1

orfrb mi` hd xec of iee xrRxb wri

exec ipira xtexb awri

2
xrRxb wri
orfrb mi` hd xec of iee
"cpxrRxb" mrpe oarbrbqiex
2006 ,oelwy` - milyexi
3
exec ipira xtexb awri
"xtexb oxw" z`veda
2006 ,oelwy` - milyexi
4
965-7188-32-6 a"zqn

zexeny zeiekfd lk
e"qyz l`xyia qtcp
Printed in Israel, 2006
qetca milyexi ,ze` xev
5
[dpenz]
xrRxb wri
1966-1890
6
rl xrai` oxfg qc - mewipe` o oreerb fi` xrRxb"
oyixbia oheyR mrpe jnq oie` qxrvyR rpf
xrwivpii` xrc oe` xrhyxr xrc oreerb fi` xr f ,hw
xrc x oe riprnexhl oi` hrR xryici xrpxrcn
".dnglnhlree xrhyxr
o cq c
'fixew oe` mewipe` oyieev'
,hv of oe` xrRxb wri 1976
xrc ,wqila ,oreerb wihqb fi` xrRxb wri"
hd jc ,riprnex oe rbpei ic ,fcpe` oyieev xrhqbpi
ohpvpp mev ,rivnx rwihqb ql hxrdrb xr
oe` dpen` xrpraiedrb oe hxrcpedxi qc ,hxrcpedxi
oi` oreerb fi`'q .hxee mrpraixyrb mev ceMdz`xi
rifrR ev oe` llka xehxrhil ev bpeiva qxrRxb wri
hd qee hxee qrcri oe` ,ycewzcer oe qrRr hxa
".ygla dliY oin oreerb fi` mi` oi` orbpif ohrb
lrwprx xf ri l`
rabqie` xrc hin' 'xrcil rprailwrb
,hv of oe` xrRxb wri 1976
7
,eikixrn lk mixfeg jk lr - mewipe` did xtexb awri"
yicii xxeyn didy ,dheytd zitxbeiad dcaerd jnq lr
mlerd zngln iptly dpyid dipnexa ,cigie oey`x ,ipxcen
".dpey`xd
o cq ac
'feixewl mewipe` oia'
,epnfe ezeiyi` ,xtexb awri 976 1
xzeia xirvd ,wtq ila ,ziytp dpigan did xtexb awri"
,jiiy did okitlrs`e ,dipnex ly mixirvd ,eplek oian
dpen` ly d`nd ,dxyr ryzd d`nd l` ,zipgex zenck
ly ezyiba did .daezkd dlnl ceak z`xi ly qgie dnnex
l` qgid on edyn hxta dxiyle llka zextql xtexb awri
oin dzid eytpa zxncfn dzidy dln lke ,ycewd zcear
".ygla dlitz
lwpxt xf ri l`
z`ved mr' 'mixgap mixiy
,epnfe ezeiyi` ,xtexb awri 1976
8
hldpi`
orbpevyR oe` zepexkf
13 / xrRxb wri :lwia dnly
21 / hpee xryilaniq :siqi .a
ryici ic oe` xrRxb wri :di .a .`
25 / riprnex oi` xehxrhil
ad ji` iee xrRxb wri :yilyiaiil dix
40 / hprwrb mi`
50 / xrRxb wri obree zepexkf :yilyhieeaiil dnly
53 / xrRxb wri obree zepexkf :ewxin qeixn
65 / yhprn xrc xrRxb wri :xryl `xfr
72 / jif orwprcrb qee oxi :oiaex oe`x
okixhy - xrRxb wri :hlalbiRy .
81 / hiiwkrlprfxrR of ev

xrRxb wri oe qrnrR iieev

95 / diq
101 / brh rhqxreey oi`
9
mipipr okez
zekxrde zepexkf
117 / xtexb awri :lwia dnly
123 / ilniq axr :siqei .a
126 / dipnexa yicii zextqe xtexb awri :dti .a .`
138 / eizxkdy itk xtexb awri :yilyiail dix`
146 / xtexb awri zece` zepexkf :yil'uiaeail dnly
148 / xtexb awri zece` zepexkf :ewxin qeixn
157 / xtexb awri ly ezencl :xyiilt `xfr
163 / zegkyp izla mipy :oiaex oae`x
170 / ezeiyi`l mieew - xtexb awri :hlalbity .`

xtexb awri ly zen`et izy

181 / el aiaqe icedid
187 / xzeia miywd minia
10
11
zepexkf oe` orbpevyR
12
mrc ueg ,jea owihvi` mrpi` ox oriib qee ohqwrh ic
qxrRxb wri oe obxhx orprf ,siqi .a oe hprnbx
mrc l`xUi oi` hrncieerb hd rn qee ,ohpee sie` cpx
mrpi` orpiyxrc orprf iif oe rkrlhr .hrR mrpe wprcp
cpa hv of oe` xrRxb wri c oxree oe` (1976 oelwy`)
.orbpexrcpr rpiilw hin p qc oe hkxarb
13
lwia dnly
xrRxb wri
*
yiprnex xrc obree bh ev hpd hcrx orn oree
lnrfrb qc orpif oi` orn hd xehxxrhil xryici
yxnxn oe` riaxqra ,rpieewea oe xryyici
dnglnhlree xrhyxr xrc jp jif hd qee ,hrbiq
yici ic oyrb oe` riprnexqiexb oi` oailwrbie`
oe` uieepxryh oi` ,hyrxwea oi` oxrhprv ryixxrhil
.eerpryrw oi`
xryixxrhilyici f ,zn` rwh qc fi`
ryici xi` oree ,oxeerb hyxr riprnex fi` xrhprv
ovpieexR rp ic oe qelyp okxec hd bpexrwlra
.zeyp oilin oRpw oe lv xrc ev fia hkiixbxrc
hin 1918 oe riprnex rpiilw ic f ,jie` fi` zn` xra
oiiw ovpb oi` hip fi` oci hpfieh hxrcped xc rxi`
hlree xrhyxr xrc xr `weec .llg xryixxrhilyici
xrpiilw xrc oi` hiiwyixryyici jif hd dngln
* .miyely ic ev hxee
lwi a dnly
14
xryici xrc oi` qelyp ev ohrb qix riprnex
.xehxrhilhlree
hl xc oad 1914 xi oe xranrvrc oi`
iax ihn xegadiyi xrc) hlrbpei ryiprnex -
onclee mix hprcehq xrc ,xrbeey of ,yhieep
xrc ,hrhiqxreeipe` xrqi oe xrhxiecxb xrc oe`
oarbevqiex oaiedrbp xrRxb wri xrhkic
ornp ohin hixyxilhxr hkil hkrx hin ow qee ,
xrpxrcn xrc oe aiidp xrc iee oxree hpkrxx
mrc h ev miYey .riprnex oi` xehxrhilyici
rbev xrc oreerb orprf riprnex oi` aiidp oyixxrhil -
xrc oe` iwqpyha wri riaxqra oe xrprnew
.oiaex oe`x xrln xryici xrhqEeea hpd
hd qee ,xebi ryixxrhil rlxhprv ic xra
rx xraxqra oe` xrpieewea ic oe mewp ma -
oe liih oxeerb fi` oe` riprnexhl hxihprfrxR
erb fi` ,riprnexqiexb xryixryyici xrp xrc ore
.xrRxb wri
oi` 1934 xi oi` qiex hyxr fi` xrcil jea qpf
,hyrxwea .oiihy oe ohy oi` oailarb fi` qc ,b
.oarl of a orpiyxrc fi` qee qpf jea rwivpii` qc
hyxr hkxarbqiex xrRxb hd xrcil jea qc [...]
hd riprnexqiexb qee xi 22 ic oe xi ohpvkrf oi`
xrRxb wri
15
cil of oe` xrhkic xrc fi` xrleRR xra ,hxihqifwr
orv hin hrR ohlrf iee riprnexoiilw oi` oreerb
xrhkic ryiprnexyicii .hpw of sie` xrkiaxrcil
sie` hvrfrbxrai` xrcil qxrRxb oe jq oad
hxinlwrc oe` hpriilrb hd hpbei ryicii oe` yiprnex
yicii sie` jie` oe` bpevrfxrai` xryiprnex oi` xrcil ic
hip oad qee ,ic oe` .rivRixwqpxh xryiphl oi`
mi` hin jif oe` oxrRxb oe hqEeerb jie` oad ,hpriilrb
xryihqipeiv ev mewpx qxrRxb .orneprbxrai`
hqixba ln rl fi` bpelnfx xryicii mYq xrc
oe ohprnqiclR ic xrhpe` xrvifx mrc oe oxeerb
.mler mrc
lrxehlew jie` oe` lpivp ,ocii ryiprnex ic
oe` .oxrRxb hin orneprbxrai` jif oad ,rhxiliniq
yicii xrpxrcn xrhyxr xrc oreerb fi` xr .hkrx hin
hl xrc sie` oxeerb oxiearb fi` qee ,xrhkic
jif hd qee ,hxc oe xrhyxr xrc ,cxr xryiprnex
xrc) yicii x snw oyiciihlree ohin hrda
oi` hwiliiha 1908 oi` jif hd xrRxb xrwixriovk
xrc hin oe` (urxrpwjxRy xrvieepxryh xrc
xrc oreerb fi` xr .hlree xrc oi` hiiwyixry xryicii
mev hd qee ,cii xrprbievxrcyiprnex xrwivpii`
,qxraxyocii rxrcp wilcprv rkrlhr oe ciyxrhpe`
lwi a dnly
16
rnn sie` xp yiprnex sie` hip oaxy orneprb
.oeyl
xrhnixa xrc ,"cploklee oe hiig" xrc
oxeerb oxiearb hip fi` ,xrbpn wivi` xecaexhyicii
hkxarb mi` oad rnnrhh rpf .riprnexhl oi`
fi` xrRxb wri .deevinxa oe xrhlr oi` qi oiiw
oe` oreerb xwn oxrbpn hd qee ,xryhxr xrc oreerb
.xrcil rpf oheb mev hpinrbR
wixev xi wiqxc hin ji` ad - xrRxb wri"
riveexrfrx mey o hpd qc ow oe` oaixyrb
;orpiba xrc oreerb xryyicii ql fi` - oxfgxrai`
rwihqb ql ,hiprf xrc - hprbilrhpi` xryicii ql
oyiprnexhl mrpe bh xrvpb xrc - hiiwkrlprfxrR
".ueaiw oyicii

xin fi` oxi xrwiqxc aiidp ic oi` urbxr

qxrRxb wri oi` dry rkrlhr oleex ev ornewrbqie`
yiprnexhl xrc sie` orldin lhrhyoxiearb
oe` urprxb xrc xrai` oRy .urprxb xrpieewea
lhrhy xrpieewea mrc oi` ox ox ocii xrprldin
oi` fi` qee ,xehwepn o` jif oiew oe` hrxrq
;xrpry i` oe` xrwilia i` dpicn qd"xiw xrprfreerb
xrRxb wri
17
oRk ocii xrhrxrq oe` urprxb xrc xrai` wixev oRy
oqrR orwprypee xrprldin ic oe mrpii` oi` ox jif
oe` (oliew sie` ohxarb yiil) "wyen" oheb
on xb ,xrc xrhyrac oheb hin orwpixhx
a orldin fi` hxR mrc oi` .oee xrxphw ,xgend
xrc xra ,riprnexhl dleM oreerb urprxb xrc
xrle of oi` oreerb jp fi` xrbiihy xrnexyicii
xrpivilb oe` xrpieeweaoev ic oi` iee ax
.jrlhrhy
rnq oi` jp xrbiihy oyicii ornex mrc h oe
xrc sie` hyxwir xrc) jrlhrhy ryieecln ic oi` ila
oqweerbqiex fi` (riaxqra oe` rpieewea oe urprxb
hwexcrb hd qee ,xrRxb wri xrwixil xryicii xrc
xrpliee xrc oi` yf xrcil rpf hlree ryicii .
cxb ji` ad orldin oi` dry rkrlhr rpn oi`
xrhwrcrbxrai` uxeey xrc .dieel sie` oxhrbp
- oex okp .mipwf ic oe qrviilR ic sie` - oex
rpaixc hpRy oarpc oe` ,mieeln rkrlhr rhliivrb
mil ic oe xriexh mrc xp hip qiex hxy oe` lcii
owicpaxhyR o oe xriexh mrc jie` yega xp
.lhrhy
oreerb fi` qr oe` lnid oie` ohrb wew ad ji`
:'xg ev' oxrleRR qxrRxb oi` iee
lwi a dnly
18
ovila ic oe` ,hiiwxlw of lnid xrc hd oxielx
cla oxree ev mrxehy mrc hin oryxhq iif
...xR
oe` ,obrx ofiia hin hryxhqrb hd lnid xrc
ic xrhpe` fi` xriexh xrc xra ,hpbrxrb hip hd'q
ad ji` oe` ,oxeerb xrhkicrb jp qpwlee rvxeey
.lhrhy oi` dieel rhvrl ic fi`'q f lirb qc hdrb
hilRdzix`y hd qc rvpb xw ev obxhrb d
.dlidw ryicii
dgRyn oiiw mbd) qxrRxb oreerb fi` lhrhy qc
oe` oaxhyrb rnnrhh .hdrb hip hxc xr hd
,oid oe` .(hxrcpeerbqie` oiil xr jie` oe` miexw rl
oe` xcg oe hiiwihqb of hin ,lhrhy mrpri ev
xrcilqwl oe` jrlkiadUrn qrnn oe ,yxcndzia
lehwrlrhpi` xryicii xrhxipix xrc hwprarb hd
mev ,leewxe` oyicii mev riblhqp ic .xrRxb wri
:cil qxrRxb oe eeihnhpexb xrc oreerb fi` ,lhrhy
jp hxc mrpii` oi` ,xg on ,hpwrb xin ohlee
,ovif
,ovipyx jif orlhh oe` oliivxrc jif zeiUrn oe`
oe` iela oxeerb hxc p'q oe hlee lnid xrc
...xlw

xrRxb wri
19
ocpeax jif ad ji` qee ,oxrRxb wri ad ji`
xrhyrxwea rpn oi` hycpx xrhprp oi` mi` hin
aiidp riprnex oe xqiex on hpif orfrb hip ,oxi
oree ,orprbrba ev mi` hin jif hdrb ad ji` .1939
okee rkrlhr hkxax wixev xi iieev hin ad ji`
hd qee ,xrRxb fi` hlnrc cxb xra .l`xUi oi`
sie` oreerb ,l`xUi oi` xi rkrlhr hpif hpieeerb oiey
.oilxra oi` rfx
hreerplRrb oe` oaixyrbkxec jif oad xin
fixR oi` xrc (bplx of hiel) oiee oi` mewiepev
ev hyip fi` mewiepev xrc xra .(blyx on hiel)
orbpelwrb hd obxnix mrpii` oi` .ornewrb cphy
ad ji` oe` lrhd xrfixR on oi` orlrh xrc
hxrya hip fi`'q f .mihy qxrRxb wri hxrdxrc
,hbfrb xr hd ,orprbrba jif olf xrnipR rxrfcpe`
hd qpf lew qc .zelew rxrfcpe` yhk qc olf
rciia .hywpra hin le oe` jiiee ,mrxee orbpelwrb
.oxrxh hin hwihyrb jif oad orlrh oxrai` xrcrx
hiiwnfpii` of hpnxrc hepin rkrlhr oi` hd xrRxb
oyegin ic ,(onl o oreerb xi 34 rhvrl ic x fi` xr)
rn Eee ,l`xUizpicn hin ciix ic oe` mi` oxrhn qee
xrc .hyhprp hin oe` wivxd orneprbie` mi` hd
mrpie` ma hlixrc hyhprp ic xr hd hyxwir
lwi a dnly
20
x if xr hd ief) ycewdxir xrc oi` ,milyexi oi`
.(hxihprnilRnw xin
ryixry ic xra .hblRrb mi` oad oyegin ic
hiixbrb jif hd xr oe` jee oreerb fi` rivian
oarbevqiex hip rpf oe bpelnf rqiexb rhiieev
.xrcil rhiixRyrv olpxeyf xrai` xrc rhwexcrb
miwqr obree oxrbqiex xrRxb fi` xranreep seq
,wihpn oxeerb xhip ohxc fi` oe` oilxra oiiw xrciee
hkxarb orn hd oex of .1966 xranrvrc oh12 mrc
ohq25 mrc ,wihpef oreerb xew mi` oe` l`xUi oiiw
rhvrl qc hkxax hd xr Eee ,dig oi` xranrvrc
76 oreerb hl fi` xr .lnxM oie` rixhpq oi` xi
.xi
sie` hlrb hflrbxrai` xr hd d`eev xrc oi`
xryicii oe riblhp o oe` mizM rpf oarbevqiex
xfril` xraxy mrc oe rivwcrx xrc xrhpe` bpehkic
.lrwprx
21
siqi .a
hpee xryilaniq
*
rb xrkrlcinxrcne` xrc oreerb fi` qee ,ield x"c -
oe zelibn oe` ohrnxR ryici ic oe xrhidR xrhpxrl
orlnfeviepev oreerb gilvn 1932 xrhpiee hd ,riprnex
okrlhypqiee oyici mrc mex olrehwrlrhpi` rkrlhr
fiela oi` hd hehihqpi` xrwifc xrc .eei - hehihqpi`
o ,hprnepnxehlew hlrhyrbie` oxi rkrlhr
hd oe` ,rRxii` oi` ohypqiee ryici oe rinrcw
hyrxwea hxreeilbx xrfcpe` oi` jie` hprrb
oi` .ield x"c jxec hxirbp oreerb fi` qee ,rivwrq
zepexkf oxrd ev ornewrbiepev xin orprf hpee o mrpii`
rkRr xrc obree ,xr ohprp oe cfiRr o obree hkil
oyieev .xrRxb wri oreerb fi` xrpcrx xrc .qi oi`
wri hrR xrc ,xrqi rkrlhr oreerb orprf fcpe`
dnyp ,uprbilrhpi` oe xve` o ,lwia x"c ,bxrapxrhy
* :xrRxb .i obree jea qiqi .a oe bevqie` o
B. Iosif, Nostalgia ghettoului evreesc, Bucuresti, 1934, pp.10-12
si qi . a
22
olehwrlrhpi` rRexb oe` ,xehlew xryici oe`
rxriif owipifa lf qee hiidprbpbx wicpkef
xrhqr sie` olrhywree iif ,orbpearxhy rlrxehlew
.rfa
.ocrx orneprb hd xrRxb
ic "harlrbxrai`" oad qee rkrlhr ic ,xin
rkRr hkil qee , qc ln rhyxr'q hxrdxrc oad
oe clee mrpe hxirbqiex cil oe` hxee ryici
orprf xin ,oxrRxb wri wpc dxivi xrfcpe`
mrc fcpe` x oarlie` of jxec oxeerb hxrcexrbie`
ohvrl mrc oe` hrRni` oyilbpi mrc ,orRilk oyicpiw
.riprnex oi` rifrR xryici xrc oe cxw
oie` jif wicpRkiex ,hrR xrc xrRxb oe`
fi` ,zepexkf rkrlprfxrR rpf oe jrRrhseyiM
oad qr Eee ohpfixd ic ev hee hrd obielrbwree
ic ,xin .rifrR of oe orbplwR ic hklidrb
,jrRrh mrpe owr xi ic oi` jif wicpRkp ,qxrxrdev
orwpefrbpx oe` okiid ic oi` obielrbhin mi` hin orprf
,hiiwyixrry oe oleew ic ev ,ornedY ic oi` mi` hin
ln hin oe` .mi` x fiela hwrlRhp jif oad qee
qc hd rn ;oiip ?1400 oi` ?Eee ...orperb jif xin oad
hd ohxc oe lee ,fcpe` ev hkxarb 1400 xi rwifc
qee ,bpey xrc oe cxw xrhyxr xrc obievrb jif
hpe e xryi lani q
23
wri jxec hwrlRhp jif qn xrle xi` oi` hd
rkRr xrc oi` oxrRxb hkil .
xrc iee wicpxrd hhyiMa rl oreerb orprf xin
mrcr rprciyx hcpiax oe` hRipwx xrRxb hrR
.hprb hyip hd fcpe` oe xrpiiw qee oe` o sie`
,ohprnewc ,qpbiea rhlrbx ,rhkiyrb xrhrla
jif oad xr oyici mrpe oyiprryrb rwihela ,zelibn
xin .lrR qhrR mev oiil jif oe iee oailwrbiepev
ocpiax ciix qxrRxb wpc f hlirb hlnrc oad
oi` ohw iix jif orlhiiwx ,jif oRipwx ,jif
fcpe` x jif hwrlRhp mex ief oe` ,xcq oqieerb
mrc oe clia qc jie` iee ,orprf xin qee oe clia le
mrc sie` oyrb hd xrRxb .of oliee xin qee
oi` xehlew xryici xrc oe frhpiq ic hpee owifc
qie` xrc geMn rldUrn'q oreerb fi` qc .riprnex -
rkrlbrhbh rpf hin ci oyieecln mrpe bpenrxe
oe` bpeaiidxrc ,ex oe ohprnn ic ,orlbpxrb oe` obxf
oreerb wihprw fi` orxrx owicpxfgxrai` mrpi` .ehmei
xrc x lbpxrb ,hqrnx xrhbprxhyrbp o
.bpefiilxrc xrwihqb xrprbii`
rl jif xin oad oxeerb obieeyhp fi` xr oree
hin ornfev yih mrc mex wicpvif hRkrbie`
oyixhqid sie` jif orn hd hlrhyrbR .oxrRxb
si qi . a
24
fia bree xrc oe` ,breeciiy hkil oreerb jp fi`
.xrhee
cpe` oe xrpii` hdrb oiey hd qee yhprn ,f
a of qee ,"qrwipxw ic oe aiehy ic oflarb" -
oe obreene` ic sie` xcqM hxirb mi` hd bpewihry
:oexrbR hlnrc jif hd ,oeeikx ryixhqid
rb oi` wilapx xryixhqid xrih xq - -
ane` jp leexrc fi` hha xriif qee oyiprry -
!hnihy
.ield x"c oreerb fi` qc
wicleeb fcpe` hd hxrdrb oad xin qee qc
orbpbrv fi` dnyp xrfcpe` .hyxxrai` oe` hpiehyxrc
fcpe` hd qee ,xr oyici mrc owrlRhp ma ciix oe
xryipnxd xi` oi` ,hlyixwrv orfrbqie` hlnrc fia
.bpewihlhyrb
qc fcpe` ev Rx fi` hpee owifc mrc sie`
hd qee ,riprnex oe dnyp xryici xrc oe cil rhyxr
.yiprqrbx oe zelb mrpi` hlnrc fia orperb jif
25
di .a .`
xrRxb wri
riprnex oi` xehxrhil ryici ic oe`
*
qee ,cil qc oxixrcpiw rpn hpif wprcrb ji`
:orbpif hbrl ,dkxal epexkf ,rhh xrc
riexb olin ,hrxrq oe brxa
!xriexb xrn jp xrplin xrc oe`
- xrhqiexb xrc ohpw ic oi`
.xrhqielw xrhyrpila hlnixc
oxi hxrcped spi oi` oiey fi`'x
oxrb i` orbpbrb i`
oxi ic oi` oiey oreerb oe`
mrxeh oe` lhy oe` hiiwiliid
oxvpR x ,ohclq x
...oxcpyf qxp dxiw x oe`
qr ad oe` hxrdrb h ji` ad cil rwifc qc
p mi` hd xree oqiiee xra ,wipiieepqie` sie` hprwrb -
* :oi` ,"fxRxrRxb" oe bpeliihx xrc a hxee dipnex hay ,
.1979 uxn
di .a . `
26
,xrcil qxrRxb lee .hqEeerb hyip ji` ad oaixyrb
hyip orprf ,xrcilqwl rhailrb rl jrlhpiieerb iee
xrcil xp ,orpriil `weec hbrl rn qee rklrf oreerb
jxec lien ev lien oe orbpbrbxraix orprf qee
rcil ic oe liih xrpiilw fiela .rivicxh xrkrlcpin x
hd xrRxb f ,jc oqiiee rl .oxeerb hwexcrb orprf
) bpelnf rwivpii`oii` xp oarl ma oarbrbqiex oi`
oiihy oe ohy ryixxrhil oi` oe` (1934 hyrxwea ,
.cil owexc hflrb oree ohlrf jie` xr hd ohixyhv
,xrcil rpf hprwrb oci xrhpfieh oad obreehqrc oe
ryixxrhil sie` hixhie` rpf wpc xwir xrc
xrcil ic oe jq x wifen oaixyrb hd rn .ohpee
xrc xree wicpqiee hyip xb orbpefrb iif hd rn oe`
:hyzecr qlwia dnly ornrpp orprw xin .fi` xagn
oi` oreerb cil of oe` xrhkic xrc fi` xrleRR"
xrkiaxrcil orv hin hrR ohlrf iee riprnexoiilw
oe jq oad xrhkic ryiprnexyicii .hpw of sie`
ryicii oe` yiprnex sie` hvrfrbxrai` xrcil qxrRxb
oi` xrcil ic hxinlwrc oe` hpriilrb hd hpbei
oi` yicii sie` jie` oe` bpevrfxrai` xryiprnex
hip oad qee ,ic oe` .rivRixwqpxh xryiphl
mi` hin jif oe` oxrRxb oe hqEeerb jie` oad ,hpriilrb
xryihqipeiv ev mewpx qxrRxb .orneprbxrai`
ri prne x o i ` xe hxrhi l ryi c i i c o e ` xrRxb wri
27
hqixba ln rl fi` bpelnfx xryicii mYq xrc
oe ohprnqiclR ic xrhpe` xrvifx mrc oe oxeerb
".mler mrc
xrc oe` yxei xrc oreerb xrRxb fi` orpif mrc oi`
qee qxrbpifqwl ic ,oxecaexh ryici ic oe jynd
rxriif orbpefrb oe` hx ev hx oe hxrcpeerb oad
oad xrcil rxriif oe` .zepezg oe` zegniU sie` xrcil
oe` qpkiivprw rlrecieeicpi` rxriif oxielx llMjxca
qee ,xrcilqwl rnipp oi` hlcpeex jif oad
of ,uxd oyici mrpe oebip mrc jif oi` obxhrb oad
.bpeprd oe` hywpra of ,ciil oe` ciix
,reecln oi` orldin oi` xrprxiearb ,xrRxb
oreerb fi` ,rivilb oe rwinhyR oxrhlr oe oef xrc
oiey hd mrc obree .yhprn xrwihx o ovpb oi`
hd qee ,siqi .a xryhhx xrxhrb of hliivxrc
) rifrR of obree yiprnex sie` jea oarbrbqiex ic
hrb oyici mrpe riblhqp :(1934 hyrxwea ,
orbplwR hkxarb xrRxb hd rifrR of oi`"
wicpfxRy yhprn oyici mrpe dnyp xryixil xrc oe
hiidcpiw ic .reecln oe xrclr oe` qrwpl ic xrai`
oi` orperb oad oci oyipeecln mrpe hpbei oe`
hryRrb hd qee ,xec xrc .hrR xriif xrRxb
iivpx oe` xryiprnex xrc oe xrclr ic sie` xryif
di .a . `
28
jif icM rbx sie` hlrhyrbR jif hd ,xehxrhil
qee ,oxixrcpiw ic oe jxRy xrqif xrc ev oxrdevev
xrc oe xrclia hlnrbqie` hd hrR xrc xi` oi`
ohiarb rl oe` xcg mrpe ,orxrliRy ic oe ,miid
".oarl oyici mrpe
ic hlnrbqie` xp hyip xrcil rpf oi` hd xr
ohrb qc hd xr xp ,cplniid of oe ohycpl
hin hpbepba hyip jif hd xr .oe` oyici xb sie`
xr ,hycpl xrc hin of dign jif eeihlRnrhpw
ic ,hiiwxahkex oe ceq mrc" oiibxrc hleerb hd
xehp rpf orprf xxrc oe` ."sya oe zeceq
xp ohprnbxwpcrb" oiiw oreerb hyip orbpeaxya
."olieewyR xrc orbpfrbaiel
iilxrl hin ohqnx yixrry jif hd xrRxb
rclaqwl xrc oe ,qxrpyf ryiRr oe` ryixil
ryiRr fia orlhiRwmilidY oe ,cilrail mrc fia
iee rl iif oi` hwrlRhp jif hd xr oe` ,ohprnbx
mixewnxehlew ic oe wicpRry ,hrR xryici xrhkr o
mi` fi` xxrc .wl of oe oleewrivnr oe`
q bree of sie` ci owihx mrc ohiilba ev orbpelrb
xrwihqb oe qrbx ic oi` q ,hrax of zra
hin oe` jif hin zecceazd of zra q ,bpeaiedxrc
,'zegilq' cil mrpi` hbpif lew of iee h .hb of
ri prne x o i ` xe hxrhi l ryi c i i c o e ` xrRxb wri
29
ox hrR mrc hxi yxn of hiel qee cil
of wpc rifrRhlree xrc oe megY mrpi`
hiiwpclrbp ,hiiweeiqrxRqwr ,hiiwih ,hiiwlpibix
:ohprnrlr rlrpivicxh hin
t jic bf / ,xrnef ehqxrd ,orn hRlw zegilq"
/ ,ornela oiiw hip orn halw wiaii` / ,ociix rpc oe
hip oef ic hree wiaii` // .ocrob xrc hip hila cinY
hkp x hrRy / ,ohelb rxi` hin hiexlRxeR / oln
xrn hip // .ohepin rkrlwilb qrail / ,ordry rhvrl ic
oi` ,bpl / ,ohiila ohpee rliw / xrcilolbihkp
.ohiil rlrdxralif qie` iee / oxilx jic ,hiiwlihy
xin hiiwaixh rnehy / owila rpc olxhy ryf qee //
ix / xrhrla rlrb oryfcpla ryf qee / ?obrw
/ hrne` oi` hihx oef ic oe` // ?obree ic sie` olrb
oi` hnieeyx qr xrcii` / ,wixev aixh xrn oe hwew
".wila xrhvrl xrhpiieex xi` / qphy
yici wihxpbii` o oyrb jie` hd xrRxb wri
oe ohpw ic oi` oxeerb orneprbp fi` qee ,oeyl
oe qxraxy jq a qr hpirb rn qee oe` riprnex
.rxrbpi iix a jie` iee xec of
o hin wihvklb jif hcpiax ornp qxrRxb
oi` lhrla wihkrxR x jif hin hlrhy qee cfiRr
:riprnex oi` xehxrhil xryici xrc oe rhkiyrb xrc
di .a . `
30
hixyhv xrc oe orpyxrc qc hkil xrc zra
.dnglnhlree xrhyxr
oin hv xrc oi` hrcpixbrb orn hd qi oi`
.'ldiapih' ornp ohin bpecliaqwl x hylrfrb
,ohylrfrb rkrlpr oe orneprb jif hd ornp xrc
mrpe hieh okp cplbpr oi` hlrhyrbie` hd rn qee
,ohxc .1883 oi` iapih clpx xhnxrxlivq
ohprcehq xwir xrc oreerb qc orprf ,cplbpr oi`
icM ,ohrhiqxreeipe` rprciiyx oi` hrcpixbrb oaelw
xrc hin ornrpx ev jif ohprcehq ic oRehyevxrhpe`
ic .oqn ic oyieev bpeclia oe` oqiee oe bpehiixRyx
rklrf oe` rRxii`gxfin fia orbpbxrc fi` rrci`
,riprnex oe` rivilb oi` ornewrbie` orprf qee ,oaelw
iapih' ornp mrc ryilbpr ic iee ief obxhrb oad -
xr qee oaelw ic obree hliivxrc lwia dnly .'ld
.uieepxryh oe` iinlw oi` hpbei of oi` hprwrb hd
oe` hlrbpei rhrcliarb ornewrbiepev orprf ohxc
qr oe` "wl mev oiib" ev liv ohin qxreh ryihqipeiv
iee qrivwrl ryixxrhil oe` rkrlhypqiee hin ofRy
qee ,ohpee ryixxrhil ic sie` .ornxbxRwifen jie`
orn hbrl ,oaelw rwifc ic oi` ornewrbx orprf
,qxraxy ryicii rhqra ic oe orbpey orpriilx
.rxrcp oe` wilia ,orfiix ,uxR ,mkilrmely
ri prne x o i ` xe hxrhi l ryi c i i c o e ` xrRxb wri
31
ornewrbpx orprf dnglnhlree xrhyxr xrc xr
oad qee hlrbpei rkrlhr ldiapih xrqi mrpi`
oreerb fi` xrRxb wri .bpeyyici ic olhdrb xrh
ohxc oe` ,aelw oe qxriibpx rwicprhy ic oyieev
o oe ,onclee mix` hin hprwa jif xr hd
cinlY jp hlnrc ,dgRyn xryici xrhlvxeerbp`
,yhieepiax rihn hin oe` ,rifpnib xrwihx xrc oi`
nfhrax ,xrprciiya ,sixg oe` iwa ,xega xr
dxg xc ic oe .yici sie` xrcil oaixyrb hd qee
rpiilw oarbevqiex eeihivipi` ic hnhyrb hd
oi` .bpeyyici xrbpei xrc hrncieerb hixyhv
,iwqpyha wri orphyrbev iif ev orprf mex hv
oe hhyhRied xreercln xrc oi` xrprnewrb
oxree hnixa hree qee) yhieewilrf oe`x ,riaxqra
edizYn oe` ,(oiaex oe`x xrln xrc iee xrhrRy oxi
qxrpiyfix xrc oe oef qpiax xrceyfc mrc ,oncix
hRkx fi` ,"bree oklb mrpe Rx fi`" qee ,dgRyn
hd dgRyn of oe` xehxrhil xrkrlhlree jxec oxeerb
iieev oxhrb hd lxeb xryibxh .oqiehyrbR mi`
oaxhyrb fi` oncix edizYn :rRexb xrc oe oyhprn
mix` oe` dnglnhlree xrhyxr xrc zra qeih oe
jxec hpx oie` oxeerb hrbxdrb fi` onclee
haxya yhieepiax rihn .liewohnxd xryiyhc
di .a . `
32
oi` hwexcrb 'oclrd' lwihx of oi` hkil ricrbxh ic
rl sie` hnrwrb oad qee ohclq ryici ic oe
oad ln oe` ,oriinx rprciiyx ic oi` ,ohpx
orperb jif eli oe` rxrcp ic sie` rpii` oqyrb
...ohiieev mrc obrw xrpii` mipRl`mipR wicpnrw
jif oad ldiapih oe ohiiwihrhxehlew ic oree
rbev rRexb ic fi` ,hlwieehp jif oe` hxifilhqixwqie` -
oarbevqiex wpcrb mrc okrlwxieex mev ohxh
.hixyhv ryixxrhil rpiilw
hrd rhyxr ic hkil xranrvrc oi` orpiyxrc fi`
cil qxrRxb ,rxrcp oyieev ,ox orprf xi` oi` .1914
mev bpfrbaiel oin ,'iaMnd dcedi oe ohy ma'
oe lwihx xrhpnxrc oaie` xrc ,xrnrwhiidx
rlrwpi oe ohrilr ,'oclrd' ,yhieepiax rihn
bpeliivxrc ,lrhqrn wri oe xrcil ,(iwqpyha .i)
yixihq jie` iee ,onclee mix` oe cil oe`
hin oaixyrbxrhpe`) yhieepiax rihn oe cil
xriif oreerb fi` qee ,"xhnlwrc xrc" (mipceerqR
iilx qr hbrl rn oe` hv xrc oi` xrleRR sie` orpr
.orbpenrpxrhpe` ryixxrhil rprciiyx
oe qxrhraxhin rwicprhy ic hkil oreerb orprf
ornewrbev orprf ln ev ln oe oe` qxrcpixb ic
jif hd qee ,eqif .l .` lynl iee ,qxraxyhqrb
ri prne x o i ` xe hxrhi l ryi c i i c o e ` xrRxb wri
33
orpiyxrc orprf qr .hrd xrhiieev xrc oi` hwiliiha
.e"rxz dpydyx xr rhvrl ic - ohrd xi lMdjq
hyip ornepx jif oad rRexb xrc oe xrcilbhin ic xp
hxifipbx oad iif ,ohrd ic oarbqiex hin fiela
f ,jif hkc'q .riprnex upb xrai` ohpee ryixxrhil
xryici hin lhrhy iv hhy oiiw oreerb hyip fi`'q
ohpee ic sie` .hkefa hyip oad iif qee bpexrwlra
ryixxrhil rprciiyx orpriilx orn hbrl
ryixrlhqpiw olrhyx ,ohxrrx ohld ,ohqwrh
ev liv ohin ohrb orn hd ul qc .ornxbxR
.oqn ic oyieev xehlew ryici ic ohiixRyx
ic hkil ryiblrci` oiiw oreerb hyip orprf dxg
edizYn oe` yhieepiax rihn ,iif oe iieev - ohqiyici
zngn q ohqirxard rhkr" oreerb eli orprf oncix
xrkrlprfxrR xriif hiel q ,yxcnzia oi` orpxrl xriif
.(oef qryhieepiax rihn ,iax wri hbf ief) "bpebiip
oad iif lee ,yici sie` oaxy ev oqlya oad iif
xrhqwivep oe` xrhqvxiw xrc fi` qc f orphyx
oad iif mi` ev qee xeaiv oyici mrpe uxd mev bree
oe blrci` xrc ,oncix edizYn .okiixbxrc hleerb
ic hrd xrhixc xrc oi` hlcpda hd ,rRexb xrc
f hprwxrp ohxc hd xr .snwpkxRy oe rnrh
yirxard qee ,wl oyici mrpe jxRy rwiliid ic fi`
di .a . `
34
fi` if ,ohxreexehlew rpf orphyp orprf xi` oi`
oe wilb oe` yfxew hin ,hqbhiidx hin hRfrbp
.ohv rhl ic yici jxRy rkrlbrhbh ic fi` xra
ic ,wl oe hiidxrn xrc jxec hviprb hxree qee
iif ;hnelg oe` hkxh wl qc xi` oi` qee jxRy
.yici sie` oaxy ev oqlya xxrc xwir xrc oad
qrwinrlR rwihlnrc ic obree hqrbx rn oree
xrR oyixhqid oi` dewY ic hkxha rn oe` -
f orprwxrp orn fen ,eeihwrRq hkil rbqie` hd -
lhinvey iee rlx rlpivp rwihkiee hli
ul hwxieerb hd qee qrvxRrivliniq mrc obrw
hd if hpif uprbilrhpi` xryici xrc a xrwxhy
xrc oe ornrx ic oi` oxixbrhpi` jif oaiedrbdp
inrlR .hiiwyixrry xryixxrhil xryiprnex w
hixyhv xrc oi` hxirb jif hd rnrh xrc xrai` ic
bpeprd oyiciyiprnex mrc oe` oncix edizYn oyieev
hxiwh wxhy hd oncix .wxrc qwilr xraxy
,rwiex") rivliniq ev bpebiip of ,bpelrhy qwxrc
ev orbpEeevrb mi` hd oe` ("?wree ehqia oidEee ,rwiex
.qrifeli` oiiw o ,fi` xr iee ief vn mrc orf
riprnex oi` rqrxR oe` xehxrhil xryici xrc oi`
dewY ic" wexcqie` xrc oxeerb orneprbp fi` "hkil ,
xrhpe` xeyxa oarbrbqiex eli hd ipenl .R oe`
ri prne x o i ` xe hxrhi l ryi c i i c o e ` xrRxb wri
35
orprf iv ,rbx ic jif hlrhy qr .1933 oi` lhih mrc
ohrd xi rwifc ic hkil iee oxree ev hkxha iex
iax wri ?riprnex oi` oci oe rhkiyrb xrc oi` dewY
:haxy xr .iex hyip orprf iif f hpiin
oi`" hkil if oe` ,dewY oiiw orfrb hyip orn hd
o oreerb xra fi` if ,dewY oiiw hprrb hip hd
drRyd xi` obree ocrx brn rn .cfiRr xrhpqrxrhpi`
,oyhprn jq qee orpif mrpi` xp rivxiRqpi` xrc
hkxha oad ,dpgn xrlpivp xrc oi` xwir xrc
oe orpyxrc qc hkil xnelM xrc f feea iee -
oi` ueaiw xryici xrprphyrbR ,'xryivx`dmr' xrhy
of xp hip oe` oy ev qrRr lbeqn jie` fi` hbrx
".xehlewyici xrhxihxRni` oe hprneqpw
hkil bpepyxrc rwilnpii` o oreerb yihw fi`
sie` ohixyhv ryixxrhil oarbqiex oe hiarb oie`
o oreerb jie` fi` xrRxb wri oe` ,riprnex oi` yici
oxiearb fi` qee hrRyici xrwivpii` xrc ,"mewipe`"
ic oi` oreerb wihrh oe` oqweerbie` fi` ,oxeerb
hkxha oi` ornrp lf rn oree .hbrx oe ovrprxb
rciia oyieev hd qee ,"riprnexqiexb" oe ghy mrc
,riaxqra xrai` hiixRyx jif zenglnhlree
xrRxb oiey hree ,jp oe` ripeeliqpxh ,rpieewea
oe xrpii` of hree xr xp ,xrwivpii` xrc oala hyip
di .a . `
36
xfril` iif oyieev ,qxraxy rRexb xrxrqrxb
hl dyn ,xrbpn wivi` ,bxrapiihy wri ,on
jie` .bxrapxrhy hkil ic of hyip oiey ohxc hree
rxrcp orpiyxrc orprf qr lee ,hixyhv rwivpii`
iee yici ,jee ic ,hxee xrfpe` ,lfpi` ,qpii` ,oaiey oe`
ic a bprxhy ohld jif lf rn oree ,xra .jp
lf rn oe` cpl mrpe ovrprxb ryixbrb ryihw
xp riprnex "xrzn` xrc" oe mighy iee ohkxha
oala hx xrRxb wri hree ,klee oe` reecln
.riprnex oi` hrRyici xrwivpii` xrc
oreerb fi` xr f hyip xra hpiin qc
pica rwifc ic oi` oy ."cigioa" xrhryhyriRrb -
oyieev .oipr xrhkl oiiw oreerb hyip fi` orbpeb
qxrpriil wipiiee hdrb xr hd rhprp oe` ryiniid ic
yici fi` qr xrqee oe hee harlrb hd xr oe`
orprf olpxeyfyici rwihx oiiw oree .diqxehlew
xrcil rpf oe owexc xr hbrl ,orpiyxrc hyip
xryiphl oi` ohixyhv ryiciyiprnex ic oi`
wihkrxR hcrxrb hd oiil xr .rivRixwqpxh
hyecigrb jif oad rhpwa oe` cpx rpf oe` yiprnex
.yiprnex sie` rifrR of jie` hyip haxy xr inld
xraxy xryiprnex xrqiexb xrc f ,hliivxrc rn
rkrlcpx oi` oreerb fi` qee ,epreecq lidin
ri prne x o i ` xe hxrhi l ryi c i i c o e ` xrRxb wri
37
oxrd okp ,hbfrb mi` hd ,oxrRxb hin orbpeiva
rwifc ic hd xi`" :xrcil rpf oe xR orpriil
iif hd xi` yhk .yiprnex sie` hkxhx xrcil
mrc jp ul jif oi` iif obxh ,yici sie` oaixyrbp
rihRniq xrvpb of hin "...mrh oyiprnex olrpibix
mrc ornrpa hprwrb hyip epreecq hd oci x
qxrRxb oe xrhwxk okrlnihqwlyici oyiivrRq
rwihx ev hyiexw xriif sie` hwewrb hyip ,xrcil
.oeeihn ryiprnex
ohrxwpw jxec oxrlwxrc xrqra qc orw rn
'klee xrc oi` hnew lxi`n 'x' cil of oi` .liRya
lci oie` hliRy qee xrpbiv hrR xrc haxya
:hbf oe` mi` ev jif hcpree lxi`n 'x oe`
!xrpn xrpiiee ,xegy xrpbiv iid
;xrpiix cil oe bplw xrc fi`'q
xrqif wiplrhq iee mrh of oe`
;xrqe`in ,xrvxeey ec ,og oe` oiiy
,oliRy oc x ,odxU oc x
.oliw orn hree mepdib mrc xic
zexenfn oe` olree orlaniv
.zexec orv xic oe oehR hyip
di .a . `
38
o'hree mrpc lci mrc oe`
.ohraev xic xw mrc oi`
,lfnily ,jp xid hqree ec
.lfnl of xiibn jif
hd iwqply qee cil hip qc j` hpnxrc iv
okp ,1932 oi` hyrxwea oi` hifiee of zra oaixyrbp
ic oe rpii` oi` rilrRwxrpbiv oliRy oxrd
?qrnyhrxw
oilrR rc rcxree fpex :orbpefrb xin hd xr
rald oe` - mlv oe` - cecobn jif orlwieex qr oe`
zepl
dlli qpifren mrc - orbplwpwlb oe`
."xeMfi" ma dpiw qpfg mrc oe`
- ,xin oarl uif oe` ,xrpbiv ,xrd mew
.wicpblw ief ,jrlyici ief fi` oliRy oc
,ci jc fi` xr - !leeh mev - xrlci xrc oe`
.clia qlby wxn oe qiex fi` qee

hyinrbprnfev jif oad rifrR qxrRxb oi`

xryiprnex xrc oe oxilw ic ,zeceqi rwihx
xryici xrc hin mipebip ryxrpbiv ic ,hycpl
fi` rifrR of oe xrhwxk xryici xrc .dnyp
ri prne x o i ` xe hxrhi l ryi c i i c o e ` xrRxb wri
39
zeceqi rwifc ic oe rivxbrhpi` xrc oe hhlefrx
oiiw hyip fi`'q .rxrcp ic rpii` hvpbxrc oad qee
q yici sie` hvrfrbxrai` hd xrtxb qee lev
xrhqrxb xrc ,ewqrpinr oe xrcil q milidY jrlhiRw
o xrRxb fi` hwpeRpchy mrc oe .hrR xryiprnex
xrwihxpbii` xrc iee hkxha oxree ev iex wq
.mehpci oyiprnex oe xriihyx xryixrhkic
rwihqb ic orprf qee ,jif hbrx rn oree ,hpd
oe hkxarbhin hd rn qee ohxree ryixrry oe`
hree rn qee zexve` ryixxrhil ic orprf qee ,ohxc
orn orw ,cp olpivp mrpiinrbl mrc obxha
rhqwihha ic oyieev xrcil qxrRxb wri orpnxrc
.obxha rwibpxhyxr
yirxard oe hvrfrbxrai`
40
yilyiaiil dix
xrRxb wri
hprwrb mi` ad ji` iee
*
a hyxr on oreerb fi` xrRxb wri hin yiprbrb
.leywl xryici xrc oi` qlw ohixc oe jeapxrl okxec
bpevrfxrai` xryiprnex oi` hwexcrbR oreerb fi` ohxc
o hdrb hlnc ad ji` .'rnlwrx' cil of qie` -
ohpkiivrb orbpbxrc qlw oi` fi` rn oree oe` ,oexMf
sie` hprwrb cil qc oiey ji` ad ,orpriil ohin xin ev
.wipiieepqie`
xrhrax o oreerb fi` hhyxee oi` ohh on a
oex mi` brl rnn ic qee ,ebrp rliqee ornp ohin
.wihy rhyx rpf zngn "xrprbeyn xrc rliqee"
,iee bprb rpiiy jq hpxrlrb jif ji` ad mi` oe
oree .jrlxrRy oRk oe` jc oie` orRxc jif ,lynl
,xin xr hd ,cil qc hpriilrbx orliqee ad ji`
* xrRxb wri oe wprcp mrc hrncieerb hpee oie` hxee
.2004 xepi oh18 mrc
hprwrb mi ` ad ji ` i e e xrRxb wri
41
c xi` hree" xrhxree ic a ,xqiyfrx rpeelb on iee
okn oqiidrb "!qc ...orf hree oe` / oala oqiexc oi`
.dieerd ryicii oiiw hip xb hprd rciia hin
.hha dieerd ic qee hqEeerb hip jrarp ad ji`
,xrnd iex ,rwxrxrl ic oree ,bh ohiieev mrc oe`
,wipiieepqie` sie` cil qc orw qr xree hbrxrb hd
hlnrc jp ad ji`) !ji` :ohrb iixyrb ji` ad
ji` zra (.rwhqipxRqxehxlw oe lew hdrb
hiixa jif rwxrxrl ic hd ,cil qc hxihivrx ad
,dieerd ic ohrb jn ad ji` oree xp ,hlkiinyrv
xrnd iex hd ,oqiidrb xin hd rliqee xrc iee
ornew hxcrb oiey ji` ad bh oxrcp mrc .hylgrb
.ley oi` ohh on hin
,dUrn ic hliivxrc oxrRxb ad ji` oree ,xrhrRy
ad ji`" :hbfrb oe` hxrhprx obrlx jif xr hd
."b hpiinrb

x ley" xrc oi` orneprbie` jin hd rn oree

jrlwilb oreerb ji` oia ,hyrxwea oi` "xehxrhil
ji` qee ,lciin mev xrhprp of lree ji` f wicphkxh
qc .hxyrb bpl oiey xi` ev ,oqiee xi` o ,jif ad
ji` oree xra .xrcpy rlrniq oixrhkic ic oreerb fi`
yi lyi ai i l di x
42
ic hwRrb cxb jif if hd ,miid xi` ev ornewrb oia
oia ji` orpee oe ,qi oiiw oalwevxrai` jif jrlvprx
hxiyfbp hdrb ohxc if hd rn :wree hyxrw
.xrhrhdkeln oyicii mrpi`
jif oxrRxb ev orbpbrb mrpii` oi` orprf xin
mi` ev fi` rn f hdrb ail cinY hd xr .orprbrfrb
ev' cil of bpif ji` iee hxrdrb hd xr oree .ornewrb
v xrhr mew" :hbfrb xin xr hd ,'xg "!xin e
oi` hxiqxrhpi`x oreerb xrkib xra oia ji`
hqree ec oree cinY" :hbfrb xi` ji` ad fi` ,orlrniq
."oxrRxb ev oiibpx xin olree ,hyrxwea oiiw ornew
rxi` ev ohldrb wxhy hd if .oreerb qc fi` ief oe`
oiiw iif ev ornew h rwh brl oe` ,rnnrhh
rp rxi` oe orpriil oxrRxb brl if .hyrxwea
.orbpif brl ji` oe` ,oxiqli brl xr ,xrcil
axrc oe` ohiilba fcpe` xr brl hkp a hrRy
rbpei ic oe hprwrb iif hd xr iee ,oqb ic oaxya
sie` c ohrxh xin ,obf xr brl ,xrcpiw" .rpf oxi
."rhkiyrb oe xrhrla
ic oreerb hlnrc oiey fi` qr Eee ,hyrxwee sie`
hin ofieerbp fcpe` xr hd ,"n xrhyxr" rixrhrw
:hciiyrv hip ln oiiw jif hd xr oklree oe ,owrhy of
hin ,iih xrheb hin rpxieew oreerb ln fi` c"
hprwrb mi ` ad ji ` i e e xrRxb wri
43
c .jlinxrief oe` hxebi hin ,qrwleafrw oe` jrlrnrf
wivi` ,ewpi lryhxn ,xv ohqixh ornewpx obrl
rklrf hin oaixya iif hd xr ."ebraixR oi ,xrbpn
ic x orfrb iif hlee ji` iee ynn - oxilw rwicrarl
rkrlhr hin hprwa jif ad ji` oree ,xrhrRy .obie`
rhl xin x oreerb ,oxrRxb wpc ,iif orprf ,iif oe
.rhpwa
rpf rl hwexcrbR hdrb xrRxb hlee
rpf ,oriiqr rhcrxrb rpf ,orwpcrb rlrpibix
hlee ,oliivxrc wivxdhiixa ief brl xr qee zeiUrn
xp hip oe` ,xrkia hin rvilR rvpb hlnfrbp jif
mi` ad ji` oree .oarbrbqiex hd xr qee ,jea oii`
xr qee ul qc o hip haxy xr qee x ,hbrxrb
fi` (iex of) pib oree oe" :hxrhprrb xr hd ,hcrx
oyieev iee oyhprn oyieev xrqra jif ji` li ,oaxhyrb
oin hdrb xr hd mrc hin zeky oi` ."xiRR
,hxrd xr mrxee wicrarl fi` yhprn " :rixrh
ad'k .jf rhlw fi` xiRR ;ev qrRr hib ,hxibrx
oreerb xr fi` ,hbfrb xr hd ,bpixrd hiewrb ln
.hrR oyiprnex oe xrcil hin hla oi` hwRrbp`
,wixil rlrcii` ,rp ,xrcil ic hpriilrbxrai` ad ji`
."zepngx .bpixrd hin hwrnyrb hd if xp
ad ji` oree ,orphyx xrqra mi` ad ji`
yi lyi ai i l di x
44
jea owivpii` of sie` hn mrc hpriilrb oe ohy oi`
oiihy xrc xy` orprf qee ,yirxard sie` xrhxree ,
jzena ,izpib ,dpib" :hiiwyilxrhqie` of ev lqily
".iYn

,hyrxwea oiiw ornewrb fi` rlrniq oree ,ln oii`

a hifiee x hv oiiw hip hd if f hbfrb if hd
bpevif sie` orf mi` hin jif olree xin xra ,oxrRxb
jxec hxifipbx (cpaxxehlew xryici`) "sewi`" oi`
mrc CDE Eee ,(hrhinw xryihxwnrc xryici xrc)
.ohqieeihw oe` qxraxy ryicii rl ohrax hd rn
jq jie` ornewrb orprf ohrR ryihl rkrlhr ueg
."xrbpifiihxR"
wri obrw hxifipbx lrivrRq oreerb fi` bpevif ic
orbpifa ev hip hen mrc hdrb hd xr lee ,oxrRxb
mi` obrw jif hd rn .iihxR ic dxey oii` oiiw oi`
xrpfeyfxea xrhlierv" iee owexcqie` hin hvipa
.oin mrc oe migy rxrcp oe` "xrpivwrx
ic iee qee ,xrprwxyxrc oqrfrb fi` xrRxb
ryxrcpiw rpf .hcrxrbqiex hip hxee oiiw oe` ,hpee
oia ji` .oxeerb hkiilarbqie` orprf jrlwra rkrlhiex
xin if hd mrvelR .orlrniq oe` mi` oyieev oqrfrb
hprwrb mi ` ad ji ` i e e xrRxb wri
45
ji` f orphyx ad ji` oe` ,rlrhrv hbplxrc
hprwrb hip jif ad ji` .oxrRxb oarb qr sxc
ohxc hiihy qr qee ohrb wew oe` ohldp`
xreeileb" :xrhxree ic hpriilrbxrai` ad ji` .oaixyrb
rlrhrv qc hd xrRxb ."qrwilxw ic oe cpl oi`
xr f xlw oreerb fi`'q xra ,rpryrw oi` hwexrbx
rpf jrlwra ic mrxee ,hpriilrbxrai` xrix qr hd
.jrlfx oxeerb xrciee orpif

a hreexRrb xin oad orlrniq hin dpezg on

oxb owialrf oie` mipky ic .fied oi` xrbieey oe` xreey
jie` ovipa fcpe` hflrb oe` oxih ic hprrb oad
,xiniivilR ,mipky ic oe xrpii` .oxrniv rxriif
oi` mi` a qee ,wilrd ornp ohin cii xriedxc
mrpf ev wree fi` ,dReg ic hlrhyrb orn hd aehy
hld rn f owicleya hip mi` lf rn icM ,xrcexa
oree xra .qripnrxrv rfribilrx aehy oi` mi` a R
rlrh mi` hd aee of wri hcrx qr f hxip
mrh oii` oi` jif oe` `xen ic oqrbx xr hd ,xrRxb
.hxrwrbne`
hlee xr jlb iee ,o oaie` oqrfrb fi` xrRxb
yi lyi ai i l di x
46
hd xr .obipiw ev rh of oreerb fi`'q .ozg xrc oreerb
hin ,hlhyrb xryihnfixk of hin obievrbev ornrl
oi` oxrd hflrb jif hd qee ,lew mrprqlrb of
.hbf xr qee oqiee hleerb hd xrcri .lwpiee okrlhi`
qee bevp oqee oi` ,ohrbp hpbrlr oreerb fi` xr
hin ,orfrb hdrb hip ln oiiw mi` ad ji`
mi` hd xr qee ,owrhy ohnixa ohin ,hedrnpR
,hxrlwxrc xreey on hd xr .hviprb yihrww mYq
dpezg xrc x" ohrbp lrivrRq xr hd bevp mrc f
."xrhkh xrfcpe` oe
hp o obxhrb ad ,ozg xrwiceMa xrc ,ji` -
xrwixrcip oreerb fi` qee ovrnr oe meihqw mrpril
jq oiiw hip oreerb ji` oia hlnrc .xin oe xrhiixa oe`
.owrhy xrhpbrlr qxrRxb iee xrwic
rwiceMa hdrb hd qee ,xreey on ailev
rl ornewrb orprf ,xlenrn sie` ley oi` rlrhy
ex qc oreerb rwh orprf iif oe` ,lhxeew oe mipax
,ecpl xd oe aee qc ,dxec .dpezg xrc sie`
x ohipyrb jif hd qee ,rhxipix ,iex rpiiy
obree ocrx lf xr hxiveexR oxrRxb hd ,oixrhkic
.rifrR
qee ,milidY jrlhiRw hin oaiedrbp hd xrRxb
x cla iif oe` wipiieepqie` sie` hprwrb hd xr
hprwrb mi ` ad ji ` i e e xrRxb wri
47
iex oreerb fi` qee mebxY ,yicii sie` hvrfrbxrai`
xrpii` .hxrdrbp` mex jif oad mipax ic .owexc ev
qee ,yexiR qxrRxb hin oreerb miMqn hip fi` iif oe
.dxeqn xrc jp wihprvxR hxrcped oreerb hip fi`
hd oe` dprh xrc oe ocixev oreerb fi` xrRxb
,rivhxrqic xrhpqrxrhpi` ,xrbpl hin hxrhprrb
,`YbelRlra mrc jie` oe` mler mrc hRkx hd qee
.oyiprxeea rbpixb hdrb fiela oiey hd qee
.hpee oi` hk xrbiif of hxcrb hd dReg ic
,xraee ic oyieev orphyrb fi` qee ,rpn xrbieey ic
xrwiceerxiRy ,xreey on .wiexne` oreerb oiey fi`
ad ji` .hwiexa if oe` orbpbrbev fi` ,oieyxR
rl ,lew sie` oeeiMa hbfrb mi` hd if iee hxrdrb
olrhy c sxc rn f ,oqrbx hd rn" :oxrd qr olf
orv cla oiey fi`'q .dry xrwiclfn oi` ,dReg
."xrbiif
oqrbx ,dlMozg eli ,rl oad ozn` xrc oi`
qpii` ,ornrl jp .ornewrbiepev jif fi` rn qee ailev
hiilba ,dlMozg ,xin oad ,zevg jp xrbiif
oiib hepin orv ovpb oi` hpieeerb hd xr .miid oxrtxb
xc ornewrbniid hyxr xra orprf xin .qe ev
.olyrb oiey orprf rl .bh x xrbiif
rbelw jrlhpiieerbxrqie` on hd ,ix xrc oi`
yi lyi ai i l di x
48
hprf xi` ,odb`c hxcrb hip ad ji`" :hbfrb xrbieey
oreerb fi` if iee ief oe` ."oxrRxb hin oreerb jc
mrc ueg" :oarbrbev if hd ,oaie` oe mrc hin yiniid
jp oe` ."hwiexa oiil mlerlyepeax xrc jin hd
xrhyhprarb fi` xrRxb" :hvpbxrc if hd rbx
fcpe` lf xr ,hwiyrb mi` hd oiil hb .xrknseyiM
."dgniU ic orpya
wri xrknseyiM xrc fcpe` hd hkp xrpri oi`
iif oad xin qee ,oqb rlny jxec hxirb xrRxb
hlrhyrbR hxc oe` c jif hd xr .hprwrb hip llka
ic hliivxrc wila ohnelgx hin oe` bx sie`
hliivxrc wicnihxR hd xr .lhxeew mrpe rhkiyrb
jie` hd xr xra ohiiwkrlprfxrR rqiexb obree
rheyR a ryicigi qc orbprxaevqiex orphyx
.oyhprn
xrRxb oklree obree ,owla ohl o wprcrb ji`
if oe` ,lciin hpieeerb hd ohxc f ,hliivxrc hd
hip xrn jif hd qee ,ozg xi` sie` hxeerb ul hd
,oyhprn" .dnglnhlree xrhyxr xrc oe hxrwrbne`
orbprxa bh ocri hxcrb ohlee ,hbfrb xrRxb hd
."owla mrpri xrhpe` obiilwree oe` ornela
mrc ev oxrwwixev jif xr brl dUrn xrkrlhi` jp
oreerb oqie` fi` qee ,xrhxree rxrcp hin orxrx oalrf
hprwrb mi ` ad ji ` i e e xrRxb wri
49
xrhrRy hyxr .'ornelaobxn' cil of oe wpcrb mrc
hdrb orpif oi` hinxrc hd xr f ,orphyx ji` ad
:wlxR obpei mrc dvr rkrlxrh oarb ev
.ornelaqpbxn mrc xi` hprf hpd
,ornexRhpd qphkrp - obxn
...xrn hip xb ...obxn xrai`
,hil obxn xrc lee
,hila ,ornela ryf hila
,orila olree xi` hree xrhrRy
oriv olree ohpiee rhlw
.hrRy ev of oiey hree qr oe`
yirxard oe hvrfrbxrai`
50
yilyhieeaiil dnly
xrRxb wri obree zepexkf
*
xryedea mrpi` oxrRxb hin hprwa jif ad'k
l`xUi oe aehy xrc oi` jrlhpbii` ,hyrxwea oe fielw
jie` hd'q Eee ,dxeRv iex of oe` oeploncpeel
xriif hd qee ,oncix oiviax xrhyrilR ic harlrb
.hrR ohplr mrc oreerb xwn
,hpee owihpd fcpe` hin jif hpirb qee ,dxeRv
rhpqrxrhpi` xriif xR oarbrbxrai` xin hd
iif hd ,hrR xrc ,xr qee ,qxrRxb ohRixwqepn
rciia .orldin oe xg of ,l`xUi a hflrbxrai`
oarl oi` hknrbhin oad ,oncpeel oe` xrRxb ,mixg
.hyrxwea ,qi ,orldin :bree oalrf mrc
hd xrRxb qee ,xrcil xp hyip c orprf qr
rhwrnrb hin ,oreerb fi` xrbiihy of iee ,oaixyrbp
hrf xin oe` - jie` xp ,ogqep rhxrqrax oe` xrhxree
* xrRxb wri oe wprcp mrc hrncieerb hpee oie` hxee
.2004 xepi oh18 mrc
xrRxb wri o bre e ze pe xkf
51
xr qee ornrR ev oblxR - wihkiee xriif qie` qc
oexrb iif hd oiil xr qee ,oaixyrbp hd
hd qee oqieexrc jif orn orw iif oe ."xipx"
ornfev .ornrR ic h oaxy ev hrR mrc hkxarb
xin hd xrRxb wri qee ,ohixy cpa mrc hin
lhpia hpd xin obnx ,oarbrbxrai` jrlprfxrR
x xryxR ocri orpic orprw qee ohRixwqepn -
.rifrR qxrRxb oi` hxiqrxrhpi`
ornewrb fi` hyxg qpeploncpeel l`xUi
rpf a oe` "zn` ly cqg" mrc oh ma wexcqie` mev
oi` oxrRxb x hx owiceMa obixw ev orbpeina
.mlerzia xrdig
xrc oi` gxe` xrwicprhy oreerb fi` xrRxb
a oqrfrb fi` xr .hyrxwea oi` `iwripa oe rpenw
ocri yih xrfcpe` oad mex ief oe` qhkp ev wihx
jp ,l`xUi oi` c jie` .hxrhprpxrc xrn ul jif xin
xrqie` oe xeia on oi` okefa jin xr brl ,dilr of
.cplyhc oiiw oxrb fi` xr fia meixrhqipin
."dRlray xrRxb" oreerb fi` jif x lhiRw
oxrdev fiela jif eli xrc ,xrRxb wri hin qreny
mrc oxrkxa brl oiil jif x ocrx qxrRxb ev
.zexve` rlrehwrlrhpi` hin xrxrdev
oi` xp hyip miid xrc oi` hlirb jif hd xrRxb
yi lyhi e e ai i l dnly
52
xrc oi` .oxehxrhil spi oi` jie` xp okxRy spi
,mixewn rhl ic hprwrb xr hd jxRy xryirxard
oiey ,fied qpiax oi` ziaoa oreerb xr fi` xxrc oe`
hyip mi` fi` qee ,xehxrhil xrp xrc oe hcrxrbR
mihpi` oreerb xrRxb fi` yicii oi` .oreerb cnrx
oi` orpiyxrc orprf qee ohixy ex ohin hpwa
cnrx hyip mi` fi` xehxrhil ryiprnex ic .oeylrnn
hin orbpeiva rkrlprfxrR hdrb hd xr oe` ,oreerb
jie` hd xr .qxrlrhyhixy oe` ohrR ryiprnex
xryifiivpx xrc oi` oe` xryhc xrc oi` hnieeyrb
hd xr qee rifrR xriif oi` hRied xrai` ,xehxrhil
rwihpd orn hpbrba ohlrf .wipiieepqie` sie` hprwrb
.mrpx f oe xehlew hin yhprn brh
obree ohhiv iieev hin xrhxree rpn oqily liee ji`
:mi` obree haxy qee owilia oe fi` xrpii` .oxrRxb
oi` xlw jif hwrlRhp hplh olpibix qxagn mrc"
c xrwihixw oqiexb mrpe ,xrhiieev xrc ."xrcil rpf
obree rnrR qxrRxb wri" :hbfrb hd qee ocq
,xehxrhiloaxeg xrc oi` rhqra ic oe rpii` ,oaxeg
."rhqra ic hyip oree
53
ewxin qeixn
xrRxb wri obree zepexkf
*
oarl oyici mrpe xrwipxk oxeerb oia ji` aie`
wri wpc ,qn xrqiexb oi` ,qc fi` riprnex oi`
xin hd'q oree hipyRhv oreerb fi`'q .oxrRxb
of ev oreerb dkef jie` oia ji` oe` lfn xrc hliRyrbev
oreerb ji` oia bh a .miciqg qhrR mrc oyieev
e` mipipr rprciiyx hin ornepx oiiw hdrb hyip o
xrc oe` ,hpee oi` xra .oyiprhkxh rih sie` hv
okrlbrhbh mrc oe oielhp ji` brl ,hkp a xwir
xrwihqb xrc oi` hlwinmewn orpirb oe` oarl
.xrRxb wri mex oyrb jif hd qee diq
rnyhrxw xrc oi` oiibx hpiinrb qc hd hrxwpw
bx oie` ,hyrxwee rlw sie` orphyrb fi` qee
obrwhp ,(xyfea lewecd xrhrRy) qbeprxeRri oe
oiiw oreerb hyip qc fi` xin x .cxprl h
* xrRxb wri oe wprcp mrc hrncieerb hpee oie` hxee
.2004 xepi oh18 mrc
e wxi n qe i xn
54
d"c) "hqihlRy" oreerb hlnrc oia ji` zeid ,dgxih
xrc oi` (lhraabev sie` hwihkrprb ad ji`
oexd oe` pin" bpepieeeprnfevohprcehq xrwiarpxrc
."onley
xrhxr ic oe xrpii` oreerb fi` rnyhrxw rwifc ic
mrpe ohrhieeihw ic ornewrbx orprf qr Eee
.xrRxb wri oyihqhp ,owiRryqie`ne` ,owicpfiexa
xrcri ,xrhxr rxrcp iix rvpb hdrb hd xr
rixbrhw xrcp o x hqRrbev iif oe xrpii`
,hwicrxRrb xr hd ,rbpei ic ,fcpe` x .qxrxrdev
.rnyhrxw xrhpnxrc oaie` xrc oi` yih hreexRrb
obievrbev hd qee oxhqrx oreerb fi` qc
Eee xhxbipin jie` hbnx hd xr) ohprilw jq
ic hin hxixewpw oad qee milk`n hiixbrb hd rn
fi` xr oe` ,("oiaex" ,"yhieeliny" ,"lexhy" oe
hd qee oend owifix mrc ohin oi` orphyrb wicdRveg
xrwiclneh xrc .hyrxwee rlw hviilxt hlnrc
qxrRxb x diq rwiqR oiiw oreerb hyip fi` mex
hyxr ofeea jif ripRnw of hin xr hbrl ,fxw
ic oree ,lihy oxeerb fi`'q oree ,hkp a hrRy
oxeerb olyhp bpl oiey orprf ohprilw rkrlhpiieerb
xrpiiw oiey fcpe` hd hlnrc .miid xrc oi` jif a
oqrfrb orprf xin zra hxrhyrb hyip hyipxb oe`
xrRxb wri o bre e ze pe xkf
55
.oxrnivrnyhrxw iieev ic oe ohqprlw mrc oi` ornfev
fi` ,"olq xrqiexb xrc" ,xrniv xryhxr xrc
ornewevpx icM .rivifRqic qprnrl ev orphyrb
mrpi` hd ,"ohrR ic oe olq xrc" ,xrniv ohiieev
Rrxh siex jpxrc oe` xrhee oiib hxcrb orn
,hha ohlRh f hin ,oexrb mi` orn hd xxrc)
fi` orplq iieev ic oyieev .("olq xrhyxraii` xrc"
ohprilw rkrlhpiieerb ic xra ,dvign oiiw oreerb hyip
oi` xp xrpii` xrcri ox brn oid f hqEeerb oad
ln oree .x oreerb fi` xrniv xrc oree ordry ic
"ohrR ic" zra oid ox wilrev fi` xrprnewrbp
xrc ,hpxra ofieea cla jif hd ,oqrfrb ohxc orprf
:hbrxrb mi` hd oe` ,ohrR ic oe xrplrw
?xi` hkef qee ,xi` -
qrRr hyip fi` qc f orfrb hd hpxra oree
px i oad ln ev ln oe - "hrR" xrp -
xrvxew sie` rprnewrb xwir xrc ,rklrf hryfcpla
cla xr hbrl - upieexR oe hyrxwea oi` hv
:oxrlwxrc
mrpi` hala !c okef ev qee hyip hd xi` -
!xrqra ohxc oli jif xi` hree ,"olq oqiexb"
ev hvrprxba oreerb hyip fi` rabie` qhpxra
oreerb iex orprf qee ic oe "rivwrlrq" okn
e wxi n qe i xn
56
jie` fi` xr ,"ohrR ic oe olq" mrpi` ornewevpx
fi` rabie` ic .ripRnw xrc oe xrplrw xrc oreerb
li ev hxcrb hyip hd xr ,rxreey oiiw oreerb hyip
xrc ailev hyip xra .orf cla hree rn iee ,oielnex
jif hpxra hd hrax xrhkl hpywrrbp` orpica ev
.ohprilw ic
.hrR lwihy jie` ji` oia qn xrqieerb oi` -
!onx oaxyp hleerb ji` ad oxi rbpei rpn oi`
oiey orn sxc ,onx fi` oiil oarl on zeid xp
!oaxy hyip ovpb oi`
obrl olehy hhyp wpra hin yih obpl mex
eieeil ,oiweeix ,xrivwq lhn iee oyhprn rklrf ovif
,lapy lxra ,xrlRqix xi`n ,lbrq inq ,eprlrc
,oieexrd epic ,oif xfl xrln xrc ,onxq"y
,oiihqprhxree .c ,qpiilwqiee rxhrR ,eprlcR .q
l`igi ,xrvipw oxd ,qewxnoiyhxn lryhxn
,lifxa wif` x"c ,oieeqoilinrq .q ,onaxy .`
,jicex pixc ,oiihypexa .q ,ilarl .a ,oeia` .`
ln rkrlhr ...exryfxhqlieeq .ee ,eephiRw .i
qc ,qwrpexa oe` yepa ixn jie` ornewrb orprf
ln ev ln oe .fxw qxrRxb ev obievrbev iif ji` ad
hd qee ,ifpMy xihw xrhl xrc ofieea jif hd
.zenkeg rwiviee rpf hin xrqnh rkrliix oyrb
xrRxb wri o bre e ze pe xkf
57
owicprhy of oe oiil xrRxb wri hd hxicifrxR
cla .yih mrpe wr ohqwipiieerpi` ma o oaie` hx
fcpe` lf xr qee obrx ornew hpxra hbrl aiidp oi`
ic ln rl oreerb fi` bpelrhya ic yhk) orbprxa
:(rwialrf
?ehqxicprnwrx qee -
!dign ,oee xrhiex c fi`'q -
oad ln .oee hin bexw orbprxa hbrl xr
hlrhya (rxrcp ln qrcri) dxg ic oe xc ,iieev
lee ,hbreexrc hyip jif xrpiiw hd xrn .aaw
.xrRxb hbrl olva
mi` hd rn ,ocpieeyx hpxra hbrl jpxrc
ornewrb fi`'q fia ,dry xR oad hxcrb hyip oiey
.oeayg mrc olva ev hv ic
xrc oi` .ocrx orneprb xrtxb hd hlnrc oe`
,rxrcp oe jynd oreerb ciix rpf orprf ozn`
orprf oiil iif qee ,ln rwicxrix qc oqixrbxrai`
jin hd qee fi` qc .rxrcp jp oe jynd oreerb
xrRxb .oyhprn rxrcp rl jie` iee ,oid obievrbev
owifc mrc obree hd rn !hqiiiqr xrkrlcpin xrc
jc orn orw rnrh ic xra ,oaixyrb jq oiey xrcpEee
xb ocrx olrhy jif hbrl xrRxb !oRryqie` hyip
,ln ev ln oe hd xr .mler oxrqrxb x ohlrf
e wxi n qe i xn
58
hcrxrb ,rivwrl ohldrb ,ohiidpbrlrb rlrivrq a
hbrl fxw oxrprlw x xra ...zaybper o sie`
obree .bh ln rkrlhr eli oe` ,bh ocri ocrx xr
oe` .hiiwyici hin ocpeax fi` qee ul obree ?qee
oi`" lehwrlrhpi` oyici oe lx xrc obree xwir xrc
oe oe` manx oe oxihiv jq hbrl xr ."hv xrfcpe`
ic" xra ...ewqrpinr oe` rpd oe ,oiihyp`
,"jrlwrxa ic" ,xrRxb wri oe "ribx ryihwrlic
a hliRyrv jif hd ,oexrb iif hd lwia dnly iee
.rbpei ic ,fcpe` hin oreerb fi` xr oree lynl ,hkp
,qxrxrdev ic a hiiwcin oe mipniq wicpwxrna
oe` olrhyie` jif ,olrhyR jif bpilvelR xr hbrl
:oh xy
?olva orn sxc liee ,hpxra -
yih mex ovif orn hbrl xrhree mrpiiy a
xrc) qbeprxeRri ohin oi` ynn rnyhrxw xrc x
,ohxc oqrfrb fi` rn oree .(bpr ev oreerb fi` xehxh
mipky ic obrl ,hrRy xriif oiey oreerb fi`'q oree eli
orpwla rxriif sie` ofeea jif xrfd rhprp ic oe
xree oe` - lew qxrRxb oxrd hflrb jif hd'q xp iee
fia ohxc oailarb orprf oe` - ?hprwrb hyip qr hd
h orn hd yipxrhvpi xrc oe .wree hyip orprf xin
hd ripRnw xrc oe xrvrnr oree ,hxihqrhxR ln
xrRxb wri o bre e ze pe xkf
59
xrc rbx wicplrhy ciix qxrtxb oblyrbxrai`
rkrlrf jie` oreerb orprf'q ,i) .wpcrb wicpbrxR
ln qc oad oe` ,mi` hin hxrRnrb jif oad qee
,qxrpbrw rpf oe oxv xrc f wicpqiee ,oeeiMa ohrb
oe` hxilenihq oxrtxb hd ,rwpil ic xwir xrc
rl obrl hlnrc (.cxb ohqkrd mrpi` hxixiRqpi`
wicprxyxrai` ,zelewlew sie` ornfev ocrx ornrp
,lneh oaiedrbp jif hd'q ;oxrcp mrc xrpii`
ic hviixrb ,xrcpiw ic hwreerbie` hd qee ,xrcliRrb
of hin hpivilRoqb mrc obievrbev hd oe` hpid
oiiw ailev hyip olihyp` ul jif hbrl seq mev .l
jif qxrRxb hin heyR xp ,upreexrhpi` xrwicpqiexc
xr f bpeprxee oreerb fi` qc) qi ic sie` olrhy
.(oiibevwree jif hiixb

xrwivpii` xrc oreerb ji` oia rRexb xrc oe

ohprcehq xrc oi` "hpieeerb" hd qee hprcehq
oiihyie` hbrl xrRxb oree xxrc ,bpepieeeprnfev
,bpevif ic (oqxxrai` :hbfrb xrqra) oqily ev icM
xrley xrc ev qb ic oiibxraix cla ji` brl
hrR mrc hiilba oad rxrcp ic .bpepieeeprnfev
e wxi n qe i xn
60
xrhee blpn qxrRxb jif hd bree oie` .miid
.obievrb
orprf rl :hxrwx oryrb xra fi` ln oii`
fi` qc .hrR ohin oiil oailarb oia ji` oe` wree
hyip ji` ad ,wihpef ev zay oe hkp xrc oi` oreerb
hiilba ji` ad ,ix xrc oi` qrivwrl oiiw hdrb
hip fi` qbcee ryhxin xrc fia .miid oxrRxb
xin oad dwiYya mMqd jxec iee xra ,hee oreerb
mrpe jrlqrb rpiilw ic sie` bpl hxcrbnex jif
.bpepieee qxrRxb ev ornewrbp fi` orn xrcii` lhxeew
- !rRexb xrc oe xrhqwicpbeey xrc hprf xi` -
oxiwihixw ev jin icM hyip) oaiedrbp xrRxb hd
rc hxrd rn .(oaiel ev jin icM hyip jie` xra ,xx
?obf ev hyipxb hd xi` .hyip hrnM j`
icM hyip oe` oxrd ev qrRr icM j` ev mew ji` -
oxeerb xlw bpl oiey xin fi`'q !oxrd jin hlf xi`
ohiiwyixp xrwipiiee xrkif ji` bf ,beey ji` oree f
!crx ji` oree iee
...li ief crx mydjexa qee ,ji` f hpiin xi` -
!xrRxb wri hprf xi` -
xr` rf ji` .rxdoir oiiw ,haxy ,xi` xra -
ad ji` ,olpxeyf oe` orbpehv jq oi` ornp
...jea xr` jie` ohrb xrhrla
xrRxb wri o bre e ze pe xkf
61
!jea rhixc qc -
?jea rhixc qc oiey xrhlr mrc oi` -
xrwihvi` xrc oi` f ,obfp j` orw ji` -
fi` rhpi qc oe` ,rhxr qc oxiearb hxree hprnn
!bree sie` jie`
hkxha xp ...!xrhkrlrb o ,wixa ynn -
!wree xrhxree ic oril ,jq ocrx lf'k oree eli ,jif
!llMjxca halax ,hwexcrbR xra hxree qr qee
,hbfrb hd xi` qee qc xrai` hxrw rn aie` fi`
xrxrkif ul ,haxy xi` xrwipiiee qee :jif hnewa
hlree xrc oi` hiixRyx hd xi` f of xi` hree
!ohiiwyixp xrwipiiee
hcrx oe` wipiiee haxy xi` ,zn` fi` qc ,i -
xi` .mler mrpiilw ev xwir xrc jif hcpree xi` .jq
!oyhprn rkrlhr x hv li ev hlvprxhrv
xwir xrc oe` - haxy rn xrwipiiee qee -
ic .hhlefrx xrc fi` xrwiczivnY ul - hkrlhprx
x oeayg o hiyrv ji` qee ,xrhxree ryifxR
jxec qee orbpehiprb yihw orprf ,rxrcp x oe` j`
jin hviilx qee lexrai` mrpe jif xa ji` iif
orprw lf ji` icM ,xwir xrc oalaxrai` xin lf'q icM
hbf ,bjxc ...rifrR oi` wiczivnY owixcqie` jif
?ci hprf xi` ,xin
e wxi n qe i xn
62
...jc hqiiee xi` !?rbx x qc fi` qee -
xi` hprf qee x fi` ?ci zn`a hprf xi` -
?hh ohin hyip oe` ciix ic hin xp ci
!?hqiid qc -
oxiearb hprf xi` qee mrc hin f hpiin xi` -
oqiixb jif hlf xi` haielxrc oiey j` fi` ci oxeerb
qee ,hxihwic xrhwxk xr` iee ,oblwa jif xrc
qee x ,hqilpxeyf hprf xi` aie` ?ci hprf xi`
hprf xi` aie` ?hqilpxeyf xryici oiiw hyip xi` hprf
xryici oiiw hyip xi` hprf qee x ,xraxy
fi` iv :ohixyhv jq x haxy xi` ?xraxy
?ryici iif oe rpii` yhk
.hyip leexrc -
xrc oxriec hree hv liee oe` ?leexrc -
.qxrwipxk oi` jif owihiip oci ryiprnex ic ?"leexrc"
owihlhyrb olf qee ohqilpxeyf oi` oe` qxraxy oi`
.fcpe` a c oarl ryici rwihpd oe` rwiln qc
ev wiaii` oxeerb hRyinx orprf oci f hpiin xi`
jif oci olree jrlqia ev ?hlree xrc xrai` oryfcpla
f ,hyip xi` hrf - xrhxr rprciyx ic oe orivwree
oxihpx hree xree ?oad hyip oiey fcpe` liee xrpiiw
hkxax hd rn qee dewY xrc oe oyiprryrb ic
?hxree qrRr hx jc fi` qee ,c
xrRxb wri o bre e ze pe xkf
63
oe obfR jif sxc ji` f ,hyip hpiin xi` -
...qrnrh rpn
f orphyx hd xi` aie` !qc `weec oiin ji` -
ic hli xi` oe` brh rxrhvpi fcpe` sie` ohxee qr
fi`'q lee xp qc heh xi` xrc - yiprxrca
qr heh ,lqrb oyici mev oxrwwixev jif - xrnreewa
qee xrpii` iee xp xrwewev xrwicpqiexc iee hip
ryihfwr rxr` oe R jif hbf !eeihw jif hwiliiha
hyip hlr'q xp ,hpqrxrhpi` i`cee orprf iif !qrnrh
mev xrqra jif hnrp !ornrpx jif iif hin lf'q xree
orRabev hree hiarb mrc sie` ,"mfihfwr" oyici
:xrhxRrx hprf xi` !orR rbpei - ohy hyip
xrc oi` ohprnn xrn qee xrhxRrx iee hxihpx
xra ,iif hwrlRhp ,oci ryiprnex ic oe rhkiyrb
,hip oree .mler ohiixa ox xp mignen ic x hyip
!oqrbx okib oi` iif hree rn ,`xen ji` ad
orperb hyip oiey ji` ad hkp xrwifc xrc jp
oe xrwipxk oi` oxeerb hlcpeex oia ji` :ex oiiw
!oci ryiprnex ic

mrc ohidR ohin zeky oi` db`c rih qxrRxb

lf xr hwxieerbhin hd oci ryiprnex ic oe xr okx
e wxi n qe i xn
64
bpeyx xrc zehl obrnx of oe hlrd oflxrai`
xR mrc jie` hfRy qee cp - xr owifc mrpe f
'xR mrc jxec hxirbp) ornp of sie` hlrhyrbie`
.(oelwy oe lrwprx xfril`
xrwiaii` xrc sie` oreerb oiey fi` xrRxb wri
.ohiiwihrh rpn hblrbkp xrhee hd xr xp hlree
xin l`xUi oi` "cpxrRxb wri" xrc hd mex ief
ji` oree ,1981 oi` "fxRxrRxb wri" mrc hliihrbev
owifc mrc ornewa ad ji` .riprnex oi` oreerb jp oia
.l`xUi oi` oiey ,2002 oi` ln rhiieev qc fxR
!ocpeax bpr oreerb orprf mrpn hin lxeb of
yiprnex oe hvrfrbxrai`
65
xryl `xfr
yhprn xrc xrRxb wri
*
i`cee fi` l"f xrRxb wri hxrhil oe` hrR xrc
,jrlhpiieerbxrqie` o obf mi` obree lf rn iex
hqR rq iee ,hxee hlbila ,p ,lrpivpreepwhip
,xrlrpivpreepwhip ,xrkrlhpiieerbxrqie` of x
xra qc xin olf ief iee .hiiwkrlprfxrR xrhlbila
ornx rkrlhpiieerb oi` ocrx oe` ohkxh qee xin ,oh
ief ,jif orina qee xin ,hiiwkrlbrhbh xrlpa oe
oe` rkrlbrhbh qc oxipirc ev ,hqifne` h
?rkrlhpiieerb
qc hxifixrhwxk ohqra m hlee oxrRxb wri
hip orprw iif eli ;xhrn xrc ,hxee ryixrhkic
h yhk iif hbpilrb ,rkrlaxyane` qc oaxya
oi` mi` obree ocrx oeeExR jc liee'k .oxixrbeq ev qc
oreerb hlee qc f jif hkc xin lee ,xrhxree rheyR
olqwcxR sie` ,lee oe` oevx xrprbii` of jie`
* .1971 ,"fxRxrRxb" oe bpeliihx xryhxr xrc sie` hxee
xryl `xf r
66
oe` rnilaeq qc ol jq oi` jif hfl ,oe`
rprciiya oi` oqp` xrbpixb rkrlbpixckxecne`
.xrhxree
rzn` .oyhprn wipiiee hprwrb oad oxrRxb wri
eli ,hpwane` oe` mfpii` wicprhy orprf xrhkic
qxrRxb wri oi` iee - jeRidl of ev qie` orrf iif oree
oe` hflrbev ,mex mrc hin wivxdail - l
hqwl .jrlni
wri hprwrb ozn` xrc oi` oad oyhprn wipiiee
ev oreerb cinY orprf xecipa rpf .oxrRxb
of uegn orf orprw ev mi` icM ,wihvhpd
uegn dnkednMzg`lr oe` ,rixbia xryilxrhqie`
urbxr jif oad ovrprxb ic .rixbia xrprbii` xriif
ociiyrv ln h ;hfiexarbie` oad oe` hpbrba
oi` ohxhrbqie` oad iif qee obree rpri `weec oyhprn
xrn hip riprnex oi` fi` zexec rxrbpi ic hin .mrpii`
,oxi xrwilcprv rhvrl ic oi` ,oreerb jrlbrn
wri fi` orbpeiva rkrlprfxrR oi` .hwhpw xrhiixa
,wicpviilx ,wiiihyev ln h oreerb xrRxb
rqieerb iabl zeiyg xrwic`nfeb hin wicpxrhnx
sie` riqrqa o mi` a oxeerb orprf qee ,orrci`
qee oieyxR xrc oreerb hyip fi` xr .xrhlr xrc
rpcryf oreerb fi` xr .hpbei ic ,hbf rn iee ,"hRkx"
yhprn xrc xrRxb wri
67
rl iee xrn xy` oe` ,xrhkic rl iee ohwhpw jp
owixrdrb mrc hdrb oree ohlrf hd xr xra ,xrhkic
rhkiixbxrc ic wiex oe` wiqn oreek ev hwh
hiiwnfpii` xryibxh xrc oe hkwrbie` .orbpeiva
h xr hd ,brh rpf hkxax hd xr xrklree oi`
mxhy owicpviilx mrc olrhyR hprwrb xreey ln
qee mrc xrai` oqibqie` brl xr qee ,hiiwxawpc oe
mrc oe ,hv xrvxew x yhk ,ofiilqie` mi` brl
.oiil jif hin of ev mepdib
oii` oe xrbpi ic sie` oliiv ,jif hkc ,orw rn
rhvrl ic oi` mi` ev oreerb hprp orprf qee ic hpd
ji` f lirb qc xp oe` ,xi xrwilcprv xrc oxi
,rwipiiee ic h oe xrpii` of ev dikf ic hdrb ad
obree cpiv ocrx ev obreexrc jif lf ji` xin haielxrc
hxree qee wgxn mrpri oe ,o oe` wihkixie` mi`
.hiiwhprp xrzn` wpc xp hxrkifx

mrc ovyevR zeyx mrc ad ji` f hip aiilb'k

hip llka qiiee ji` ;bpehkic qxrRxb wri oe hxree
oi` oe` ohrR hvy rn ahyqn x qee hiel
xra oia ji` .oliihp` iif sxc rn qrixbrhw rklree
xryl `xf r
68
ev oreerb hxrya hip fi` xin f ,oihelgl xrkif
oqwrlRnw ,ohxixiRqpi` ,ohpqrxrhpi` f orprbrba
fi` xrRxb wri .xrRxb wri iee hqb mrpiiy oe`
ad ji` qee hrR xrhqyihrR xrc oreerb wqila
hex rn qee qc oreerb hip fi` xr .hprwrb
hip jif orn hd mi` oarl ."hiiwkrlprfxrR rwxhy"
li hfenrb oi` ocrx hip brl xr .zeiyg o ,oiilw o
oiiw oxilenx hip brl oe` qrivxlwrc oe gqep
x ic ohkiela oxc qee ,orrci` reeiqelwqwr -
hin oRlw hip brl xr .hiidyhprn rhryfcpla
qnrpri of lhn hip brl oe` yih oi` hqie xrc
mrc qiiee xr f hxicprhrxR hip hd xr .bpepiin
ohldrb hip jif hd oe` zn` owiliid ,owivpii`oe`oi`
jif oi` hbnx hd xrRxb ,jeRidl .wiczerhne` x
ryihprhie` oe` rpiix ,reeip qn rqiexb xb
mrpii` oi` - hd qee hiiwiceernry ,hiiwpciiya
mi` - uprbilrhpi` xrhlbila oe` xrlihaeq of hin
of lleM ,ul sie` owew lf xr ,evxrc hkxarb
.zewq hin ,ofxrR xrprbii`
xR sie` hxipianw ,hiiwiceernry rwifc ic -
hd ,hlhyrb xrhprleRxw of hin oe` olqwc
xr hd mrc hin hip xra ,og xi` hdrb i`cee
hin xwir xrc hRkx hd xrRxb wri .orneprbqie`
yhprn xrc xrRxb wri
69
xryihaxw hbfrb hlee ji` ,xrwicd`ilR of
jif oi` ohldxrhpe` brl xr qee ,hiiwihrh xryigen
,qxxrai` o o ,xrdie` o ,rlian mehrRxrR iee
oe eeip oalrf oie` wicprhy ,dngiewil o
.bpepRy oe` hiiweeiqprhpi`
xrhqeeihw xrc oreerb wqila fi` xrRxb wri
orn hd mi` a .hprbrba ln oree ad'k qee gen
sie`" orf ev mi` icM ,"hepin rheb " orxh hxcrb hip
,hprbrba mi` hd rn Eee q oe` oree q ;"jiid xrc
oi` ohx ,hxixiRqpi` ,"orxa" oalrf oi` oreerb xr fi`
,rwihkil ,rwilnpii` hin wicpvila ,ornrlaxRhRied
brl xr .orbpexilenx rwiaxli ,rhlbila
,hiiwhiprb xryixrhqn hin ornrlaxR oxiehpi`
jxec ripnxd oe` hkieerbklb iif oi` ohpx
,ofiil hip iif brl xr oree eli ,qrivipirc rfehxiee
.oexzR oarb ev oxicprhrxR hip brl xr lee
livprhR olxarxrv of hin iee jp xrn xra
,hplhqbpexilenx okrlklbxne` of hin oe`
oyihrR ohin oRkx hiiwkrlprfxrR qxrRxb brl
ji` liee lnx mrc h oi` .bpborwpcrb of oe zedn
ln h orprf qee ,zepekY rnb rhiixa ornrppx
.uprbilrhpi` xrqiexb hin oyhprn a `vnipa hip
lhy iee hlwpirb hip hd bpborwpcrb qxrRxb
xryl `xf r
70
,ohrhilph rxpin oi` hliRyrb ,ciif iee hrlbrb xp
mrxee oe` oiiy oreerb oe` oaxlrxeew hdrb
hd livprhR okrlwpcrb owifix mrc ueg .hiexa iee
R owifix jlb - !jf rprhlrf - hbnx xr -
,xrlhprnihprq xrprciiya oe ,hyail oe livprh
ail xrhxRyrbp` ,xryibxh ,xreeip xrwiceernry -
rhwihkrxane` o obf liee ji` ,rhkrxrbne` o ,hy
.hyail rwihfpii`
llMjxca iieev ic h ief iee hqiiee hb oii`
wri oi` harlrb ornfev oad ohprnrlr rwicdxiYq
harlrb ornfev oad iif f fi` hw !dnyp qxrRxb
hin le ,ripnxd xrwihkil oi` jp evxrc oe`
of oe exne` mrc xrai` .rifrR oe` xned ,mfixil
hliRyrb oad hwrlrhpi` oyixrry oe` okee wicprhy
hrec mrc h oe ripnxd ryilxrhqie` ic oe` ,orlci
.xrxrdev mrc hRkx hd
,Eee q ,xrRxb wri ev hxrdrbev jif hd'q xree
wihqb orbpbrbwree mi` oe fi` ,oree q oe` liee q
oe` ohrR xrhxrcped ,`nfeb o ,orw ji` .hxrkxa
xy` obf ji` orw qc xra ,olehwrlrhpi` rlehxree
.iif oe mrpii` obree xp
oe` jrlphiieerbxrqie` zn`a oreerb fi` qee qc
mi` hin wree ,ji` oiin ,fi` xrRxb wri a wilnpii`
yhprn xrc xrRxb wri
71
olree qee ,zexec rwicprnew ic .wiaii` sie` ,mrpii` oi`
jif olree ,ohixy rpf jxec xp orprwa mi` hin jif
wri oreerb fi`'q xree olrhyx orprw hip oe`meya
.yhprn xrc ,lehwrlrhpi` xrc ,xrhkic xrc ,xrRxb
hd dewY xrfcpe` oe lean xrwicpcprlx xrc
xec xrfcpe` ;ohiiwpiiy oe` ohxree rwifix orbpelyx
mrc oe xhpreepi` o olrhyeviepev ofeea hip hree
wprcp qxrRxb wri aie` .ceai`l orbpbrb fi` qee
,hpee o sie` mler f orbprxaiepev obreehqrc oe orw
hprxarb hip hd hkil of f oaiilb xy` xin obrn
iee ,lihy jp oxrhiv dnyp xrfcpe` oi` sih .hqifne`
.uxd xrnehy of oe qrpexhq ic ,cinY
hlalbiRy . :yicii
72
oiaex oe`x
jif orwprcrb qee oxi
*
wri oe hcrx rn oree f ,jrlxihp upb fi`'q
harlrb xin oad feepxi .yicii ocrx orn lf ,xrRxb
jxRy xrcp oiiw hcrxrb hyip oad xin oe` ornfev
oree ,cnrx xin x oreerb hlee'q .yicii xcqM xp
.oeyl xrcp o oi` xrRxb wri obree hcrxrb hlee ji`
oi` 1916-1914 oxi ic oi` hv oreerb fi`'q
a hwreexrc qrRr jif hd ln hin oree ,riprnex
,xehxrhil xryicii xrc x qrxrhpi` xrc hpbei xrc
qc ief iee .rifrR xryicii x ,hxee yicii x
oiiw hyip oia'k .hyip ji` qiiee ,oxeerb oxiearb fi`
.oxi rpri heb wprcrb ji` xp ,xrwixhqid
jif ad ji` hpif ,oxi lqia oiiy oiey fi`'q
fi` qc .xrRxb wri hin ln ohyxr mev hpbrba
xrhlrhyrbp o oreerb hlnrc oia ji` .qi oi` oreerb
ln rl oxqiex brl ji` oe` wixaxrcrl oi`
* .1969 ,hvxi ohixc mev hxee
ji f o rwprcrb qe e o xi
73
ad ln hin oe` .wixa xrc oe oqrxrhpi` ic oi`
,xrcixarheb dxg c fi` qi oi` f ,hwrchp ji`
oe` yicii ocrx orw rn ,orbprxax orw rn rklree hin
orprf iif oyieev rhqhlea ic .hxee heb oxrd orw rn
.eqif aiilmdx oe` xrRxb wri oreerb
iee yxrcp jq orfrbqie` hyip hd xrRxb wri
,hpee xrc sie` c hbprd qee rixbh xrc sie`
fi` xr oree oxeerb orneprb fi` rixbh ic yhk
oailarb fi` hkifrb of .xi wivraif oreerb hl oiey
qc oe` ,obie` riela hin ,yicpiw ,wicrarl ,qwickrlw
rpf ax ic .ax rpiiy hdb cinY hd hkifrb
hyip xb hd rn f ,yix ief ,reerfx oreerb fi`
seq mev oe` ,qrRr hcl yhprn xrc f ,orpiin hrpwrb
jq xriif ,jq hd qee yhprn oreerb xr fi`
.ohilrb
xr fi` ,xrRxb wri hin hpbrba jif ad'k oree
xryiprnex xrc oe mxipe o oi` ohrbp oreerb
iedrbp jlb hd oe` iinx obree xin hin ocrx ev oa
ji` .clrprfx qixn obree ,xehxrhil obree ,hiiwyicii
hin hyip jif hxiqrxrhpi` xrpiiw f ,hpiinrb ad
oxhrb hyip ji` ad lhrhy on oi` .xin ueg mrc
ln hin oe` .oexrc ocrx ev ornree hin mrpiiw
qrRr .qi oi` xrhprv oyici hwrchp ji` ad
o i ae x o e `x
74
jif ji` ad hlnrc .hxc oxix jif oaiedrbp hd qee
,onclee mix` hin ,yhieepiax ihn hin hprwa
jif ji` ad xrlr mdx hin .oncix qrhn hin
.xrix jp hprwa
obree ocrx ev oad ail brl xrRxb wri
oxeerb oxiearb fi` hlnrc oe` ,xehxrhil ,hiiwyicii
hixyhv ic hkil x onrw ev oaiedrbp hd rklree ,
oi` .hiiwyicii hkil cil p orpriil hprwrb orn hd
xrc yhieepiax ihn oe lwihx o xrc xrRxb oe
.oncix lqrhn oe
fcpe` ev ornew lf xr ,oxrRxb ohrax ad ji`
of oi` oiiy xriif oreerb fi` xr .oryhihl oiiw
fi` xivixrhpe` xryicii oree .mxipe` xryixrhilin
oxeerb fi` ,zqpMdzia oi` dpydyx ornewrbpx
cii :hxrcpEeerb jif hd xrcri oe` xrcexie` xrqiexb
ad ji` oe` !evxrc yicii hcrx xr oe` xivixrhpe` o
,ep .xrcil haxy xr ,xrhkic fi` xr f ,hliivxrc
hqEeerb hyip oryhihl oi` ocii rpn oad xrcil oe
.iif a orneprbqie` ief hyip hd'q ,jq oiiw
oxi oaiedrbp jif oad ,1916 oe ,o hlnrc oe
,oxrRxb oe` xin oyieev xp hyip hyxrcexaheb oe
rklree ,"dxg" xrvpb xrc oe` xin oyieev jie` xp
rprnewrbp ic hin jie` oe` ,mrpii` oi` ohldb jif hd
ji f o rwprcrb qe e o xi
75
,bxrapxrhy wri oe` iwqpyha wri :riaxqra oe
oyiqex mrpe rhp rp hkxarbpx oad rklree
f ,aiilb ji` .fcpe` x cnrx oreerb fi` qee ,oarl
dnglnhlree xrhyxr xrc oe oxi rxreey ic ,oxi ic
oreerb orprf xin lee ,xrbpixb orbpbrbwree orprf
,hrax xrfcpe` hin ,rRexb xrc hin hwihrya xriif
.orbpehxeexrc oe` orbpeprd rxrfcpe` hin
rpf oarbevqiex hiixbrb jif hd xrRxb wri
orbpeprkiiv okn oaiedrbp ad'k oe` jea oi` xrcil
xrc oi` ox cxb riprnex fi` .jea owifc mrc x
oarbrbqiex xrcil rwifc ic hd xrRxb oe` ,dngln
rhrRy xi wivpeev hin hyxr .x
hd qee ,rkrlwilb ic oe xrpii` oreerb oia ji`
oyicii mrc oe ,qpqrprx mrc oe hv xrc oi` harlrb
oyiprnex oe hcrx rn f ,hpd .riprnex oi` qpqrprx
orn fen ,rhkiyrb xryicii xryiprnex oe iv mehpcii
oe hv ic orpnxrc hkil ,oxi ic oreerb orprf qc .
oyicii mrc oi` bpelwieehp rvpb ic oyrb oad qee
.lirb rlpivp qc hwreerbie` oad rklree oe` oarl
orw xrhkic ql xrRxb wri obree orbpevyR
xrwihixw oiiw hyip oia ji` lee ,oarb hyip j` ji`
oxrRxb hdrb ail wxhy ad ji` .xehxrhil oe
fi` xrRxb .xrcil rpf ail xriif ad'k oe` jrlprfxrR
o i ae x o e `x
76
hprwrb hd qee yhprn xrkrlhpiieerbxrqie` o oreerb
f ,obf liee ji` .oxrq rhqkrd ic ev oaiidxrc jif
ralrf qc dRlray oxrRxb oi` orfrb ji` ad ln jq
ji` brl owilia oarl .owilia oi` orfrb ad ji` qee
jie` hd xrRxb oe` ,oaiidxrc oe` ornrxeexrc jif
.oaiidxrc oe` ornrxeexrc ev geM oalrf mrc hdrb
xr lee ,oarl xreey hdrb hd xrRxb wri
oreerb hyip fi` riprnex .riprnex oi` oxeerb oxiearb fi`
ic hd riprnex oi` oe` ,bpehkic xryicii x cpl
xrc hin bpecpiax oiiw hdrb hyip xehxrhil ryicii
o oreerb fi` xrRxb .xehxrhil xryicii xrkrlhlreel
.riprnexl uegn xrhpwane`
xrwivpeev ic oi` rwixrn oiiw ornewrb oia ji` f
xraxy ryicii ic hin hprwa hprp jif ji` ad ,oxi
uplb ,wieeiil .d ,orfiix mdx xrhkic ic hin oe` ohxc
ad ji` f .rxrcp oe` jaxrie` mix` ,qrlrirl
xrpiiw hd ,xrRxb wri ornp mrc iif x hpnxrc
hdrb hyip oad xin lee ,fi` qc xree hqEeerb hyip
xrc oi` mieyii ryicii rxrcp ic hin bpebpiax oiiw
oxeerb oxiearb fi` xrklree ,xrhkic xrcp o .hlree
wea oi` jea hyxr of oarbrbqiex oe` riprnex oi` -
riprnex oe oxevqiex wilb qc hdrb hd ,hyrx
fi` xr oe` ,xrbpn wivi` oreerb fi` qc .olieR oiiw
ji f o rwprcrb qe e o xi
77
oree .olieR oi` xraxy xrqiexb iee oxeerb hwrlRhp
rpf rl hin xr hlee ,riprnex oi` oala oreerb lf xr
oailarb hqpew xrqiexb of hin oe` xrcil rkrlxrcpEee
iee ief ,hlree xryicii xrc hpwa wipiiee xriif jie`
.bxapiihy xfril` xrhqnla oqiexb ohin oryrb fi`'q
,mehpcii oyiprnex oe wilbne` qc oreerb fi` qc
xrc hin bpecpiax oiiw hdrb hyip hd'q qee
ic hd obxapiihy xfril` .hlree xryicii xrkrlxrqie`
.dxihR of jp oxi hyxr hwrchp hlree ryicii rqiexb
hkil oad qee ,okf oreerb orprf xehxrhil ryicii oe`
rxrcp ic a hyip xra fcpe` a rlx hliRyrb
.riprnex oi` oarl oyicii mrpe qxrbfdrc ic ,ocii

qee ohpee ic oe` brh ic orpnxrc jif orw ji`

ocfiRr orprf qc .oxrRxb hin hkxax ad ji`
hin hyip hd rn qee ,oliivxrc xreey jif ofl qee
.ornrpevp qee
ji` onxrc ,hkp xrc sie` zegilq hnew'q oree
cil jrlxrcpEee of oi` oe` oxrRxb oi` xcqM jif
oi` 1918 oi` oreerb fi` qc ,ln oii` .'zegilq'
oreerb fi`'q oe` hpbrxrb wxhy hd'q ,hyrxwea
o i ae x o e `x
78
ic xrai` hiixcrbnex jif oad xin oe` ,hlw
rn oe` ,qpii` ,slreev xrbiif .oqb xrhyrxwea
xin oad ln hin .hliivxrc oe` hcrxrb ul hd
oe` ,yxcnzia oe orpeec oe oebip hxrdxrc
hqiiee ec" :hbfrb oe` orpiiee ev oaiedrbp hd xrRxb
xin f ,jif ji` onxrc ."zegilq fi`'q ?hpd fi`'q qee
rn Eee yxcnzia xrc fi` Eee okefqie` oiib oaiedrbp oad
oad xin fia hiixcrb jif oad xin .zegilq hbf
oe` hlw ,ocii oipn oreerb xy` hxc fi`'q .orperb
hlirb xin oad hkpzegilq oi` ;oiiy jc oe` qp
rxrfcpe` oe ,miid xrc oe jied hyrxwea ocnrx oi`
.oxixrcpiw
oe zepexkf ,ohprnn rklrf jq oreerb orprf'q
rpf oe ,oxi rbpei rxrfcpe` oi` oxrRxb hin of on
ev cphyx oyihrR okrlhpiieerbxrqie` of oe ,olirb
.bpepyxrc rwicrarl ryihpnx jf xrcri oe okn
xcqan ql riprnex oiiw ornewrb oia ji` oree
hin orfrb xrciee jif ji` ad ,1948 oi` l`xUi oe
rRxb xr ,hbfrb oe` ohrarb hlnrc mi` ad ji` .ox
lf xr f ,okn olree xin oe` bpicvl oflxrai` lf
hleerb xr hd oarl rvpb qc .l`xUi oiiw ox oiey
oe` o` ul wR" :hbfrb mi` ji` ad hvi` oe` ,ox
ohqra oi` oreerb hyip fi` xrRxb ."hyip hxee ,x
ji f o rwprcrb qe e o xi
79
hyip oiey fi` riprnex oi` oarl rvpb qc oe` hpefrb
orprf cpx rpf rl .ln qee qc xrn oreerb
o oreerb xra fi` xr .hlrrb jif xrc oxrbwree
mi` a oreerb fi` hpbei xrc oe jp .xrhxRyrbp`
,rifrR xryicii oe oarl hyip orw rn f ,rrci` o
ev mrc jp oe` oarl ev hiiwkrlbrn oy jif fen rn
iee !hxrwx :hbfrb ad ji` oe` .rifrR oy
hyip hd xrpiiw .vn oalrf oi` oreerb ji` oia xrln
xrln oe f hbfrbev hyip xin hd xrpiiw ,haiilbrb
jif hleerb hyip ln oiiw ad ji` xp .oarl orn orw
h :hbfrb ad'k oe` yxrcp qrRr oe oarl okn
oe` .orpw lree ji` iee ief oarl lree'k ,qr fi` qc
oy jif hree xr ,oiip :hbfrb hd xrRxb
mrc jp oe` ceqi olrivppi oad lf xr hiiwkrlbrn
xriif mi` hd qc oe` .xrcil oaxy oe` ovif xr hree
oiiw jif xr hd ceqi olrivppi oiiw lee ,oqrbrbie`
,oaxy of hxrcprrb jq hd'q oe` oyrb hyip ln
.oheb mev hyip oe`
oreerb oiey xr fi` ,xrd ornewrb fi` xr oree
hdrb ul jp hd xr xp ,yhprn xrprxielx ald
oe` olrhywree jif lrivppi fen xr f ,wpcrb of
iif oe` ohixy rpf olrhyiepev xr hree mrc jp
.oarbqiex
o i ae x o e `x
80
orprf orbpey rpf qee oe` xrcil rpf obree
hin obf j` olree riprnex oi` oarl oyicii ox oreerb
xfril` oe` xrlr mdx hiiwhiprb oe` ze`iwa xriif
lqia oliivxrc hleerb xp j` ad ji` .lrwprx
oarl on oe liih xrqiexb f ,obf j` oe` zepexkf
1922 oe` 1916 oyieev .oxi rpri oi` hnrxerb jif hd
.riprnex oi` qpqrprx xryicii xrc oxeerb oyrb fi`
xrwivpii` xrc hyip oia ji` f ,hlirb ad oiil ji`
f ;hiiwyicii x onrw liee qee jp ox orprf qr
jif iif orprf rl oe` .xrcixarheb rxrcp jq
.oiil oala xin oe` orbpbrbwree rileeR ,rileeR
xin :orpw xin qee jf rwivpii` ic oreh xin oe`
...iif oi` jif orpnxrc
oi` ocii ryiprnex ic f ,orf hleerb xriif hlee'k
:hrax rwiliid ,hrax o ornrpxrhpe` olf l`xUi
oarbqiex iif oe` xrRxb wri oe xrcil ic ornrpiepev
- bpevrfxrai` xryirxard oi` jie` oe` xewn oyicii oi`
lf qee ,xkf ,oalaxrai` lf qee ,jea oin f
hd qee dnyp xrqiexb xrc oe wprcp mev oala
*.xrRxb wri oqiidrb
* xfril` jxec hxihwcrx ,xrcil qxrRxb oe bpelnf f
:1975 oi` orpiyxrc fi` ,lrwprx mixiy - xrcil rprailwrb
mixgap .
81
hlalbiRy xcpqMl
xrRxb wri
hiiwkrlprfxrR of ev okixhy
*
ohkla oeeExR ji` lree xrhxree rkrlhr rpn oi`
oe` hlhyrb xryihrR qxrRxb wri oe cv oii` fiela
of oe hwrRq oyibxh oii` sie` fiela olrhyR jif
,hiiwkrlprfxrR xrhpqrxrhpi` qiekxec ,xrwihfli
xryiprnexyicii xrc hlbiRyrb jif hd qr xrklree oi`
xrc oi` xeRy rwihprw hflrbxrai` oe` lwpiee
.rhkiyrbxehlew xryiprnexyicii
ql ;orpiba xrc - xryyicii ql fi` xr"
rwihqb ql ;hiprf xrc - hprbilrhpi` xryicii
oyiprnexhl mrpe bh xrvpb xrc - hiiwkrlprfxrR
".ueaiw oyicii
xrc oxi xrwiqxc ic oi` hd xrhxree ic h hin
xrwihixwxehxrhil oe` hqiiiqr xrpivilb xrbelw
* xrRxb wri oe wprcp mrc hrncieerb hpee oie` hxee
.2004 xepi oh18 mrc
hlalbi Ry xcpqMl
82
xrhkic mrpe hrxhxR mrc oxeerbp lwia dnly
jeaxrcil of oe orpyxrc mev xrRxb wri ohy oi`
oiihy oe qlwia oi` ox fi` xrRxb obree iiqr xrc .
jea jifnex oe` jif oi` .
oiiw ornewrb ,lhxree qc hbf qr iee ,fi` lwia
ul orfxrc ,ln sie` orfxrc oe` lee sie` riprnex
oi` ,diq xryicii xrc oi` jif heh qr qee
.orlwpiee ryixraxy oi` oe` oarl okrlhylrfrb
jif hfl iiqr qlwia oi` zexey xc ic h oe
qxrRxb oe zivnY ovpb mrc oraelcqie` mvra
rR xrwilcprvxi ,hpd if ornrpa xin iee ,hiiwkrlprfx
oie` jif hnewa hlhyrb rwifc ic iee ,hieh of jp
xrc oi` ,diq xryiprnexyicii xrc oe hpexbxrhpid
.zenglnhlree rciia oyieev dewY
mrc oe hwrRq owixriexh mrc obree ocrx xin zeid
of qee hrR mrc oe ,xrRxb wri xryyicii
orprf ,yicii sie` oaixyrb fi` dyexi ryixxrhil rvpb
yiciiyiprnex rwifc ic Eee ,orpnxrc ev iegn xin
oe rRn xrwiclleM xrc sie` orphyrbp` fi` dxivi
oe`hiifrv xrc zngn fi` qee ,xehxrhilyicii xrc
oin oailarb oe` oreerb wl oyicii oe hiiwhiixRyrv
.xehxrhilhlree ,xehxrhil rlqxreeipe`
h obree hyzecr o sie` oexx jif orpw xin
hi i wkrlprf xrR o f e v o ki xhy - xrRxb wri
83
hd xrbpn wivi` qee ,qreny ohwexcrb oi` oipr mrc
ic oe xrhxRrx hin hdrb xrhrla ryixxrhil oi`
oiiw ornewrb ln ohyxr mev fi` xr oree ,1929 xi
xrhxRrx xrc hd qreny mrc ev xipx oi` .ryxee
:oeyld dfa olieR oi` xrpriil oyicii mev ocpeerb jif
xryicii xrc ox ev ornewrb fi` ryxee oiiw"
hin hvrprxb riprnex .xrbpn wgvi riprnex oe xrhkic
riprnex ryixxrhil ryicii ic fi` jc xra ,olieR
."rwixrn ryixxrhil ryicii ic iee fcpe` oe xrhee
yicii oyiprnex oe hdrb orn hd wexcp` f
sxc axrc oe` ,xrhprvyicii oyilieR oqiexb mrc oi`
,xrwivpeev seq ,hv xrpri oi` f ,orwprcrb orn
xrc hin ,oxrbpn ueg orprf ,oxi xrwiqxc aiidp
rklrf ocpeax oreerb riprnex oi` diq xryicii
wri ,bxapiihy xfril` iee ohlhyrb rwihkil
orpnxrc ev icM ,onhl dyn ,lwia dnly ,bxrapxrhy
hxrdrb dxivi xriif qee ,iif oe rhqhlea rnq ic fiela
xryiciillM xrc oe lfxao`viqkp xrc ev i`cee
.xehlew
oaxw oreerb qn xryRid oi` fi` xrRxb wri
oe` ryixhqid ic qee ,vn owicdpeyn mrc h oe
,fi` xrRxb .oreerb mxeb oad oyiprxrwxrai` ryihilR
oe "orpiba" xrc oreerb ,orphyx hd lwia iee
hlalbi Ry xcpqMl
84
i sie` dxivi xryixxrhil orpiba ,riprnex oi` yici
dewY" ic iee `nfeb xryRid hin hpnxrc hxree qee
hkil oi` hlwieerbxrcppe jif hd qee orpiba ,"
hlree xryhxr xrc zra oe` x ,hipyRhv ovxew
.dngln
wri oe eeihivipi` xrc hiel ,fi` 1914 xi oi`
xrc ,qi hhypiexw xryieecln xrc oi` ,xrRxb -
ornp ohin hixyhv orpiy hkil qr xrklree oi` ,
wri xraxy ic ,oxrRxb ueg ,hwiliiha jif oad
.oncix edizYn oe` yhieepiax ihn ,iwqpyha
hd hixyhv ic f ,orpnxrc ev reewiyh
xrhnixa xrhrRy oe` xrbpei hlnrc xrc hxixhqeli`
.oiaex oe`x xrln
iieev hxriecrb lMdjqa hd "dewY" rwifc ic
hixyhv xrc oe oe` ,xi hkil qiex lMdjqa orprf
qee xrcil ic hwexcrb iif oi` hd xrRxb .oxrnep xi
oiey orprf qee oe` xrix oaixyrbp hdrb oiey hd xr
ryicii ryieecln ic oi` dRlra hiixRyx oreerb
.mieyii
qxrRxb wri hwicprx jeY oi` jif hd hinxrc
hd "orpiba" xryirxrry xrc .Rhr xryixrry
ohiieev oi` .hdrb hip jynd owicphha oiiw xra
jif hd ,"hprbilrhpi` oyicii" oe Rhr mrc ,Rhr
hi i wkrlprf xrR o f e v o ki xhy - xrRxb wri
85
,hiiwkrlprfxrR rlrehwrlrhpi` qxrRxb hwihlhyrb
iee hxifixrhwxk xrqra hip meidcr if hd xrpiiw oe`
.iiqr ohpnxrc oiey mrc oi` lwia dnly
qee ,qxryxehlew oin mrc ev xrdrb xrRxb"
xrhpid hee hala rxriiif dxey rpraixyrbp rcri -
xriif oe hiiwipifih oe` ry xrc xrhpe` wilrhy
oe qwrlRnwofclr ovpb mrc oe ...rivxiRqpi`
xp xrcr ic R hlyixw bpey xrlrivprhR xriif
oe` oinxehxrhil mrc hlw ofl qee ,jrlwrxa
obxax lee ,apqxehxrhil mrc hip ornrxeexrc
oe hiiwyixhprnbx xrc xrhpe` iif x hala
".lirb oe` wpcrb oe ...hiiwvpb ic ,fxr oe` hxee
hd xrRxb oree .hkrxrb oreerb wqila fi` lwia
ryifiivpx xrc ryhc obree hcrxrb ,hqrenyrb
xryicii oe` zexve`xehlew ryicii obree ,ohrR
oe` hvilarb ,heyiMrb ynn xr hd ,rhkiyrb
oi` hwihiiprb hip jif hd xr .orwpcrb hin hlwperb
aixh xrlrivrRq oiiw oiiw oreerb hip jie` fi` oe` rpe
hbxwrb hip ,xrqreny oreerb fi` xr .xrpcrxoqn
,lnrfrb mrpiilw x ,cigi x mxhy owihqb of
xrhyrxwea oi` ,qb oi` yiprbrba wilrev zra
liy oi` ,hyrxwee oe` hyrcec sie` lhxeew oyicii
.oiax a eli oe` liymialn oi` ,xlenrn sie`
hlalbi Ry xcpqMl
86
miciqg rpf hdrb riprnex oi` mehrne` hd xrRxb
rkrlhlree oe` micxg a ,ohqilivq a ,ohqipeiv a
owihqb ohnrha of hdrb ail mehrne` hd rn .ocii
hd xr oree q ,yicii hcrxrb hd xr oree q ,qreny
of oi` iee yiprnex oyieecln owihf sie` hcrxrb
.orldin lhrhy
rbpr ic oi` oailarb xra fi` hrhixleRR of
zra .oxifieexRni` oe ,oxipfrx oe ,oqreny oe ovrprxb
jif ,qiex oqixrb jif hd hlreeyicii ryixxrhil ic
jif ,hqpew xryirRxii` oe ornxhy ic oi` hlehrb
fi` ,hnrxehyrb oe` hlcexRyrb ,ohiarbxrai` oe` ohiarb
zlc ryihpnxyiblhqp rpf oi` oailarb xrRxb
bpelnfxrcil xrc oi` hwiaii`x hd xr qee ,zen
xrpf oiihy oe ohy oi` oe` ,hflrb hip jif hd xr .
mrh mrc hin ,mxhy ohin oiibhin ,hprwrb hip xy`
oyixrryyicii mrprnewrbie` oe hrRni` owicpRkx
.ovxR .l .i oe xwir xrc ,xrwiqlw ic oe jynd xrc ,xec
xrprqrfrbp` ,xrlihy xrc jp hwprarb hd xrRxb
qr iee ,oqweerbie` fi` xr xrklree oi` hlree xrwiln
:'xg ev' cil of oe zexey ic zecr ,lynl ,obf
ovila ic oe` ,hiiwxlw of lnid xrc hd oxielx
...xR cla oxree ev mrxehy mrc hin oryxhq iif
hi i wkrlprf xrR o f e v o ki xhy - xrRxb wri
87
jp hxc mrpii` oi` ,xg on ,hpwrb xin ohlee
ovif
,ovipyx jif jrlhh oe` oliivxrc jif zeiUrn oe`
oe` iela oxeerb hxc p'q oe hlee lnid xrc
...xlw
,1934 oi` hwexcrb bpelnfxrcil oi` ,gqep f
i` mfipxkp o oreerb wqila fi` xrc hin jlbx o
xrc oi` ohrR ryrixrlhvhin qxrRxb wri oe dxivi
oe rifrR ic hbnx oiey hd qee ,hlreeyicii
oe` qwieeiil oe liih oyRid oe` oxrRld aiildyn
oe hqb oi` harlrb jp hd xrRxb .dxivi qxrbpn
iee ,"ueaiw oyicii oyiprnexhl" oyieecln oclin mrc
eli .iiqr ohpnxrc mrc oi` haxy lwia dnly
xryfxaf leelree iv ,xrbpif xrcxa ic oe` orcclb
oi` jnr a xrleRR xb oreerb orprf qee ,upxwprxr
hd xr .hdrb hip drRyd oiiw mi` sie` oad ,riprnex
ic hqiid qr iee ,"orlwpiee rlihy" ic jp hwprarb
hin ,onqcpl xrpf ,yihxra rl oe bpelnfxrcil
.xrcil qxrRxb iee gqep oyiblhqp oalrf oie` xrcil
oi` oarbevqiex xrcil ic ofieea hyxr yihxra hd b
xrc ohldrb jif hd qr rklree sie` olf ic oree ,1939
wicpryxhq oiey jif oad riprnex oi` eyii xryicii
.hlweerb oe` hrciedrb
hlalbi Ry xcpqMl
88
zngn zeaiq ic f hcrxrbp` jif hd xrRxb
xrc oi` bplwR oRpw hdrb hd dxivi of rklree
jif hd qee vn mrc oi` okef orn sxc hlreeyicii
,dnglnhlree xryhxr xrc oe bpbqie` ohin oyrb
riprnexhl hlcpeex ,oxrcp oyieev ,reciM hd qee
oi` Romnia Mare oi` oqlyrbp` ,[riprnexqiexb]
,ripeeliqpxh oe` rpieewea ,riaxqra ovrprxb rxi`
ic hin mrpii` oi` ,ocii rwihxc ic hin mrpii` oi`
b ,ohqnx jif oad qee ,xraxy ryicii rwihxc
ic .xrhprvyicii riprnex oi` oy ev ,dglvd o
oiiw rprnewrbev xraxy lv xryRid xrc oi` rhqhlea
xrc oreerb orprf ovpieexR rhxiqwrp ic oe riprnex
xrhnixa xrc oe` xrbpn wivi` hrR xrvieepxryh
bxrapxrhy wri ,bxapiihy xfril` :bpilxc xrpwRil
.onhl dyn oe`
okib oi` jif oad qee ,xraxy rprnewrbev ic h
xrc oi` q ,`eb riprnex oi` q oreerb mydpew
iee hkxha xrRxb hd ,hlreeyicii xrxb
,mi` a oad qee ,xrRkx iee ,"oxchqieewpw"
.dxeka ic orneprbev ,xrhkic oyiciiyiprnexhl mrc
oi` xrklree hiel ,rixrh hiearbqie` jif hd xr
xrhyxr xrc x oe ovrprxb ic oi` ,riprnexhl
ryicii ornewrbie` `lina hlee ,dnglnhlree
hi i wkrlprf xrR o f e v o ki xhy - xrRxb wri
89
rkRr" xrc oe jynd iee xehxrhil hkil xr qee ,"
cqin rxi` oyieev oreerb fi` ic oad xraixrc .mi
sie` hkrx oiiw hip ,"rcnrx" ic ,rprnewrbev
hd oe` hrceeixwrb hlirb jif hd xrRxb .hiiwihyxr
xrc oi` hxrnlwrb jif oe` oyibxh hrnM sie`
px zedlzd hin cinY if oe` rixrh xrwifc -
ly enexa mixc obree oqreny rpf oi` ohklrb
.mler
geMiee xrvpb xrc qee ,oreerb xra fi` dxv ic
hxa ,orbpbrbp hip mrpiiw hlreeyicii xrc oi` fi`
,oaxeg okp ,dnglnhlree xrhiieev xrc jp oxi ic oi`
.oxeerb hnezix oe` ohipyx `lina fi` yicii oree
,l`xUi oiiw ornewrb oxi xrwivkrf ic oi` fi` xr oree
,xraxy rbid hin oyiprbrba rpf oi` ,xrRxb hd
,oxrbl oe` qhrb oe ,mewne` oe rhreerhxrb exl
heeExRrb oe` ,rixrh of hkxarbxi p qc oe
oe wexcqie` xrc hip oihelgl fi` xrbpn f ofeexrc
cpl oi` ornew of xraixrc hd .mehpcii oyiprnex
.hdrb hip bplwR oyihl oiiw rwh
,orpiba of oi` ,diq of oi` fi` xrRxb wri
of wilcree .hlhyrb rlxhprv oreerb wqila
of ,bpeclia of ,hiiwkrlprfxrR xrlrehwrlrhpi`
xryhc oe` xryifiivpx oi` ,rifrR oi` zepin
hlalbi Ry xcpqMl
90
xrc oi` hiiwhlvxeex of wilcree oe` ,xehlew
ev hxrdrb xrRxb hd ,jxRy xryiprnexyieecln
mdx ,lynl ,iee uprbilrhpi` xryiprnexyicii xrc
,mi` hd rfenyicii ic .xrlhvhin rpf oe` eqif aiil
hlreeyicii xrc oi` jif hd xr ,hxix ,obf ev ief
xi` oi` oailarb oe` hRryrbqie` hip xrhkic iee
sie` hwewrb hip ,xrhbfxrchip oe` xrprbpbxrchip
.livprhR oyixil ozn` of
oi` harlrb xr hlee f ,of xryn jif ow rn
ornewa hplh of hlee ,rpliee oi` iv ryxee
fi` xr .bpeprwxrp rwixrdrb oe` qriqprnic rxrcp
sie` xehxrhil Eee ,diq oi` oqweerbie` xra
rprexrb ief ic .eehdn a ohldrb jp hd yicii
dewY" hkil cla oe` hwicprx lrpy uila jif hd "
qr hd xrRxb iee ,"rifeepi`" ic ornewrb fi` jpxrc
ic oe xraxy ic ,"oxchqieewpw" ic oe ,oexrbp
rprnewrbev lbeqn hip fi` xr rklree hin ,ovpieexR
hrceeixwrb hlirb jif hd xr .ohqrnx ev jif oreerb
,lirb rwifc qc of ev xeb icM oe` ,hleera oe`
qee ,rixrh ryihqhp hiearbqie` jif xr hd
rqiexb rpf .ceqi ocilq oiiw hdrb hip i`cee hd
xrqreny iee mxy of oe` hiiwhpeeda of ,zelrn
hflrb hip jif hd rn :orphyrba hip mi` orprf
hi i wkrlprf xrR o f e v o ki xhy - xrRxb wri
91
xrbpn wivi` hip oe` ,xrRxb ,xr `weec f ,obvxrai`
oey`x xrc ,xeka xrc oreerb fi` ,bxrapxrhy wri iv
.riprnexyicii oi` oey`x

oxi ic oi` oxrRxb hin oqreny rpn oi`

aehy oi` mi` ev ornew h brl ji` oree ,1964-1958
rhliivrb ic zra xrhrRy jie` oe` ,hyrxwea oi`
rbpl rpf oi` xr hd ,l`xUi oi` c oyiprbrba
oe ziy`xa xrc f hxfgrbxrai` wiczepywr oblpn
hip okef orn sxc riprnex oi` dxiviyicii xrpxrcn
dewY" xrc oi` ,`eb mi` a xp oxrbpn a hkil ."
sexR qxrbpn hin owicprx `weec xin jif hliee
qee ,mrpf xn`n ohwicprxhip oi` oxrRxb obree
mrc hd xr .milyexi oe eeikxxrbpn oi` jif hpirb
aiidp ,wxieip oi` oaixyrb ,qie` hfee ,xn`n
oe oxrbqiex fi` xrRxb xrcii` ,oxi xrwivkrf
.riprnex
hxee oyicii owicprbpilw owicrarl mrc oe okiiv "
wri fcpe` x fi` - xrbpn haxy - riprnexhl oi`
qprnree ,xrwixil xrhvxda ,xrlihy ,xrRxb
qee ,hywpra hin ornrh ocxw rkiieeyilici`
hlalbi Ry xcpqMl
92
oic ev orbpekiixbxrc rhqkrd rxi` oi` jif hiibx
...qrivnr ryinhix ryixil
xryixxrhileeip xrhyxr xrc oe oqweerbqiex
" xryihphrlicald xrc ,riprnex oi` bpexiRexb hkil
ryihrR rx rwivpii` ic xrRxb wri fi` "rRexb
oi` hvxr xrpxrcn xryixxrhil xrc oe hlhyrb
cfiRr xrhpqrxrhpi` o hinxrc oe` dpicnxwd xrc
xryicii xrc oe orbpekiixbxrc rhvrl ic ev bree oie`
".riprnex oi` wixil
93
iieev qrnrR oe wri xrRxb
*
* ,xrRxb wri :oe hwexcrbxrai` xrcil rprailwrb .1975 ,
94
di q
95
xrRxb wri
96
di q
97
xrRxb wri
98
di q
99
xrRxb wri
100
brh rhqxre e y o i `
101
xrRxb wri
102
brh rhqxre e y o i `
103
xrRxb wri
104
brh rhqxre e y o i `
105
xrRxb wri
106
brh rhqxre e y o i `
107
xrRxb wri
108
brh rhqxre e y o i `
109
xrRxb wri
110
brh rhqxre e y o i `
111
xrRxb wri
112
brh rhqxre e y o i `
113
xrRxb wri
114
115
zepexkf zekxrde
116
eixagy mixacn xgan llek df uaew ,siqei .a z`n rhwd caln
xxeynd ly exkfl miycwend miaxra erinyd xtexb awri ly
xtqa erited micg` mihqwh .l`xyia epnfe ezeiyi` xtexb awri
.milw miiepiya zipy o`k miqtcene (1976 oelwy`)
117
orfrb mi` hd xec of iee xrRxb wri
b
exec ipira xtexb awri
118
xrRxb wri
orfrb mi` hd xec of iee
exec ipira xtexb awri