exevcx eQi cvq 20 KvwU Ub
ewMZ gvUiPvwjZ hvbevnb Abvb hKvbv moK eR `nb Ki kw Drcv`b Kiv nq| GQvov
cwienb hvbevnbi Pq AbK ewk gv_vwcQz Rvjvwb jvwdji gvag Mvm AvniYI GKwU mvkqx Kveb
LiP Ki Ges AbK ewk wMbnvDm Mvm wbtmiY ckgb gvag|
Ki| wK wekevcx ewMZ hvbevnbi msLv
eoB PjQ| moK hvMvhvMi gvag cwieZb evwYwRKfve Mvm AvniY 1975 mvj _K
Ki evcKnvi kwi eenvi Ges wMbnvDm Mvm c~Yic KvhKi iqQ Ges G chyw viv eZgvb
wbtmiY Kgvbv me| ewMZ hvbevnbi cwieZ eQi cvq 12 KvwU gwUK Ub mgZzj Kveb ckgb
evm ev GiKg mvaviY hvMvhvM gvag eenvi| Kiv me nQ| Dbqbkxj `kmg~n jvwdj
AhvwK hvbevnb ev cvq nuU hvZvqvZ KivI GKwU chyw eZgvb mycwZwZ|
Lye iZc~Y gvag| AhvwK hvbevnb cvq 7.5 wKwg
Ges cvq nuU mvaviYZ cvq 2.5 wKwg `~iZi Me Dbqbkxj `kmg~n geagvb eR eevcbv
hvZvqvZ Kiv me| GQvov `~ieZx hvMvhvMi gvag AeKvVvgv Rb^v cwiwwZi Dbqb, wMbnvDm
wnme ij eenvi Kiv hZ cvi| GQvov cY Mvm ckgb, RjR mc` iv Ges cvwbZ
cwienb moKc_i cwieZ bc_ eenvi Ki LiP AcwikvwaZ eR wbvkb Kgvbvi gZv egvwK
Ges kwi eenvi `yB-B Kgvbv hvq|
myweav c`vb Ki|

3.7 eR eevcbv

jvwdj chywi Zzjbvq eR c`v_i `nb Ges

Abvb Zvcxq cwqv AbK Kg wMbnvDm Mvm
Drcv`b Ki, ay wKQz Kveb WvB-AvBW wbtmZ nq|
eR `nbi dj m wMbnvDmi cwigvY gv Pvi
KvwUi mgZzj Kveb WvB-AvBWi mgvb, hv G
LvZ gvU wbtmiYi kZKiv cuvP fvMi Kg| wKQz
we`gvb eR eevcbv Kkj njv:
1. f~wgMVb wg_b eevcbv;
2. `nb Ges Abvb Zvcxq cwqvq eR _K kw
Drcv`b;
eR eevcbv LvZ mivmwi wbMgb wbicY weivU
AwbqZv weivR Kij we`gvb eR eevcbv 3. Re cwikvab (Kcv);
cwqvjv viv evcKnvi Ges KvhKifve 4. eR Kgvbv, cybeenvi Ges wimvBKj Kiv;
wMbnvDm Mvm wbtmiY Kgvbv me|
5. Zij eR Ges vR cwikvab|
cw_exi gvU wMbnvDm Mvm wbtmiYi Lye QvU Ask
(5 kZvski Kg) fvM ev eenvi-cieZx eR _K
Avm, Ges 2005 mvj Zv wQj cvq 130 KvwU gwUK
Ub mgZzj Kveb WvB-AvBWi mgvb| cwiZv
eR _K mePq ewk cvIqv hvq wg_b Ges
bvBUvm AvBW| GQvov Zij eR _KI wg_b Ges
bvBUvm AvBW cvIqv hvq| eR cvovbv _K wKQz
cwigvY Kveb WvB-AvBW Drcb nq|

eR eevcbvi gvag wMbnvDm Mvm ckgbi

AbK aibi chyw iqQ, hv viv KvhKifve GB
LvZ wMbnvDm Mvm wbtmiY Kgvbv me, hv
GKBmv_ Rb^v, cwiekMZ myiv Ges UKmB
DbqbI mvnvh Ki| mgw^Zfve GB chywjv
wecyj cwigvY wMbnvDm wbtmiY iva ev wMbnvDm Mvm
wbtmiY cwinvi mnvqZv Ki|

28

jvwdj chywi Zzjbvq eR c`v_i `nb Ges Abvb Zvcxq

cwqv AbK Kg wMbnvDm Mvm Drcv`b Ki, ay wKQz Kveb
WvB-AvBW wbtmZ nq| eR `nbi dj m wMbnvDmi cwigvY
gv Pvi KvwUi mgZzj Kveb WvB-AvBWi mgvb, hv G LvZ
gvU wbtmiYi kZKiv cuvP fvMi Kg|

RbMYi
Lv` wbivcv
b
wbivc` Avevm
Kgmsvb I
^vmn
v
mvgvwRK myi

Rjevqy cwi
fwelr Suyw eZbi
SuywK gvKv K I
wejvq
K
Z
^
x
KiZ ne
mgw
`yhvM Zv wbaviY Kivi
eevcbv MelYv I Rb
vb eev
cbv

DcK~jxq
ZUiLv eivei
gvbMvf
eivcY viv
meyR ebx
Zwi Kiv

eR eevcbv LvZi me bxwZgvjv Ges c`c

`~lY cwZiva, `yM `~ixKiY, gvwU, cvwb Ges evqyi
gvb ivi gZv weZ cwiekMZ Dk Afz Kiv
nqQ ewea DcKvii Dcvq wnme| eR eevcbv
ay wMbnvDm Mvm ckgbB bq, mv_ Abvb
cwiekMZ myweavI eq Avb|

29

PZz_ Aavq

Rjevqy cwieZb gvKvwejvq evsjv`ki

Aevb I ZiY`i KiYxq

wewmwmwUGd njv Ggb GKwU Znwej hv RbMYi Kii UvKvq

Avgv`i miKvi RvZxq evRU _K eiv w`q Zwi KiQ|
2008-09 evRU 300 KvwU, 2009-10 mvj 400 KvwU,
2010-11 mvj 700 KvwU Ges 2011-12 mvj 700 KvwU;
gvU 2,100 KvwU UvKv `qv nqQ|

gvKvwejvq Kx KiZ ne Zv wbaviY Kivi Rb

miKvi mec_g 2005 mvj Avgv`i `ki RvZxq
MelYv I vb eevcbv;
AwfhvRb cwiKbv (National Adaptation Plan of
Action NAPA/ bvcv) cYqb Ki| GUv wQj 10 5. cw_exi Rjevqy cwieZbi SuywK Kgvbvq hb
eQii GKwU cwiKbv|
evsjv`k fwgKv ivLZ cvi mRb wMbnvDm
Mvm wbMgb Kwgq Dbqb wbwZ Kiv Ges
2009 mvj miKvi Rjevqy cwieZbi weic cfve
gvKvwejv KiZ evsjv`k AwfhvRb Ges wMbnvDm 6. miKvii gYvjq I `ijv hb AvMvgx w`b
Rjevqy cwieZbi SuywK gvKvwejvq fvjvfve
Mvm wbMgb Kgvbv `yUv DkK mvgb iL GKwU
KvR KiZ cvi GRb mgZv ew|
Kkjc (bxwZgvjv bq, eis KgcwiKbv) MnY
Ki| GUvK ejv nq evsjv`k Rjevqy cwieZb
Kkjc I KgcwiKbv (wewmwmGmGwc) 2009| hw`I wMbnvDm Mvm wbtmiY evsjv`ki f~wgKv LyeB
Rjevqy cwieZbi SuywK gvKvwejvq miKvi I Abvb bMY Z_vwc fwelZ evsjv`k wMbnvDm Mvm
msv AvMvgx 10 eQi Kx Kie, Kxfve Kie Ges ckgb DjLhvM f~wgKv ivLZ cvi|
Kv_vq Kie Zv GB KgcwiKbvq jLv AvQ| gb 1. RvZxq kw wbivcv wbwZ Ges Kg gvvq
wMbnvDm Mvm wbtmiY KiZ GKwU RvZxq kw
ivLv `iKvi, evsjv`kB cw_exZ c_g G aibi
Kkj cwiKbv MnY Kiv;
GKwU `wjj cYqb KiQ|
2. `kevcx miKvwi Ges ewMZ RwgZ mvgvwRK
eZgvb evsjv`ki Rjevqy cwieZbRwbZ mKj
ebvqbi cmvi;
KgcwiKbv wewmwmGmGwc-2009-Gi AvjvK
wbavwiZ nq _vK| Rjevqy cwieZb ckgbi Rb 3. DcK~jxq ZUiLv eivei gvbMvf eivcY viv
meyR ebx Zwi Kiv;
wewmwmGmGwc-2009-G GKwU Avjv`v AbyQ`
iqQ, hLvb PviwU g~j welqi AvjvK 4. Kveb-mvkqx Dbqbi Rb DbZ `k _K chyw
vbvii gvag GKwU icK cYqb;
evsjv`k Rjevqy ckgbi cwZ bIqvi K_v ejv
AvQ| G KgcwiKbvi mejv KvRK 6wU 5. mvkqx Ges ` mieivn, eb Ges eenvi
/wcjvi fvM Kiv nqQ:
wbwZ KiZ kw Ges chyw bxwZgvjv
cybivjvPbv Ges cqvRb cYv`bv c`vb|
1. RbMYi Lv`wbivcv, wbivc` Avevmb,
Kgmsvb I ^vmn mvgvwRK myiv;
QqwU g~jbxwZi Ici wfw Ki wewmwmGmGwc2. mgw^Z `yhvM eevcbv;
2009-Gi AvIZvq 2010 mvj _K cwZeQi
3. DcKjxq ewoeuva, ebv wbqY euva, N~wYSo wewmwmwUGd ev evsjv`k Rjevqy cwieZb Uv dv
AvkqK`, wkvcwZvb, knii cvwb wbvkb viv bvbv cK evevqb Kiv nQ|
eev BZvw` AeKvVvgv Dbqb;
4. Rjevqy cwieZbi fwelr SuywK I SuywK GQvov wewmwmAviGd ev evsjv`k Rjevqy cwieZb

30

31

mnbkxjZv Znwej Ges AviI wKQz A_bwZK eev evsjv`ki MnxZ c`c AbK ^vbZ Ges
BwZgaB MnY Kiv nqQ| miKvi KZK MnxZ Rjevqy cwieZbi gwKi myLxb `k D`vniY
wnme MnY Ki Zv`i KgcwiKbv cYqb KiQ|
KqKwU DjLhvM c`c njv:
evsjv`k Rjevqy cwieZb Uv dv
(wewmwmwUGd): wewmwmwUGd njv Ggb GKwU Znwej
hv RbMYi Kii UvKvq Avgv`i miKvi RvZxq
evRU _K eiv w`q Zwi KiQ| 2008-09
evRU 300 KvwU, 2009-10 mvj 400 KvwU,
2010-11 mvj 700 KvwU Ges 2011-12 mvj 700
KvwU; gvU 2,100 KvwU UvKv `qv nqQ|
GB Znwej Zwi Ki evsjv`k mviv cw_exZ cksmv
cqQ| GUv _K cgvY `qv njv h, Avgv`i
mgmvjv gvKvwejvq Avgiv AvwiK| GLb DbZ
wek hw` Kveb wbMgb Kgvq Ges cwZkwZ Abyhvqx
evsjv`kK A_ mnvqZv `q, Zvnj Avgiv wbR`i
fwelr wbRivB Mo wbZ cvie| GLb ch wewfb
miKvwi `ii 120wUi ewk cK evevwqZ nQ|
G cKjvi ga KZjv cK AvQ hv mviv
`ki Rb KvR jvMe, Avevi KZjv cK AvQ
hv ay wbw` Aj KvR Kie|
evsjv`k Rjevqy cwieZb iwRwjq dv
(wewmwmAviGd): hyivRi wWGdAvBwWmn wewfb
wcxq Dbqb mnhvMx msv 2008 mvj _K
evsjv`k wekevsKi eevcbvq gvw Wvbvi Uv
dv (GgwWwUGd) Zwii cPv KiQ, 2010 mvji
g gvm Dbqb mnhvMxiv evsjv`k WfjcgU
dvivg (wewWGd)-G evsjv`k Rjevqy cwieZb
iwRwjq dv (wewmwmAviGd) ZwiZ mZ
nqQ, hv evsjv`k miKvii eevcbvq cwiPvwjZ
ne| Zvi ciI wekevsK wewmwmAviGd evevqb
mnvqZv KiQ, hv cieZx wZb eQii ga evsjv`k
miKvii nvZ Qo `evi j iqQ| G mgqi
ga wewmwmAviGd hyivR, BDivwcqvb BDwbqb,
WbgvK, myBWb, Awjqvmn wewfb Dbqb
mnhvMx`i KvQ _K cvq 20 KvwU gvwKb Wjvi
mnvqZv cqQ| G A_i 90 kZvsk miKvii wewfb
gYvjqi gvag Ges evwK 10 kZvsk cjx Kg
mnvqK dvDkb (wcKGmGd)-Gi Zveavb
wewfb GbwRIi D`vM evevqb eeZ ne|

32

ZiY`i KiYxq
Rjevqy cwieZb ckgb ZiYiv iZc~Y f~wgKv
cvjb KiZ cvi| ZiYiv Zv`i `bw`b Rxebi
bvbv AvPvi-AvPiY cwieZbi gvag RxebhvvK
Aviv Kveb-mvkqx Ki ZzjZ cvi| KqKwU
D`vniY wbP `Lvbv njv:

evwoZ miwe`yr vcb I eenvi AwffveK`i

DyKiY;
c_vMZ evji e`j kw-mvkqx Ges AwaKZi
` wmGdGj evj eenvi Kiv;
wewfb wbZcqvRbxq KvR AcvKZ Kg cvwb
LiP Kiv, (`uvZ gvRvi mgq Kj e ivLv,
AcvKZ Kg mgq wbq Mvmj Kiv);
hLbB me nq, cvq nuU Me Mgb Kiv, GKUz
ewk `~iZ AhvwK hvbevnb eenvi Kiv;

hLbB me kxZvZc wbqY h cwinvi Kiv;

MvQ jvMvbv;

wcUi KvMRi `yB cvk eenvi Ki wcU

Kiv;
hKvbv `e h_vme ewk eenvi Kiv, me
nj hme cY cwiZ nevi ci Kg eR Zwi
Ki mjv eenvi Kiv;
wimvBKj Kiv hvq Ggb cY eenvi Kiv;
evRvi Kivi cybeenvihvM evM eenvi
Kiv, cwjw_bi Zwi evM cwinvi Kiv;
hLb eenvi Kiv nQ bv, ZLb e`ywZK
hcvwZi myBP e ev Lyj ivLv;
ckgbi wewfb Z_-Dcv Rvbv Ges AciK
RvbZ mvnvh Kiv;
vbxq, RvZxq Ges AvRvwZK chvq wewfb
ckgb D`vMi mv_ mc nIqv;
Abi cwieZbi Rb Acv bv Ki wbRi
AvPiY cwieZb Kiv|