SPSS for Professionals, Researchers & Students

Lecture # 1
Brief knowledge in SPSS
Introduction to Statistics
Definition of Statistics:
It is difficult to define to define statistics in a few words, since its dimension, scope;
function; use and importance are constantly changing over changing over time. Facts and
figures of phenomenon or events are called statistics.
Statistics is a field of study concerned with !" the collection, organi#ation,
summari#ation and analysis of data and $" the drawing of inferences a%out a %ody of
data is o%served.
Scope and Use of Statistics: Statistics has %een useful in researches of almost all
disciplines. & few fields are : Planning, Population, 'ealth, Family planning, (iology,
(usiness and commerce, &griculture, physical science, socio)economic study,
*nvironment, +edicine, Psychology and education, Production industry, &stronomy etc.
Variable and its type:
& varia%le is characteristic whose value varies from person to person, o%,ect or from
phenomenon to phenomenon, *-ample: &ge, income, hair color, family si#e, profession
etc.
Quantitatie ariable! & .uantitative is one for which the resulting o%servations a re
numeric and thus possesses a natural ordering. *-ample: &ge, height family si#e etc.
Qualitatie Variable! & .ualitative varia%le is one for which numerical measurement is
not possi%le, such as, hair color, religion, profession etc.
/uantitative varia%les may %e further classified as or continuous. 0hen a varia%le can
assume only the isolated values within a given range, the varia%le is called discrete
varia%le such as family si#e, class si#e etc. when a varia%le can theoretically assume any
value within a given range the varia%le is said to %e continuous varia%le. 1hus age,
height, temperature etc. are continuous varia%les.
Population: &n aggregate of all individuals or items actual or possi%le" of interest in any
particular study defined on some common characteristics is called a population.
Sample: a representative Part of the population is called a sample. 1he num%er of
individuals in the sample is called sample si#e.
1ypes of population:
!" Finite population: & population consisting of a finite num%er of individuals or
items is called a finite population.
$" Infinite population consisting of a Infinite num%er of individuals or items is called
a infinite population.
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SPSS for Professionals, Researchers & Students
Para"eter: Population characteristic, a%out which inferences are to %e made, is
called parameter. Population mean : is a parameter.
Statistic: Sample characteristic. 1he sample mean -" is a statistic.
#sti"ator: &n estimator is a statistics
0hich is a unction of sample o%servation
1his is used to investigate the value of the un;nown parameter of the
population.

i
#$a"ple! X <
n
i ! =
is an estimation of population parameter : .
&n estimator is a random varia%le which ta;es different values from sample to
sample.
#sti"ate: &n estimate is a numerical value of the estimator o%tained from a particular
sample.
Data! =ata is plural word and comprehend the idea of collection of pieces of information
on some varia%les. =ata are the raw, disorgani#ed facts and figures collected from any
field of in.uiry.
Statistical data depending upon the sources are of two types
1% Pri"ary data%
$. Secondary data.
!. Pri"ary data: 1he data which are originally collected %y an investigator or an
agent for the first time for the purpose of statistical en.uiry are ;nown as primary
data. 1he data is original in character.
$. Secondary data: 1he data which are originally collected %ut o%tained from some
pu%lished or unpu%lished sources are called secondary data. 1his type of data is
not original in character. For e-ample: the reports and pu%lications made %y
>entral (ureau of Statistics are primary for that organi#ation %ut secondary for
those who use it.
1he data collected on .uantitative varia%les is called .uantitative data and the data
collected on .ualitative varia%les is called .ualitative data.
Scale of &easure"ent:
+easurement is a process of assigning num%er to some characteristics or varia%les or
events according to scientific rules.
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SPSS for Professionals, Researchers & Students
1he varia%les in any study may %e of different nature and they may represent some
attri%utes, characteristics or ;ey factors of interest. 1hese varia%les can %e measures
under four levels per scales of measurement. 1he measurement scales are:
!. 2ominal scale.
$. ?rdinal scale.
5. Interval scale.
6. Ratio scale.
'o"inal Scale: 1he measurement scale, in which num%ers are assigned to the
categories or varia%le values for identification only, is called a nominal scale. For
e-ample: se-, smo;ing status etc.
(rdinal Scale: 1he measurement scale in which num%ers are assigned to the categories
or varia%le values for identification as well as for ran;ing is called an ordinal scale. For
e-ample: consider the varia%le economic status which can %e categori#es as rich !"
middle class and $" poor
Interal Scale: 1he measurement scale in which num%ers are assigned to the varia%le
values in such a way that the level of measurement is %ro;en down on a scale of e.ual
units and the #ero value on the scale in not a%solutely #ero, is called an interval scale.
)or e$a"ple: the varia%le temperature can have values 3
3
, !3
3
, $3
3
etc.
*atio scale! 1he measurement scale in which num%ers are assigned to the varia%le values
in such a way that the level of measurement is %ro;en down on a scale of e.ual units and
the #ero value on the scale is a%solutely #ero, is called a ration scale. For e-ample: age,
weight, pulse rate, parity etc.
>omparative Study of scales of measurement:
Scale +athematical ?perations *-ample
2ominal >ounting Se-, Religion
?rdinal >ounting & Ran;ing *conomic Status
Interval >ounting & Ran;ing, &ddition & Su%traction 1emperature, I/
Ratio >ounting & Ran;ing, &ddition, Su%tract,
multiple & =ivision
&ge, Family si#e
>lassification of varia%le %y scale of measurement:
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SPSS for Professionals, Researchers & Students
Brief +nowledge in SPSS
(rigin!
1he statistical pac;age SPSS was first devised in !997. &ctually SPSS was developed as
an analysis program for soc I al scientist.
1he a%%reviation SPSS stood for @Statistical Pac;age for the Social SciencesA.
1he SPSS >ompany gave the old a%%reviation a new meaning not very modest":
Superior Performing Software System. ?ne of the strong points of SPSS is that it
can perform almost any statistical analysis.
=ifferent versions of SPSS:
SPSS B C is the SPSS version for minicomputers and mainframe computers.
SPSSDP> E is the SPSS version for =?S %ased computers.
SPSS for 0indows.
SPSS B C can use up to 5$,5!F varia%les in comparison to the F33 that SPSSDP>E, SPSS
for 0indows can use more then F33 varia%les.
SPSS for 0indows has %een derived from the mainframe version and not from
SPSSDP>E version.
1he e-change of files %etween the different versions o f SPSS SPSS) C, SPSSDP>E,
SPSS for 0indows " is handled %y special SPSS files that are create and read with the
I+P?R1 commands. >ommunication with other well);nown P> pac;ages is also
possi%le.
0eGll stic; to SPSS for windows. SPSS for 0indows is an advanced statistical pac;age
designed to run interactively on P> and other computers in a graphical environment,
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Haria%les
/ualitative *conomic status, religion /uantitative &ge, family si#e
2ominal I=, Religion
?rdinal *conomic
status
Interval I/, mar;s
Ratio &ge,
Income
SPSS for Professionals, Researchers & Students
using descriptive menus and simple dialog %o-es to do most of the wor;. +ost tas;s can
%e accomplished simply %y pointing and clic;ing the mouse.
,-at can SPSS do.
=ata entry
+anipulate and manage data
Produce reports and ta%les
Perform simple and comple- statistical analyses
Produce graphical output
SPSS for ,indows! /etting started
Iou can start SPSS either %y Jsing Start menu or %y using Shortcut icon.
Using Start "enu: >lic; on Start menu at the %ottom)left corner of your screen. Point
the cursor to Programs, point the cursor to SPSS for 0indows and then clic; on SPSS
!3.3 for 0indows.
Using S-ortcut icon: =ou%le clic; on Shortcut icon of SPSS !3.3 for windows on the
des;top.
1here are two icons for SPSS if you open it from start %utton"
SPSS for 0indows 1his will %e of our interest"
SPSS production Facility
If we start SPSS for 0indows, the following will %e open. If a dialog %o- appears, clic;
on >ancel or press the *sc ;ey from ;ey %oard. 1he dialog %o- will disappear low
e-isting 0indows is =ata *ditor 0indow.
=ifferent types of important 0indow in SPSS
Data #ditor! 1his is the first window that will appear when you start an SPSS session.
Iou will see the +enu %ar, the tool %ar and other important contents of a data file.
Viewer ,indow: 1he viewer window is where we see the statistics and graphics Bthe
output form the wor; in SPSS. 1he viewer window is also called ?utput window is split
into two parts or panes:
1he ?utline Pane Keft side of the viewer window"
1he =isplay Pane Right side of the viewer window"
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SPSS for Professionals, Researchers & Students
Pivot ta%le: +ost of SPSSGs ta%ular and statistical outputs appear in the viewer in the
form of pivot ta%les. =ou%le clic;ing a pivot ta%le lets edit it.
>hart editor: =ou%le clic;ing a chart in the viewer will open the chart editor. 2ow we can
modify the chart and even the chart type.
Synta- *ditor: & synta- window is a window into which into which we can paste andDor
write SPSS command. 1hen running the synta- on a data file we can get the desired
output. 1o create a new synta- file, follow the steps:
>lic; on File menu from the data window, Point the cursor to 2ew and then clic; on
synta-. & Synta- 0indow will appear".
0e can save the synta- 0indows as well as output 0indow at our desire location simply
%y pressing >trl E S.
Harious 1ypes of Files in SPSS
SPSS reads, creates and writes different types of floes. >onventions for naming, printing,
deleting or saving files and for su%mitting command files for processing differ from one
computer to another or from one operating system to another. 1he following are some
common files availa%le in SPSS. *ach file is used to store a particular type of
information.
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SPSS for Professionals, Researchers & Students
1ypes of file *-tension Purpose
SPSS for data File
or SPSS type file
S&H Stores data along with the descriptive information
of each varia%les and their values
SPSS synta- file or
>ommand file
SPS >ontains various commands and instruction to
perform various tas;s. Sometimes it contains inline
data.
?utput file SP? >ontains outputD results generated after e-ecuting
commands through menu or synta-.

>R*&1I2L & =&1& File in SPSS
& data set is the organi#ed or structured form of information o%tained from e-periments,
surveys or other sources. (efore starting data analysis in SPSS, it is important to %e clear
a%out how the varia%les are recorded for each caseDindividual.
2ote that in the organi#ed or SPSS each column will represent a varia%le and each row
0ill stand for a caseDrespondentDindividual.
2aming a Haria%le:
1he name of a varia%les should %e short and mnemonic. & void using
more than eight characters in naming a varia%le.
Live a la%el for the varia%le so that you can get a portrayal of the varia%le
in the output.
2ow weGll learn how to input data in SPSS. KetGs do create a data file in SPSS using the
information given %ellow:
I= 2ame Religion Se- Region 'eight *ducation +onthly
Income1M"
! Pintu +uslim +ale =ha;a 78 'igher !$3333
$ Nhon >hristian +ale >hittagong 83 Secondar
y
4333
5 +eena +uslim Female (arisal 7$ Secondar
y
9333
6 Ron,on 'indu +ale Mhulna 8! Illisterate 5333
F 'elal +uslim +ale Ra,shahi 7F Primary 7333
7 2ancy >hristian Female =ha;a F9 'igher !!333
8 Radha 'indu Female >hittagong 76 Secondar
y
8333
4 +intu +uslim +ale Ra,shahi F8 Illetarate 6333
9 Romeo >hristian +ale Mhulna 74 Primary FF33
!3 1itu +uslim +ale Sylhet 79 Secondar
y
!3333
Se-: +ale<!,Female<$
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SPSS for Professionals, Researchers & Students
*ducation: Illiterate<3,Primary<!,Secondary<$,'igher<5
2ow e-plore LSS data File @Lussset. Say @
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