1

xtexb awri iqxt

2010/`"ryz zpyl
yicii zeaxze dipnex zecdi zece` xwgne zextql
milyexi
2010 xanvca 8 - `"ryz zaha '`
2
okez / hl`dpi`
xrRxb wri
. . ...dlild il` aiywd el / ...oxrd jin hp`wrb hk`p ic hl`ee 3
. . . . . . . . . . . (ipizxa .` .w :mbxz) cec xepik / lci qcec 4
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . qxtd ihtey zehlgd 6
2010/`"ryz zpyl xtexb oxwn miig lrtn lr qxta mikefd . . . . . . 8
oixtl` awri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
lnxk le`y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
ocel wgvi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
dlew xy` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
xiny dwp` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
- .x.e`.n.w.` yiluiaeail dnly x"c ly ezey`xa . . . . . . . 18
2010/`"ryz zpyl xtexb oxwn dxivid cecirl qxta mikefd . . . . . . 19
hiig cecdyn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
xbpiclqrlq edil` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
xlcpq qixea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
ht`fltr xcpqkl` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
xenlt xfril` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2010/`"ryz zpyl xtexb oxwn xwgne micenil zblna mikefd . . . . . 36
l`ienoncleb crl` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
cleepixb irex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
iel dwil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
l`pzp jlil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
rinrxRxrR`xb wri xrc oe zepwY ic oe
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xtexb awri y"r qxtd zepwzn 43
rinrxRxrR`xb wri mrc oe oh`rxe`l
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xtexb awri y"r qxt ipzg zniyx 44
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x r R x b w r i
,oxrd jin hp`wrb hk`p ic hl`ee
oxrhy hin hpiieerb hk`p ic hl`ee
,oxrxh hin oe`
,obrx hin oe`
.obree ic sie` miplfb hin
(oiihy oe oh`y oi`)
- dliNd il` aiWwd El
dlrnln siHd eiakFM
,mWB ax
rnC ax mr
.dOd JxCA xW` mihql lr
(davn ly dliva)
4
x r R x b w r i
lci qcec
,orbprd lci of brl lhra qcec xrai`
,hliRyrb mi` sie` h`d xrhqn xrqiexb xrc q`ee
orbprxa ze`ip oe` xrcil mi` brl xr q`ee
.hlidrb miexh ` oi` dnyp of mi` oe`
ornewrb hpiee ` fi` oev oe hk`p ral`d
,cpila hryfcp`larbne` xcg mrc oi` h`d oe`
,ornexa of hxixrbp` qrpexhq ic h`d qr fia
:cpil oaiedrbp` lci xrc jif oe h`d
obx`n mrc wreexrc oe` bipiw on sie` j`ee ,jx`d
,og oe aiel ` hin ,oarl oe xiy ` hin
obx`ax` bxra ic oi` qph`y ic jif ol`f
.oiibrv b`h oi` jif jyeg xrc hk`p oe oe`
xrprh ic hprwxrc h`d cec lci of oe
,hlirb R`w of sie` mrh` oyix ` oe`
...rpiiy zepexkf oe` xrcil jif hp`nxrc h`d
.hliRyrb liw jif h`d oev xrc x`d of hin
5
x t e x b a w r i
ceC xFPM
,lrOn iElY xFPM ceC zHn lr
,mgA did hxFR eilr on`d
,lri df FxFPM obpe zF`Eap
.mFlg dhrn f` dhFr FznWp
gExd dzid oFtSd on zFvgA
,aXnA xcgA zinEq drFz dM
,gEzn xzin lkA drbp `idW cr
:eil`n f` oBp lgd xFPMd
,xgW dxird ,`pdviwd ,iMln ,rnW
.mze ogigaWe miig xiW dxiW
,zgpA mixd lr EvEti millSd
.mFId xF`A bFOi liNd lt`e
,dN`d mililSd z` xiMd cece
dpprx dniWp Wg FW`x lr
`lRdzFpFxkfe mixiW xMfpe
.dppFv gExd dwgU FxrUA
(ipizxa .` .w :mbxiz)
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qxtd ihtey zehlgd
edil` x"c ,x"ei - xhky ewpi x"cn zakxend ,xtexb qxt ly mihteyd zcre .`
,megza miwdaen mixweg ly zrc zeega mb dpiir xy` ,xciw oxd` x"ce rlq
lrtn lr 2010/`"ryz zpyl xtexb awri y"r qxta zekfl cg` dt dhilgd
zeaxz megza dcakp dnexz enxz zipebaxd mzelirta xy` miyi`d z` miig
:oldlck ,yicii zeaxz meciwae dipnex zecdi
oixtl` awri iagxae ux`a ,dipnexa yicii oexh`iz owgyk miig lrtn lr -
.miax mixeyr jxe`l ,laz
lnxk le`y zeaxzl eznexze zipnexd dtya il`xyi xteqk miig lrtn lr -
.dipnex icedi
ocel wgvi zeaxz meciwl eznexze yiciia i`qne i`pezirk miig lrtn lr -
.yicii
dlew xy` miizextq mixeaig ly qetcl dpwzde xeciq megza miig lrtn lr -
.yiciia miax miixwgne
xiny dwp` .yicii zeaxze zextq ,oeyl zvtda miig lrtn lr -
.x.e`.n.w.` - dipnex i`vei micedi ly zeaxzl inlerd cebi`d ly ezey`xa -
uiaeail dnly x"c ly ixehqidd cerizd xeniye fekix ,seqi` lr ,yil
.ux`a dipnex i`vei axwa mipy jxe`l zizeaxz zelirte dipnex icedi
xtexb awri y"r qxta zekfl cg` dt dhilgd ,xtexb qxt ly mihteyd zcre .a
daizka miwqerd oldlc mixagnd z` ,2010/`"ryz zpyl dxivid cecirl
:dtexi` gxfne dipnex icedi ly mnler dfkxnay
hiig cecdyn xtqd meqxt lr - .h`xh oii` fi` hqpxr fia lkiiny ` oet
xbpiclqrlq edil` xtqd meqxt lr - ztxehn zeity d`eyd ztewz lr ,
.dixg`e dipnexa
xlcpq qixea xtqd meqxt lr - oexMif on oet qrwipee`eecnl ly miigd lr ,
.diaxqa icedi
ht`fltr xcpqkl` .zehlwa mneqxte miizepn` mixiy ly yiciil mebxz lr -
xenlt xfril` xtqd meqxt lr - ayr enk miryx gexta dipnex icedi iig lr ,
.ihqipenewde ihqiytd xhynd onfa
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i"r oxwd zldpdl ybedy xnega oeir ixg` ,xtexb qxt ly mihteyd zcre .b
xtexb awri y"r oxwdn xwgne cenil zbln wiprdl cg` dt dhilgd ,micnrend
:oldlck mixwegle mihpcehql 2010/`"ryz zpyl
l`ienoncleb crl` ,milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`a ipy x`ezl hpcehq -
.d`eyd ztewza yicii zeaxza dgnzn
cleepixb irex xwegd ,milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`a iyily x`ezl hpcehq -
.oexeyi zea` ly ezxivia yicii oeyl ly dnzeg z`
iel dwil zwqerd ,abpay oeixeboa zhiqxaipe`a iyily x`ezl zihpcehq -
.dipnexa d`eyd ilevip ly miig ixetiqa
l`pzp jlil zcwnznd ,oli`xa zhiqxaipe`a iyily x`ezl zihpcehq -
.zixarae yiciia exviy mixteq ly zizextqd mzelirta
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xtexb oxwn miig lrtn lr qxta mikefd
2010/`"ryz zpyl
oixtl` awri
sxhvd 1948ae iq`ia mexbetd on qpa lvip ,1921 xaehwe`a dipnexa clep
xirv owgyk iciid izklnnd oexh`izl dglvda wgiy mipy xyrk .hyxweaa
eizerteda ,dxiaa ax icedi ldw jyny ,df oexh`iz ly zepeebnd zewtda dax
.zepkyd zevx`a s`e dipnexa dcyd ixra
ritedl daxd ,zepey zewdl mr oixtl` wgiy ,1961a dvx` eziilr ixg`
.iq`lwd iciid oexh`izd ly x`ehxtxd on zeienc mlbn `edyk mlerd iagxa
dtexi`a ,l`xyia o`bi'fc ly ecivl dkex` dtewz wgiy `ed ,xzid oia
zena lr elredy zixara zebvd zexyra szzyd oixtl` ,z`f caln .a"dx`ae
mihxqa rited oke ,cere "oiql zia" ,"dniad" oebk ,mipeyd ze`xh`izd
.miax miil`xyi
dlrnd dwdll oixtl` sxhvd ,"lityicii" oexh`iz ly ecqeeid mr ,1988a
dwtdd zn`zd jez ,miipxcene miiq`lw zefgn xtqn dax dglvda dpy lk
ipn`p axwa xzeia mivxrpde miaed`d mipwgyd cg` `ed .onfd gexl wgynde
miciwtzd lk z` dnad lr ezelirt zepy 65 jldna mlibe ,yiciia oexh`izd
.mbxeznde ixewnd x`ehxtxd ly milecbd
dkf 1988a .1985a wxeieipa oixtl`l wpred oc`tcleb mdxa` y"r qxtd
il`xyid oexh`izd qxt qwha .xpxl oxw mrhn yiciia oiihvnd owgyd qxta
lr dpynd owgy qxt :miizxwei miqxt ipy oixtl`l ewpred 2002-2001 zpyl
lrtn lr qxt oke ,oeniiq lip ly (adfd ixrp) "oh`i rprcl`b ic" dbvda ciwtz
.zilbxn xi`n y"r oexh`iza miig
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lnxk le`y
hWa 1937 ileia clep iyrn zligz mr .exehiexw le`y mya ,dipnex ,ihyp`t
ligzde diqpniba cnl my ,ip`yehea fegnd xirl yxeb ,micedid cbp dai`d
eixiy jxk xe` d`x 1958a .eixiyn mqxtl ntia fclie (oey`xd citld)
evli` zepehlyd .dlhea xtqd zvtdy `l` ,dipnex `av ly mixtqd z`veda
.1964 zpy seqa ux`l ribd `ede ,dipnex z` aefrl eze`
dtya mipetewzd lka dwihqivilaete dfext ,dxiy lnxk mqxtn l`xyia
oeneia .zipnexd Viata noastr myd zgz reaw xeh mqxtn `ed ,
,l`xyia mqxty oey`xd uaewd ."hwpetxhpew" Jurnal de front (axw onei)
.30 libl mixiy 30 llek ,1967a
mixteqd zecg`zd z` 1972a cqiie mfi `ed ,micg` mixag mr cgi
,1975 zpyn lgde ,zecb`zdd `iypk ynyn `ed .zipnexd dtya miil`xyid
dnrhn `veiy sq`nd z` jxer Izvoare zvrena xag `ed .(zepiirn)
.l`xyia illkd mixteqd cebi` ly mildpnd
zpya lgd .dwihqivilaete dxiy ly mivaw 32 ly mxagn `ed lnxk le`y
zriazka zeax mqxtn `ede ehr ixtn mixtq 20n xzei dipnexa erited 1996
ux`a zextq ixwan cvn dax dkxrdl dzkf lnxk le`y ly ezaizk .my
ziwaelq ,ziqex ,ziaxr ,zixar odipia ,zety 12l enbxez eixiy ;dipnexae
zpyn lgd .miaeyg mipnex mixxeyn ly mixiy zixarl mbxz `ede .zipiqe
.dipnexa ze`hiqxaipe`a cnlp ezxiy 2000
mdipia ,miax miizxwei miqxta dtprd zizxivid ezelirt lr dkf lnxk le`y
,zipnexd zine`ld dvrend qxt ,Ewqpin` i`din y"r zipnexd dincw`d qxt
mixteqd cebi` .dxiyl db`la o`i'vel qxt ,dwihqivilaetd megza ewqpe` qxt
.miig lrtn lr qxt el wiprd l`xyia illkd
qxta eziikf lbxl lnxk le`y ixac
,icaekn
zwprdl ia exga xy` mihteyl dwenr dceza ixac z` gzt` mkzeyxa
.aeygd qxtd
xg`l mipy rax` ,1937 uiwa clep mkiptl cnerd yi`d ,iizeaxe iizexiab
xqg `edy dprhd meyn dpie ly zeiepn`l dincw`d ici lr dgcpy ,ipelty
gikedl ligzd ,xlhid slec` `ed ,xaexblwiy slec` xirvd `ed `ld ,oexyik
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,hext xdpd zcb lr izclep .mixyrd d`nd ly ipexyik ikd hgeyd `edy
wx eidy migetiq ,dixhqe` z`e mihceqd z` gtiq xlhid slec` ea onfl jenqa
ily dxiirdn izyxeb mdd minia .dtexi` lka rviay mincd ugxnl oenicw
ixebnl ecrep `ly zenewn cerae bb ziilra izxxebzd .ip`yehea fegnd xirl
ieqik lra lwlewn oery did iziid xy` clil didy cigid revrvde ,mc`
,ycgn ezakxde ewexit ,oerya ily zewqrzdd .zefbtdd onfa wefipy ,adfen
ixd ik ,oryk invr z` qpxtl lke` lcb`ykl ile`y zeewl iixedl dnxb
"qefe`lw qexnep" llba miincw` zerevwna milaben cinzne f`n eid micedid
.xlcpq ,hiig ,oryk zexirf zek`ln eid mxear xzepy dne
`l adfend ieqik lra oeryd z`e ,zecli `ll zecli ly mipy xtqn exar
.iziid `l mlern mvray clik oiicr ip`e ,73 oa ip` meik .mlern owzl izglvd
,yiciidy zexnl ,zipnexd dtyd ,izcnl xy` dtya izad`zd xirv libn
da mixacny dtyl ily dad`d .dyibp xzei il dziid ,ily miaqd ly mzty
mze`n revrv eze` itlk izygxy dad` dze`l dznc daepcl mihtxwd oia
xak .ald z` mihiwynd ,dly mineqwd millvl ,day ynyl d`vi iytp .mini
,oery eze` ly oepbpna enk dlind zeakxen jez l` lelvl izcnl izexirva
oiay zewizyl izaywd ,lwynd z` izcnl .oelblb cil oelblb ycgn aikxdle
,ia` ly lwlewnd oeryd z` .dlind ly dirvt z` izyag s` mizrle ,milind
ly xye`de a`kd ici lr lrtend zrd oerya iztlgd ,adfend ieqikd lra
.miigd
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ocel wgvi
,"`"yiv" zyx ly xtq ziaa cnl ezeclia .1924 xaehwe`a ,dyxeea clep
qgi z`e yiciid zad` z` btq `ed my .yicii dziid da d`xedd ztyy
,ihiiaeqd xef`l hlnp ,oiletl ipnxbd `avd zyilt ixg` .dzeaxzl zeixg`d
`ed .lxE` oetv xef`a ,dhewxiea diitk dpgnl glype 1949 ipeia xvrp my
ccp mipy rax` jynae 1941 xaehwe`a "iwqxewiy zpipg" zxbqna xxgey
.zevrendzixaa dpekizd diq`a hiltk
eixed ziae dztqp ezgtyn lk ik el rcep ,1946 ileia dyx`eel ay xy`k
meza .1948 xanvca ux`l ribde oilet z` afr ,'fcela dxvw zedy ixg` .axgp
ecerii z` `vn dxdna j` ,dilvxd iptle`a dxvw dtewz car i`avd ezexy
zhiqxaipe`a zincw` dlkyd ykx mb ,onf xeark .yicii ztya i`pezirk
.aia`lz
,(aia`lz) "qrp rhvrl" oeneid ly zkxrn xag did 1991-1953 mipyd oia
.(aia`lz) "ob`xtqparl" oegxidecd z` jxer `ed meid cr 1971 zpyne
,zexiwqd ,zeniyxd ,zeazkd itl` calny ,jxrene xyken hqivilaet
zpyn lgd ,szzyd ,ux`a mqxty yiciia miihnzd mixn`nd ,mipFhiltd
xeh lra `ed 1997 zligzn ."hv xrfcpe`" iwxeieipd oegxia reaw ote`a ,1968
.(wxeieip) "qhxreex`t" oereaya iyi`
j`p brirb oi`" - mda oexg`d .mixtq mqxtl ocel wgvi ligzd 1968a
2009a rited ,zeniyxe mixn`n ly mikxk ipya xiyr xgan - "ohprn`n
mipyd jldna yicii zeaxzl zpeEbnd eznexz lr .aia`lza wieeiil z`veda
dpyd xaehwe`a .miqxt 14ka dkf `ed i`qne i`pezirk ezelirt ly zeaxd
mrhn yicii oeyla zextql mixtq xken ilcpn y"r izxweid qxtd el wpred
.aia`lz ziixir
qxta eziikf lbxl ocel wgvi ixac
m`d izrci `l ,`"ryz zpyl xtexb qxta diikfd lr il ericed xy`k ,dligz
mixeyr dyiyk jyna yicii zepezira i`pezirk iig lrtn lr qxtd il wpren
izkxre izazky mixtqd lr `ny e` ,yicii zeaxz meciwl wa`na iwlg lr oke
ixg` cevna) "ohprnn jp brirb oi`" ,mday oexg`d xtqde ,mipyd jyna
ef dcaer ."ux`d" ly "mixtq" sqena adlp zxewia xn`na dkf s`y ,(mirbxd
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zeqgiizd zixard zepezira `evnl ozip `ly hrnk ,recik ,oky ,oeivl die`x
.mlera xg` mewna e` ,l`xyia minqxtznd yiciia mixtql zipivx
izxga mzekfa ;yicii zad`l ize` ekpig xy` ,oileta ixenle ixedl dcen ip`
.dfd onfa ,dfd qwhle dfd mewnl ize` `iady i`pezird ceriia
6000l aexw jezn zeazke mixn`n 207 izqpik xtqd ly mikxkd ipya
,zeirae mi`yep ly ax oeebna oc xtqd .zi`pezird izcear zepy 56a izazky
wc xened ly uevnwa miizxagd epiig ly zeiexfend z`e miqwecxtd z` dlrn
dpid ,dxe`kl dheytd ze`ivnd .mzeakxene mkxr itl die`xd zepivxa mbe
.zizieefaxd ,xnelk ,zil`wetihlend di`xd ly akxen xven dyrnl
ywan `ed da ,xiivl ziaihwRqFxhx ,zibevii dkexrzk izpigan `ed df xtq
eytp inip lka xeywd i`pezirk .mipy zexyr jyna eziiyrn wlg mkql
jp brirb oi`" lr ixac ,izxivi zty ,cgkpy mrd ztye m`d zty ,yiciil
...mkiptl zrk invr z` bivdl zxbqn il miynyn "ohprnn
zextq" dpeknd dfn cxtp spr `idy ,zihqivilaetd zextql jiiy df xtq
edyna dxecg `id xy`k ,dti zegt `l zeidl dleki `id mb ik m` ,"dti
miigae dwihileta zeineinei zeieygxzd lr i`pezir geeicl xarny d`xyddn
zextq xvei oial hqivilaet xteq oia wcd lcadd .hxtd lye llkd ly
,epexyik cva oeincd z` ezaizka szyn hqixhladxteqdy `ed zihqixhlA
xac ,oeinca yeniy `ll cala epexyik z` lirtdl "i`yx" hqivilaetd eli`e
dxivid spra mb ,dtid zextqd sprl dneca .dfd spra leqt s` `edy
d'fhxetixd oebk ,mipey mixp`'fe zeixebihw ,mibeq mpyi zihqivilaetd
,zerqn ixetiq ,oei`ixd ,zineineid dnxcd ,zxewiade zepyxtd ,zi`pezird
zekiiye zeixebihw izy oia leabd lr ody zexivi mb yi .cere zepexkif ,ze`pweic
.odizyl
p brirb oi`" ixtql `eana :x`yd oia izazk "ohprnn j
mev .xney xriif jie` oe` ohprn`n ic oe xrbri xrc fi` hqil`pxeyf xrc
mrc ,xraxy mrc oe ciiyxrhpe` xraxy`a xrc hqil`pxeyf xrc fi` ,
xraxyx` xrc .bpexiq`R xrc oe rn`xc ic hixy oi` xra hlcp`eex` xr .
oe` x`h`nx`pi` xrc fi` xr .(mewilaeR ox`) xrxiwilaeR xi` fi` hqivilaeR
- ol`eew rxi` oyieev xrlhinx` xrc oe` ,riv`nx`pi` xrc oe xrfeexrai`
.xrpriil mrc oe` - riv`nx`pi` xrc oe ol`eew ic
:siqen ip` oexg`d ixtql `ean eze`a
rkrlbrh ic oxipif`b`n oe` orln`fie` ,oalwR` q`c wihkiee ief` fi` x`xrc
xrpiiy xrc oe zexivi ic iee ief` - xrkia oe orlee`h ic oyieev qriv`nx`pi`
ryic`ixrR ic ,ol`pxeyf iilxrlM ic rw`h oxree wilrev hyip .xeh`xrhil
13
:"orpif`b`n" oexrbp` oriiqr oe` orlwihx` ,qriv`nx`pi` oe orbpeln`f
ic hln`frbp` oxree orlee`h iieev rxriif oyieev orlwihx` xrwihqb xrc oe
xrc oe orlwihx` ic iee ief` - jiexarb owihqb mrc x rivwec`xR
hln`frbp` oxree jiexarb olrixrh`n ox oe` rivwec`xR xrlrixrh`n
xin iee ,ol` rciia oi` ."oc`lwq" - orpif`b`n ic oe hpree rhxrienrb ic oyieev
sie` hxree hx`q mrc oe jea q`c .orpinxrh ralrf ic hin jif xin ovep`a ,orrf
xryihqivilaeR xrc` xryihqil`pxeyf xrc oe oif`b`n xrc oe` mrc
oi` riv`nx`pi` xrc oe xrpif`b`n xrc hxree hqivilaeR xrc oe` ,xeh`xrhil
.hiiwkrlbrhb`h xriexb xrc oe rn`xc ic haxy xr :yeAln oyix`xrhil xi`
mb mibdep oke .migpend mze`a miynzyn ,ze`xl ozipy itk ,mixwnd ipya
df dxwna ,i`pezird .mc`d ly "zipgexd xwead zgex`"k oezird z` zepkl
aiigy dfd ipgexd oefnd z` dlila "lyan" ,dlil jxer xnelk ,zeycgd jxer
izyl ziqexa ik oiivl i`ck) xwead zgex`l zeixhd zeipngld enk ixh zeidl
...dip'viRe 'u'viR" :dnec c`n lilv "dt`n"e "zepezir" milnd
oin xevil :ztqep dpeek il dziid dl`d mikxkd ipyl "mirbxd" qepika ,mle`
miixeaivd miigae hxtd iiga zineineid dnxcd ly ziperav dwi`fen
oezird xy`k ,rcind oecip dly dgky dze`n dze` livdl ick ,miihiletde
z`e ezeixh z` rcind ca`n meid zxgnl mpn` .d`ixwd meza lql jlyen
`ed ,dtewzd ly dil`ixd z` bviind ,df rcin `weec j` ,ely zeil`ehw`d
z` zca`n dixehqidd jka .iaihwlewd oexkifd on mlrp ,ceai`l jled xy`
ly izin`d miite`e onfd gex mr rbnd z` ,zizin`d zeygxzdd cnin
.zllek dpenz zxivil mivegpy zexecd
ehilitd ,zeqnd ,mixn`nd
kifde mixetiqd ,zepei`xd ,mip
ly mikxkd ipya eqpeky zepex
,"ohprnn jp brirb oi`" ixtq
iperav qtiqt cgia mieedn
dizeirae dxagd iig ly dxne
mi`ae epinia l`xyi zpicna
zinyxd dixehqidd z` xbz`l
ly miknqn lr aexl zipapd
lre mipey miicqnn minxeb
`l` ,ziaihpxhl` dixehqid mieedn mpi` md .xzei e` zegt zinyx divhpnewec
,mdixg` cinzn scxn ick jez i`pezird ckly mirbx ly ,wfazepenz ly sqe`
dgMydne dgkyn livdl izywia .zixehqidd dpenzd z` milydl miieyrd
14
miwa`n ,miizin`d dxagd iig ly mihaid dixlwtq`ak mitwynd mirbx
.zi`pezir dnxck mgivpdle miihilete miixhpnlxt ,miizxag
oey`xd ixtq .mipey mixp`'fne mibeqn eid dzr cr iznqxty mixtqd
ly "mingeld xcqn" xtq ly yiciil mebxz ,"cxRxrnrw" xxeynd
.1968a mqxtzd ,ewpi lqxn "`c`c"d on` icilr xie`n ,xtg miig i`penftde
`vi 1979 zpya .leky` iel ,f`c dlynnd y`x azk yiciil mebxzl `eand z`
1987a .mixvn mr melyd ly ihnxcd jildzd xetiq - "mely ev melg oe"
90 lr) zepn`d zeclez lr zegiye zeqn ,mixn`n uaew wieeiil .d z`veda `vi
(rava zehlt 32 ,zepenz ineliv 500 mr ,miilqxaipe`e micedi ,mil`xyi mipn`
lr - ocr ob ipipR) "xrlhqpiw obree oe` hqpew obree - ocrob oe lxrR" mya
mrcrn" :mi`ad mixtqd z` qetcl izpkde izkxr sqepa .(mipn` lre zepn`
xehx ;(1999) "ulRwx`n ohl oe" ,eelea sqei ;(1976) "jearixhpq
.(1999) "obrwhp hiexpbxn mrc - jc oe`" ,xrnxrl
,oiihyted qxt ,(1991) xrbp`n qxt :mipyd jyna mda izikfy miqxtd oia
mely ly ezenl dpy 80 lbxl wlet l`xyi y"r qxt ,onkit qxt ,iwqaelhi'f qxt
ize` eaiig zra dae ,ize` eccer wtq `lly dxkd zeze`e miqxR cere - mkilr
qxt il wpred dpyd xaehwe`a .yicii ztya dxivid meciw ly lrtna jiyndl
ip` zrk .aia`lz ziixir mrhn yicii oeyla zextql mixtq xken ilcpn y"r
sxhvn 2010/`"ryz zpyl xRexb awri uxrpd xxeynd y"r qxtdy jka `b
oxwd zldpdl dcen ip` jk lre ,dk cr mda izikfy micaeknd miqxtd zniyxl
.eze` il wiprdl dhilgdy
15
dlew xy`
ezgtyn .qixta 1937a clep ,clebpiliiv zial dige qgpt oa dlew xy`
mlerd zngln zepya .1933a ztxvl dze` dafr j` ,dipnxbl oiletn dxbid
.ztxv mexca dgtynd dxzzqd diipyd
zecqena ux`a jpgzd xy` .l`xyil dzlr dgtynd dpicnd mew mr
.yicii xaice miipxez
"cenlzd lkid" zaiyia jk xg`e "xcg"a miipxez micenila jiynd xy`
ziaa car xzid oiae qetcd revwn z` cnl xirv liba xak j` ,aia`lza
i`avd ezexy ixg` .dgtynd zqpxtl riiql ick oeghiad cxyn ly qetcd
xar myl ,milyexia mipey qetc izaa dcear jez df revwna mlzydl jiynd
.ei`eyip ixg`
dxkdl dkf dlew xy` ,mibeqd lkn miixar mihqwh xeciqa zeignenl xarn
zelaewnd aizkd zehiy ifxa eze`iwa lya mixwege mixagn axwa dxwedle
zixara dlernd ezhily .yiciia azekd xeaivd ly mipeyd mixfbnd lr
xy` ly otec z`veid zipkhd zepneinde ddeabd zihzq`d zeyibxd ,yiciiae
cvn mipeebn mixneg ly qetcl dpwzdde cenira ,xeciqa iehia icil ze`a dlew
.dqtcdd zxeve mi`yepd
ctwend xeciqde cidazk gEprR zcear lr dlew xy` dkf zcgein dkxrdl
oelind) "j`xRy xryicii xrc oet jeaxrhxree xrqiexb" ly iriaxd jxkd ly
milyexia "`tl`" qetcd ziaa qtcpy ,l"f wx`n lcei ly ezkixra (lecbd iciid
e`vi ,"ze` xev" xe`l d`vede qetc ziaa cearl lgdyk ,1985 f`n .1980a
cere zepn` ,xwgn ,dfext ,dxiy ixtq ly zeax zexyr zepneind eici zgzn
.d`ibye zerh lkn diiwp yiciia
16
xinyxey dwp`
,zipnxb zeaxze oeyl dxecg dziidy dgtyna ,dpiaewea ,uiaepx'va dclep
dlvip ,xird ly ipnxbd yeaikd ixg` .ipnex xtq ziaa dlgd dicenil z` j`
ccein didy ,xird y`x reiql zeced dixhipqpxhl yexibd on dzgtyn mr cgi
.oicjxerd dia` mr
yicii zextqle oeyll diqpniba drceezd ,mihiiaeqd oehlyd zgz uiaepx'va
zelrl dhilgd dwp` j` ,dipnexl dgtynd dxfg 1946a .oda dad`zde
.oiqixtwa miycg dryz ly zedy ixg` ,1948 uiwa l`xyil dribd `id .ux`l
zextq xve`n mihqwh z`xwde wgyna zeaxz iaxra ritedl dligzd oiqixtwa
mihqwhd x`ehxtxe ,dwinrde dkld yiciia zextqd mr dzexkd jynda .yicii
mixteq ly zeycg zexivia xyrzde jld zepey zexbqna d`ixwdy miiqlwd
.mlerd one l`xyin yiciia
"l`xyi lew"a yiciia miineid mixeciyl dwp` dnxz xzeia zicegii dnexz
dhiqxaipe`a gexd ircnl zihpcehq dzeid f`n zpii`xne zipiixw xeza
ze`lnbl dzyixt iptly mipyae dxika zkxerl dziidp onfd `eaa .zixard
ekf miwgxnay mipif`nd ,diwte` agexle dvxnl zeced .dwlgnd zldpnl
eayiizdy yicii ixaec miaeyg mipn`e mixteq ,mi`wihilet ly mlew z` renyl
.xewial eribd e` ux`a
."qhxreex`t" oereayd xear mixn`n zazeke "mye ci"a zcaer dwp`dpexg`l
xinyxey dwp` ixac qxta dziikf lbxl
wpreny lr ,jxcl izinr lk myae inya ,xtexb oxw zldpdl dcen ip` qxt il
.yicii zeaxz megza miig lrtn lr
ixxeyna mihleadn ,xtexb awri xxeynd ly ez`eev it lr dnwed oxwd
ayei xn`y itk .yicii ztya mixveia jenzle ccerl dxhna ,dipnex zecdi
dxag"a miiwzdy xtexb awri ly exkfl rexi`a xhky ewpi x"c ,oxwd ly y`xd
dpi` yicii ,dnezi `id yiciiy oiad xtexb awri" :milyexia "yicii zeaxzl
zecdi ly mixwege yiciia mixteq ccerle jenzl yi okle dpicn meyl zkiiy
".mdizexivi z` xe`l `ivedl mdl xyt`le ,dipnex
iig z` izycwd ,dxnyl jxeva mipin`nd ,yicii iade` izinr mr cgi ,ip`
oekizd xtqd zia zxbeak .xirv libn yicii zeaxze dtyd zvtdle getihl
yiciia zipkezd zeevl dvx` iziilr ixg` iztxev ,dpiaewea ,uiaepx'va yiciia
17
,zepiixwa my izcar dkex` dtewz ."dlerl l`xyi lew"e ,"dlebl oeiv lew"a
iziide zeevd z` izldip s` zepexg`d mipyae ,zeaxz zeipkeze zeycg izkxr
iziid ,z`f zxbqna ."l`xyi lew"a yiciia mixeciyl dwlgnd lr zi`xg`
zeycgl oif`dl mlerd iagx lkae ux`a on`p ldwl dxyt`y dniynl dtzey
izla wlg `ede epnn cxtp izla wlg `idy dtya zepeebn zeipkezle l`xyin
mipn`l ,gex iyp`l ,mixteql dna mipzepd ,dl` eicx ixeciy .dpnn cxtp
awri ly ez`eev z` zicegii jxca `lnl ick mda yi ,yicii ztya mixveile
.xtexb
z` il wiprdl oekpl d`vny lr dze` dxiwene xtexb oxw zldpdl dcen ip`
.dax dcez .miig lrtn lr qxtd
18
zeaxzl inlerd cebi`d - ."x.e`.n.w.`"
dipnex i`vei micedi ly
ldpn dpy dze` f`ne ,aia`lza 1980a cqep caeknd ixeaivd cqend
,cebi`d .dipnex zecdi zeaxz xwge dvtd ,getih aiaq zipebax zelirt
zeieqpkzd oebx`a micgein mibyidl ribd ,yiluiaeail dnly ly ezey`xa
mi`yep epecip oda ,dzaiaqe aia`lza mitzzyn zeax zeiztewz zeizeaxz
oerna .'eke xe`l mi`veid miycg mixtq ,dipnex zecdi ly dxarl mirbepd
ze`n da mixwany ,zipnexa xwira ,zety yya dxiyr diixtq dpyi cebi`d
.mi`xew
ekld miipnex zeaxz ipebx`e gex iyp` mr miqgid ,dipnexa xhynd iepiy f`n
dyib zpzip dipnexae rcin itelig ly zelert miniiwzn dpexg`l .ewcdzde
,.x.e`.n.w.` oky ,cgeina aeyg df haid .ok iptl mixebq eidy mipeikx`l
seqi` megza mipyd jxe`l dcnzda lrt ,yiluiaeail dnly ly ezey`xa
oeikx`d .dipnex icedi ly mxar lr miixewn zecerze mixneg ly xeniye
rbepd lka mlerd one ux`d on miax mixweg ynyn .x.e`.n.w.` ly xiyrd
.dipnex icedi ly mxar xwgl
19
xtexb oxwn dxivid cecirl qxta mikefd
2010/`"ryz zpyl
hiig cecdyn
ziaa cnl ,"xcg"a micenil ixg` .`hil ,(ipiiqx) oiiqx xira 1925 i`na clep
lk z` xbq ihiiaeqd oehlydyk ,1940a .flh zaiyia jk xg`e 'faipeta xtq
oetvl yxebe xvrp `ed .zi`hil diqpniba cnle dziad ay `ed ,`hila zeaiyid
xef`a diitk dpgna xiq` dide `hil ly ipnxbd yeaikd iptl mini xtqn diqex
.lxe`l axrnny inew
ok lr ,ezgtyn z` `le ezia z` `l `vn `l dnglnd ixg` exirl xfgyk
aey xvrp `ed .zihiiaeqd diahl ,dbixl 1949a ribd myne ,ociiwl xar
ux`l eziilr cre 1956a exexgy ixg` .inewa dcear dpgnl yxebe 1950a
.lnFba xxebzd 1990a
daizka epiipr .df revwna ezqpxtl care oiipa qcpdnk micenil miiq 1961a
mqxt dnglnd ixg`e ,diipyd mlerd zngln iptl cer ligzd zizextq
"rnihyqwl`t" zrdazka yiciia mixiye xelwlet ixac ,mixetiq ,mixn`n
l`xyil eziilr f`n .dawqena `viy "cp`lniid yihree`q"ae dyx`eea `viy
16e miax mixetiq ,xtqna 500k ,eixn`n .ehr ixt mixtq dryz erited
.ziqexe zixar ,yiciia enqxtzd zeitxbepen
dkf `ede ,l`xyia yiciia mi`pezirde mixteqd zceb`a xag hiig cec dyn
.mipey miizextq miqxta
zixara azkpy hiig cecdyn ly hqwh
qxta eziikf lbxl
dlgzdd
:ily mickpd ize` el`y mrt
mixn`n ze`n yngn xzeie mixtq dryz xak xe`l e`vi jly hrdn ,`aq -
?dn liayae aezkl zlgzd iznn ,dywaa ,cibz .mixetiqe
mihxtd lk z` izgky ip` ik ,zeprl oken iziid `l dlgzda ,zn`d
,dxixa il dziid `l j` .miinei e` mei `l ,mipy 75n xzei exar .zeclidn
` xtql ick oexkifd ilb lr izilr .zn`d lk z
20
ily dzika micinlzd ."xcg"a izcnl .diipyd mlerd zngln iptl df did
.zizpy dkxrdl ogan oirn did df .zixara zexey yy ly xiy aezkl eywazd
zixara zexey dxyr miizy ly xiy azk `ed ?mkiptl cnerd xegad dyr dn
rexb oeiv ,2 lawiy geha did `ed dziad jldyk .yiciil mbxz mb `ed eze`
.ce`n
ip` me`zt .ogleyl zgzn `agzdl iziqip ,dzikl dxend qpkpyk ,zxgnl
:il `xew eze` rney
!cenr ?my ytgn dz` dn ,hiig -
.gexa dlr enk il ewywy miilbxdy dcaerd z` wx ,izybxd cvik xkef ippi`
hilgd mixend cre ,dfn ueg .+5 zlaiw dz`e zpievn jly dceard ,cec -
.xtqdzia ly xiwd oezira jly mixiyd z` mqxtl
zexvd lk eligzd meid eze`n ;xvw onf wx j` ,oaenk izgny ?mkl cib` dn
.ily
yie mdixag zeglvda mignyy micli yi .zetewzd lka micli md micli
ipnn wegvl eligzd dl`k micli .migilvn mdixag xy`k mi`pwny micli
."xxeynd ewyny" il e`xwe ize` ehipwde
iyp` lk .aeh xxeyne diqpniba dxen ,i`hil did `ed ?ewyny did df in
.uega sgi uiwa zkll bdpn el did .ely daizkd llba wx `le eze` exiwed xird
:xne` cinz did `ede .epnn epwgve eixg` epkld miclid epgp`
.mkn wgv` ip` xgn ,ipnn miwgev mz` meid ?ze`ixa lr mircei mz` dn -
ote` dfi`a la` .`hil z` eyak miv`pdyk elxeba dlr dn rcei ipi`
,ewyny" meimei izrnyy oeeik :ernyz f` ?ily miigl ely eiig mixeyw
.mixiy aezkl ligzdle il mibrell `weec zeyrl oeirx iy`xl qpkp "ewyny
mei lka ."hpd"e ,"rnihy ryicii ic" ,yiciia mipezir f` e`vi `hila eplv`
mixiy mdl izgly zg` mrt .zixarae yiciia ,miclil micenr dnk etxv iyiy
mrtd mbe ,aey izgly .mze` eqitcd ?miayeg mz` dne .zetyd izya ily
f` iziid .zixarae yiciia mixetiq mrt icne mixiy aezkl izlgzd jke .eqitcd
.11 oa
.gqt iptl dytegl ep`vi ,flh zaiyi icinlz ,epgp` ,1939 qx`n ycega
lr ,dkplt xira gepl ,micinlz zveaw ,eprqp mini dnkl dziad reqpl mewna
eyak onf eze`a .(lnn) dctilwl mini dnkl epxar jk xg`e ,ihlad mid zty
xef` z` eyak mb md liawnay dfk did eply "lfnd"e ,diwaelqek'v z` miv`pd
diiqelke`d cbp miv`pd zeticx z` epybxd cine skz .my epgp`yk ,lnn
cib` .oend df lr azkp xak ik ,df `yepl o`k qpkidl dvex ippi` j` ,zicedid
epgxa mini xtqn ixg` .eplaiwy zeknd jxc miv`pd "zad`" z` epybxdy wx
21
mlek `l ,epxrvl .,zi`nvr oiicr dziidy ,`hill dlila leabd z` epivge
eca` f`n .leabd lr miv`pd ici lr exep dveawd on mixag ipy ;hlnidl egilvd
.mixbeand mr lxebd z` izwlig jyndae mixerpd il
zevx`d z` mb 1940a eyak mihiiaeqd ,aehelen-Rexhpaix mkqd it lr
cin exbq miihiiaeqd zepehlyd ,`hill mzqipk mr .`hil z` llek ,zeihlad
,zebltn ,ze`xh`iz ,zrazke mipezir :zicedi zeaxza ewqry zecqend lk z`
wlg s`e "xin" ,"dwceaelq" ,"'faipet" ,"flh" enk mlerd lka zercep zeaiyi
.micedi ly zelraa maexa eidy zeiepge milrtn eni`ld md .zqpkdizan
eidy micedi .cizr ila ,dcear ila ,dqpxt ila ,yekx ila exzep miax miyp`
jk ,(mihqipenewd milirtdn ueg) zelila enlrp miaeyg milirte zebltn iy`x
mwlg lxebe ,mipeiv`le mipeiv ,zeaxz ipwqr ,zixarae yiciia mipezir ikxer mb
.dfd meid mvr cr reci `l
dpnfd izlaiw ip` s`e ,mixirv mixteq zceb` eniwd mihiiaeqd ,z`f mr
iptl miinei oky ,zetxhvdd qteh z` `lnl izwtqd `l j` .dceb`l sxhvdl
,ziad lk z` ewxq ,.a.b.w iliig ipy izial evxtzd ,`hill mipnxbd zqipk
ily `a` ly miknqne zi`hile zixar ,yiciia mixiy mr ily qwpt enixgd
,xdeqd ziaa cgein xcg dligz :mihiiaeqd cvn "dpzn"l izikf .ize` exvre
zepgnn cg`l ,diqex oetvl ize` eyxb xaqd e` htyn mey ila ,jk xg`
zgzn zelrn 40 mr ,ce`n dti mewn did .mipald miaecd xef`a ,inewa dceard
.mipal ly lrtn my did .xhn 3 daeba blye qt`l
,dwilaetxd mexcl xvw onf ixg` ize` exiard `ed jexa yecwd zxfra j`
elblb mdil`y zexdpd zcb lr mbe zexria izcar .xzei gep xiee` bfn did my
.ux`d fkxnl xdpd jxc xxb zeipe`a gelynl mze` oikdl ick micbe`n ur ilea
tp o`k mb ,oetvd zepgna enk ,xewl ,dywd dcearl oaxw miyp` ze`n el
.arxle zelgnl
yiciiae ziqexa izazk .dnglnd ixg` zepezira mqxtle zextq aezkl izay
xacdyk ."dwiexhqxt"l cr invrl izxny mqxtl did xyt` i`y dne
mlxeby mixg` lre ilr exary ze`lzd lr .izi` iiazke dvx` izilr xyt`zd
oiicr yibxn ip`e izybxd cinz .iixtqa xteqn ily xecd zexew lr ,dnec did
.mi`ad zexecl xkf xi`ydl cirdl daeg
22
xbpiclqrlq edil`
enke "dxez cenlz"ae "xcg"a cnl .dipnex ,hxiq xira 1930 xaehwe`a clep
(1940 ipei) zevrend zixal dpiaewea oetv dgteqyk .ipnexd innrd q"diaa ok
.miqexd zbiqpl cr zxzgna `xnb cnl my .dxFbcqa eaq lv` gx`zd
evxt 1941 ipeia dxebcql ixbpedde ipnexd ,ipnxbd `avd zqipkl dbiqpd oia
eizqa .micedid lr zeyw zexfb elhed odixg`e miax micedi ebxdp oda zerxt
zepexwl zeqba eqgcp dxiird icedi .yexibd zcewt dribd ,a"yz zekeq ,1941
dxiiya jynp rqnd ,mini xtqn ixg` .(diaxqaa) hWlEwxnl elaede xwa
dgilvd dwaFplA ipi`xwe`d feglewa .dixhqipqpxh l` ,mi`xep mi`pza ,zilbx
ehbl apbzdle dxiiyd on ,mitqep miyxebn mr cgi ,gexal edil` ly ezgtyn
elg mipikde xewd ,arxd i`pz lya .mitzxnd cg`a dpkzyd dgtynd .cyxa
.xvw onf jez exhtp miaxe qetiha miyp`d
my aiilewipa ipnxb diitk dpgnl glype edil` ly eia` cklp 1943 aia`a
miiwl ick cyxal yeyz xfge gxa edil` ly `a` .bEa xdp lr xyb mixiq`d epa
edil` ."deevn xa"d iptl mei xhtp ik jkl dkf `l j` ,epa ly deevnxad z`
minezik exared f` ,miycg dryzk cer ehbd i`pza ecxy dphwd ezeg`e
ribd dzi` militrn zveawl my sxhvd edil` ,hyxwea xexgy mr .iq`il
cr dixhqe`a mixewrd zepgn oia "dgixa"d ikxca ccp miizpyk .hqtceal
.1945 seqa eplinl ribdy
,"epialq zia" l` sxhvdl "dgixa"d iyp` ly drvdd z` laiw edil`
ribd epialq xrep mr .dvx` diilrl dnvr dpikdy mitl`d ixda xrep ziinipt
militrnd j` ,"aexefelx` miig" militrnd ziip` lr ux`d itegl dpey`xl
my lawzd zixara ahid hlyy edil` .oiqixtwl hcpnd zepehly ici lr elbed
gztpy (iep ac 'text minil) oniep ac zldpda ,"bxaphex y"r mikixcnl xpinq"l
evwedy mihwitihxvl zeced 1947 eizqa ux`l ribd xac ly eteqa .1947 uiwa
zelretdwyn" i`lwgd xtqd zia ziinipta uaey ux`a .d`eyd inezil
z` xikd my .mipeyd ze`lwgd itpra dceare micenil daliyy "deewzgzt
ozgzd dzi`y ,dixhqipqpxh zxbeae uiaepx'v zcili ,xvif dipd ,cizrl eziirx
.1952a
xtk" iteziy ayen znwda mixg` mixbea mr cgi szzyd ,1951-1949 mipya
dxenk car .milyexia mxkoira mixenl otle`a mlzyd okn xg`le "l`ipc
lilbay dxeaczency ayena ixef`d q"diaa ;abpa mgexilz zxarna jpgne
szzyd mipyd jldnay ,edil` .l"ln xtka uiaepexd` y"r q"diaae oezgzd
23
ick milyexil 1964a mdicli zyelye ezy` mr xar ,zepey zeienlzyda
cily mxkdzia izklnnd q"diaa car mipy xyrk .dhiqxaipe`a cenll
dixehqide `xwn ,zixar zextq cnl liawnae oili cec y"r xpinqd
deabd q"dia"a zenlzyd zpy ixg` ,1975 zpya .zixard dhiqxaipe`a
xir zepekya miiceqi xtq iza ipy ly ldpnl dpnzd ,jepigd cxyn ly "ledipl
dagxed minil .xeqn mixen zeev mr cgi mwiye cgi` mze` mgpn ziixwe mipb
did ldpne jpgnk zvne`nd ezcearl liawna .miipia zaihgl q"dia zxbqn
zibebctd dvrend x"ei mipy yng - mixend zexczqd ly inlyexid sipqa lirt
zezenra lirt zeidl jiynd `ed zepexg`d mipya ze`lnbl ez`v ixg` .cere
szeye "xtexb awri" y"r ycwdd zldpda xag mb `ed .z`y xzia zepey
.xxeynd ly ez`eev it lr xtexb oxw mrhn miqxt zwelgl
c"i ly zipeylecd ezxivi lr dfz zaizka ipy x`ezl eicenil znlyd mr
oncixt awri zxiy z` xewgl edil` ybip ,l"f qqxe l`eny zkxcda uiaewxa
jiynd ocq ly ezewlzqd xg`l .l"f ocq ac 'text zkxcda yiciia wx azky
ly ezxivie eiig lr winrnd exwgn ze`vez .dk`lna jehpiiy l`igi 'text
xzin" :mixtq ipya enqxtzd ,xehwec x`eza eze` ekify ,mdizetewzl oncixt
dixhqipqpxhn" ;wieeiil .d z`veda e"pyza `vi (mikxk ipy) "dhlra hhex rexw
cec" qxt el wpred ipyd xtqd meqxt lr .d`ved dze`a b"qyza `vi "l`xyil
"oiihyted .2009 zpyl
xear oey`x qxta dkf 1953a .eixerp f`n zihqixhla daizka wqr edil`
uaewa "mippzqn" exetiq mr cgi qtcpy ,"mgexi lzl myn" milerd iign xetiqd
mifepb ciiazk znlydl dptzd ,eixwgn meqxt xg`l .(b"iyz caermr) mihay
rited zexgae mixerp ixiy hwl - "dixhqipqpxh iyigq" .qetcl mzpwzdle
.2008 milyexi ,"lnxk" z`veda ,onex - "ixg` mipy ray" .2007a milyexia
dpexg`le 2009a milyexi ,zexgae mixerp ixiy xgan - "d`ey mezi zepeibd"
.mixvw mixetiq uaew
qxta eziikf lbxl xbpiclqrlq edil` ixac
`l dligz .9 oa iziid ,1939 xanhtqa ,diipyd mlerd zngln dvxtyk
ziaae "dxez cenlz"a cenll izkynd .dpiaeweaa epizenewna xac ybxed
(1940 ipei) zevrend zixal dpiaewea oetv dgteqyk .hxiq dxiira ipnexd xtqd
izcnl dpy jynae my izrwzp .leabl xarny dxFbcqa iaq lv` izgx`zd
.(1941 ipei) miqexd zbiqpl cr zxzgna `xnb
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dxebcql ixbpedde ipnexd ,ipnxbd `avd zqipkl dbiqpd oia evxty zerxta
xhynd .ccype uxtp ziad wx .ziqit drbtp `l izgtyn j` ,miax micedi ebxdp
xeqi` ,aedv cec obn zcipr :drecid ziv`pd zpekznd itl zexfb lihd ipnexd
zgny axr .a"yz zekeq cr jynp dfd avnd .zeilklk zelabde ,zeldwzd
.yexibd zcewt lr ricede miliiga deEln ipnex oivw zqpkd ziaa rited dxez
dxezzgnya epaviizd ,z`yl milbeqny lwyna milhlhne oefna micievn
d`vi zakxde dax zetitva xwa zepexwl epze` eqgc .deEvnk zakxd zpgza
mi`nve miarx ,mini dnk ixg` .oexwd dvwa exavp ezny mipwfe mileg .jxcl
diayezy (diaxqaa) hWlEwxn zpgza zakxd dxvr ,gixqnde qegcd xiee`a
ixg`e zakxdn zeqba epcxEd .ipnexd yeaikd ly mipey`xd minia ecnyed
ly diqinew epl dkxr ,binvd iAxqAd ueaa mixhneliw dnk ly dcirv
,adfd ,sqkd zcicy dllky zipctw divifiwxR ,zipnexd dixnxcp'fd
ly miqexdd mizal epqpked zedf ilehp .zepenzde zecerzd ,mihiykzd
zeieebdn milrxen eid zex`ad in .mihphxFRcl xarn dpgnl ektdy hWlEwxn
.zia eze`a exby micedid ixaw - xtr ilz ennexzd mizad zezifgae zeaiwxnd
minxcp'f .xhqiipc xdp xarl zilbx dxiiya epze` e`ived mini dnk ixg`
epipg axr zeptl .milygpd z` ebxde mdiaex zezwa onfd lk evi`d miyeng
miqp` ,miccey .meybde jeygd xria epilr xar dni` lil .uE`qFw xria
mixeckd zwixye xayd zewrfe dxiiyd lr ehyt daiaqd ixki`n migvexe
epkynd ue`qewn .xria dlil eze` ddyy in lk ytpa zihne`xh zwlv exized
zeiag xyb lr xdpd z` epivg .lFRni dxiird cil xhqiipcd zcb cr jxzydl
qpxhl eprbd .ecixgd xdpa driahl miltende miltepd zewrv .xzle`n
.dpill lFRni dxiira dvgnl qexd ihiiaeq ixeaiv dpanl epqgcp .dixhqip
wfgd xewa ,arxa ,ipraehd ueaa epwa`p .zinnd rqna epkynd zxgnl
cba mixken jxca .aefr ipi`xwe` feglew ly deexe` e` ztxa mipl ,blyae
cWxA ehb l` dwaFplA feglewn epzgtyn dhlnp `itwn dlila .mgl zxenz
) Bershad .ea epnwnzde dpilecd dlrna qexd zia zgz aegh szxn epilib .(
blyn epxvi min .ytp 20l lrn epzi` cgi mi`vnp szxna ik xxazd xweaa
reayk .blyd lr mze` epny iehigl .mipik evxy micbad .lf` lke`d .qnen
.mifede miarx ,mitlern eaky szxnd ixiic lk .zexdad qetiha epilg ep`ea mein
ekld odixg` ,eply (dngp) dgp `zaq dixg` ,dxf `zaq dxhtp dligz
oey`x xp wilcd `a`y ixg` dxhtp ,dipd ,Epn` .mdixede izcec ipa mnlerl
hrnk exhtp dkepgd bg jyna .ohw dnc` getz ivg ly zpFgnEba dkepg ly
izcec za ,dnly `a` :qetihd ztbnn e`ixad lekd jqa .szxnd iyp` lk
zetere zeigl sxh zexawd zia xcb cil egped miznd .ikep`e dig izeg` ,dxlw
25
mlek exawp rwxwd zxytd ixg` wx .mixaw zexkl elki `l d`etwd dnc`a ik
.mig`zexaw dyiya
icedi ,owfd cec 'x mb lltzd ea izxzgn "oiipn"a yicw cibdl `a` mr izkld
.oefn ytgl ehba cgi mihheyn epiide epxagzd .sqei mya ckp el didy ,inewn
divhipqd llbay xdpd zcb lr cceazdl micxei epiid miblyd zxytd ixg`
`aq .zixeaiv d`xgnl dktd dcexid ea aegxl dpetd xcg zxica xb sqei ly
ige minxcp'f cec 'x oWi xcgd ixeg`n jeka .zelila ellezyd mipnxb mili
.wixd xcga epze` gx`l mikqd `ed .owfd
ekiynd mipikd la` hrn xtzyd avnd .szxnd z` epafr 1942 aia`a
eplaqe mifx ce`n epiid .ep`xad qpae dixhpficn eplaq uiwa .epnc z` uevnl
aia`a .ce`n dlilc dbilnn ,"dxcpF'f" zpkdl dgnen iziidp .cinzn arxn
dpgna diitkzcearl gwlpe zicedid dxhynd dkxry cevna `a` qtzp 1943
oebx` ly ipnxb TODT iziidp .ihdixhl aiilewip oia bEA xdp lr xyb dpay
cigid qpxtnd ly epzgtyn weyl apbzn iziid arxd mr ccenzdl icke dphwd
.mizivn ipa`e mixextb zexki`l xeknl dqpne xki` zlbr ixeg`n ipi`xwe`d
owz lr epiid xebl dti` epl didy oeeik la` ,epnyxp minezid zia mwedyk
minezi" ly wxn zixrw lawl izeg` mr izkld mei lk ixdva ."miipxhqw`
.mixdva zxgnl cr epze` riaydl eid mixen`y ,dbilnn e` ,xaiw mgl zqexte
`ed .diitkd zcear dpgna `a` z` cixhd ily deevndxae 13 libl izaxwzd
zia lrt xak onf eze`a .deab mega gcew `edyk cyxal ribdl gilvde gxa
c"yz ixyz 'da xhtp `a` .'ze`ix zwlc' - raw `texd .ftye` `a`e ohw mileg
z` aefrp miiga x`yip m`y izxcp dieeldd ixg` .ily "deevnxa"d iptl mei
dze`l ,dpihqltl ribdl ick lekd dyrpe zezinvl mcn daewrd dtexi` znc`
oecedi) 'dpihqlRl oc'f' - millwn eid iceqid xtqd ziaa "mipnexd ixag"y ux`
.(dpihqltl
dixhqipqpxhn xifgdl dipnex ocex mikqd epia` zen ixg` miyceg drayk
izx`yp ip` .micba ztlgde iehig epxar iq`il jxca dpgza .miletk minezi
ixg` .dvx` diilre hwitihxv zlawl hyxweal dglyp dphwd izeg`e iq`ia
dzi` militrn zveawl hyxweaa iztxhvde iq`i z` izafr hyxwea xexgy
mixewrd zepgn oia ccep ,"dgixa"d ikxca miizpyk izpxnz .hqtceal izrbd
xhqe`a z` dvgy "diilrueaiw"l iztxhvd j`lieea .j`lie ,u`xb ,uipAiil :di
"dgixad" fkxna .dilhi`l 1945 xanvcl 24a miblyend mitl`d ixd
zia z` .mitl`d ixda xrep zinipt "epialq zia" l` sxhvdl il rved eplinay
z` obx` `ed .xliy zveawn ixirf dyn - zicedid dcbixad yi` ldip epialq
.'c dveawa izvaey ip` .ezveaw ly ikepigd mbcd itl ziad
26
) "ewq`ilea"l epxar xzeie dpy xeark Bogliasco zilbl izla dltrd z`xwl (
."miligzn" zxeag cnll ilr lhed ."zixarl dxen" iziidp o`k .l`xyi ux`l
) "FhpFRhn" zevia l` zexidna epwlzqd epilr dzlr zihixad zyleadyk Meta
Ponto mid zty lr epxb miyceg dnk .miihilet mixiq` ipileqen `lk ea mewn ,(
23ay cr ,ze`bd inina etved e` ,zitxegd gexa etterzdy milde`a oekizd
dpgnd len mi ala "aexefelx` miig" militrnd ziip` dpbr 1947 x`exatl
zexega ep`vn dpiyd itcn lr ,ddeabd diipe`d l` epbltd ineb zexiqa .eply
zezgyn ray cbp axw ick jez .diceeya d`xadn e`ay dcnyd zepgn zelevip
z` riwadl diip`d dgilvd ,(a`il` dael) xezx` hipxawd zbdpda ,zeihixa
qx`nl 2a epilbede zeiplkd icia epyakp .milbza znc`a rwzidle xevnd
dpgna dpkey eply dxeagd .oiqixtwa militrnd zepgnl ,aelkziip`a ,1947
,"bxaphex y"r mikixcnl xpinq"l izlawzd yizn repky ixg` .65 sxeg
.1947 uiwa gztpy (iep ac 'text minil) oniep ac zldpda
zepgnay d`ey inezil mihwitihxv diphixa zlynn dzvwd hqebe`a
epqpked ,xetik mei axr ,zxgnle oiqixtw z` epafr g"yz ixyz 'g meia .oiqixtw
zia ziinipta izvaeye izxxgey mini dnk xeark .zilzr dpgna dpihpxwl
meid zivgne epcnl meid zivgn ."deewzgzt zelretdwyn" i`lwgd xtqd
ly oey`xd cecba epvaey ,"dpbd"l eprayp o`k .mipeyd ze`lwgd itpra epcar
.d'bt irxet len epxnye deewz gzta r"pcbd
zxbeae uiaepx'v zcili ,xvif dipd ,cizrl iziirx z` izxkd o`k
ep`vie "xrq oirxb" z` epcqi ,1949 uiwa ,micenild meiq z`xwl .dixhqipqpxh
izglyp miayend zrepz mrhn .zeayiizdl dpkdk zxpik zveawa dxykdl
miliig oirxb mr epcg`zd eizqa ."lxa zia" ly oey`xd ipeirxd xpinql
"l`ipc" yehpd xtkd zenc` lr epl dzvwedy rwxwd lr epilr cgie mixxgeyn
rd llba wxtzdl aeyiid lgd 1951 seqa .iteziy ayen miwdl dxhna diil
.exfg `le "mixed zxfr"l e`vi eribd mdixedy mixag .dipnexn zipendd
epxnye meia epcar .wynd z` (zexega 3e mixega 4) epwfgd miyceg dyely
dpey`xd dtq`ae dwixt` mexcn izeayiizd oirxb mr epcg`zd .dlila
.epafre epalrp .micnrenk mdil` sxhvpy ehilgd
iznyxp ,yxid ac ixag mr cgi ,ip`e zeppb qxewl dnyxp ,izxag ,dipd
lr miaefr mizaa epxb .itqk iav x"c zldpda ,mxkoira mixenl fxefn otle`l
lgx ly xrepd zeega eniiwzd zegex`d mr micenilde mixfpnd cil xdd rlv
mixena xEngd xeqgnd llba .ce`n miiaiqphpi` eid micenild .iavoa zi`pi
zervdd lkn .zexarna xtq izal mixen "cevl" minxfd lkn migwtn e`a
dxenl wewf `edy orh clt gwtnd ik ,("mgexi" meid) mgexilz zxarna izxga
27
,oey`x meia .dipnexn miycgd milerd mr xywzl lkeiy yiciie zipnex xacnd
jnqen izla dxenk dxarnd ly q"dia sixva cnll izlgzd ,1952 x`exata 3
.'b beq
xda oey`xd q"dia z` epnwd ,`hiln d`ey levip ,oeqxb caer dxend mr cgi
xvif dipd z` dyi`l iz`yp dxarna izerwzyd ixg` mini dxyr .abpd
sixva epxb .dknqd zepigal opekzdl izlgzd dpezgd ixg` .aia`lza zepaxa
,milerl zephphw zexic zepal eligzdyk .epizey`xnl ohq mr xcbd cil
1953 hqebe`a epxwr daebza .miycg miler eppi` ik epze` egc .ep` mb epnyxp
ick miiznxl epxar mipy rax` xeark .oezgzd lilbay dxeaczency ayenl
ly dgelyk cwtzy aia`lza mixen zenlzydl deabd q"diaa cenll lke`y
eid xak .l"ln xtka uiaepexd` y"r q"diaa izixed o`k .milyexi zhiqxaipe`
cearl izvl`p .dcear dbiyd `l ik mda dltih dipde micli dyely epl
mipy yy xeark .ax mevnva epiig .bixg xrep ly cqena jixcnk mb miaxra
.jixcne dxenk "zelretd wyn"l izxfge jepigd cxynn dyteg zpy izgwl
jiyndl ,oiwld oerny 'text ,ixen il rivd mixen zenlzydl deabd q"diaa
jepigd cxynn izywiae ef drca dziid iziirx mb .zixard dhiqxaipe`a icenil
.milyexil dxard
y"r xpinqd cily mxkd zia izklnnd q"diaa cearl izlgzd 1964 eizqa
,zixar zextq izcnl liawnae mipy xyr jyna g-f zezik izkpig o`k .oili cec
.my ireci mixene mixeqtext lv` zixard dhiqxaipe`a dixehqide `xwn
dnly gwtnd il rivd 1974 zpya .dngp eply mipewfd za dclep milyexia
meza .jepigd cxyn ly "ledipl deabd q"dia"a zenlzyd zpyl z`vl odkd
mgpn zixwe mipb xir zepekya miiceqi xtq iza ipy ly ldpnl izipnzp icenil
mixend zeeve oeyy il` ,oe`b mixn - ipbq mr cgi .mnwyle mcg`l ilr lhedy
xcg eplrtd ,micinlz 1200k ecnl q"diaa .dpekya jepigd z` epnwiy
dldwne mipbp 40 ly dtiyp ilk zxenfz epnwd ,xira mipey`xd on miaygn
miywzn micinlz xifgdl gilvdy "dcinld mewiyl fkxn" epnfi .dlecb
dkqgy iceqil dcenvd miipiad zaihg dziid zxzekd zleb .m`dzezikl
qxt" z` eplaiw jepiga epibiyd lr .daihgl 'e dzikn xarnd xayn z` miclil
."f"nyz mixend zexczqd
zexczqd ly "zeprfbe zeinyihp`a dnglnl dzenr"a lirt iziid liawna
,revwnl ixag mr cgi ,iznfi inlyexid sipqa .oieel mely x"c zey`xa mixend
yng .dceard zrepz ikxr gexa q"dia znwde jepigd xetiyl minexet znwd
miizpy .milyexia mixend zexczqd cily zibebctd dvrend x"ei iziid mipy
28
izpdike milyexia miiceqid mildpnd oebx` x"eil izxgap ze`lnbl iz`v iptl
.mipy yely ciwtza
izlgzd ,hxehwecl ikixcn zeidl mikqdy ,ocq ac 'text ,ixen zvlnda
`l q"diaa dceard qner llba .yiciia wx azky oncixt awri zxiy z` xewgl
witqd ocq 'text .mlerd on ixen zewlzqd iptl xwgnd z` miiql izwtqd
iznbxze zepezird on izhwily xxeynd ly zexgad zxiy z` wx ze`xl
x`ezd z` izlaiw .dkxcda jiynd jehpiiy l`igi 'text .zixarl yiciin
"y"i zzenr" zldpda szzyn ip` f`n .ze`lnbl iz`v ixg` dpy iyilyd
zexczqd ly mi`lnbd mixend oebx`a xag ;milyexi sipq (d`ey icli/inezi)
zeaxzl dxaga xag ;milyexi sipq "jnr" oebx`a xag ;milyexi sipq ,mixend
lr miqxt zwelgl szey ip` "xtexb awri" y"r ycwdd zldpda xagke yicii
mixtq ze`vedl reiqe yicii zeaxz mixwegd mihpcehql zebln ;miig lrtn
.xtexb awri xxeynd z`eev z` m`ezd megza
mineqxt
:dxiye zxetiq .1
a qtcp ."mgexi lzl myn" milerd iign xetiqd xear oey`x qxta izikf 1953
.b"iyz (caer mr) qag dkxa zkixra "mihay" uaewa "mippzqn" ixetiq mr cgi
dixhqipqpxh iyigq .2007 milyexi ,"ze` xev" ,zexgae mixerp ixiy hwl - ray
ixg` mipy .2008 milyexi ,"lnxk" z`ved ,onex - d`ey mezi zepeibd xgan -
.2009 milyexi ,"ze` xev" ,zexgae mixerp ixiy ztxehn zeity mixetiq uaew -
"xtexb awri oxw" zkinza xe` d`xy 2010 milyexi ,"ze` xev" z`ved ,mixvw
.dixhqipqpxha etqpy "xpaix zial dpge (lyit) mixt` xvif y"r oexkifd oxw"e
:xwgn ixtq .2
,dhlra hhex rexw xzin jxka .(e"pyz ,wieeiil .d z`ved) mikxk ipya qtcp
likn 'a jxk .ely zexgad zxiy xwge oncixt awri xxeynd ly ditxbeiad '`
,dwiceixta exnzyp e` enqxety diipyd mlerd zngln cr yiciia eixiy z`
..zixarl icia minbxezn
l`xyil dixhqipqpxhn oncixt ixiy lk z` llek .(b"qyz ,wieeiil .d z`ved)
iazk z` izgprt .micea`l eaygpe ci azka ecxy e` enqxet ,d`eya eazkpy
exagzpy mr ixiy :migtqp .zixarl miznbxze (izirx zxfra) cid
yicii zeaxza zeielirt zxiwq ;ixehqid xywda itxbeia xivwz ;dixhqipqpxha
zpyl "oiihyted cec" qxta ize` dkif df xwgn .1947-1940 mipya dipnexa
.2009
29
xlcpq qixea
eicenil z` miiq 1975a .(zevrend zixa f`) ,diaxqa ,ulaa 1950a clep
,diaclen ly zipetniqd zxenfza xpk dide apiyiw ly dwiqenl oeixehaxqpewa
.deewqena iwxeb y"r zextql oeknd ly yiciil dwlgna cnl jynda j`
"cp`lniid yihree`q" zrdazka yiciia mixetiq mqxtl ligzd `ed
1992a ux`l eziilr cr 1990n .zkxrnl sxhvd dxdnae 1981a (deewqen)
dze`a .apiyiwa "lew xrfcpe`" zrd azk ly iciid wlgd ly jxerd mb did
.diaclen ly zine`ld difieelhd ixeciya yiciia zipkez dgpd dtewz
1998 f`n ."hiiwoe`cpiw" yiciia miclil zrazk `ivede jxr l`xyia
oereayd ly iy`x jxerk ynyn `ed 1999 i`n f`ne wxeieipa xlcpq xxebzn
`ed ,2007 i`nn lgd .ely eicxd zeipkez lye (yiciia dxecdnd) "qhxreex`t"
."htpewev ic" zrd azk z` mb ,jiixhq` icpb mr cgia ,jxer
enbxez eizexivi .dxiye dfext ixtq dryz xlcpq mqxt 2010-1986 mipyd oia
miizextq miqxt xtqna dkf `ede ,zipnexe zixar ,zipnxb ,ziztxv ,zilbp`l
.miaeyg
qxta eziikf lbxl wxeieipn eglypy xlcpq qixea ixac
raeyg ,xrhkry ewp`i x"c ,cp`txrR`xb mrpet xrvifx`t xraeyg
!hqrb oe` fxR oet xrpieerb rxrcp` ,ixeyf mrpet xrcilbhin
hrax` rprciiy`a of f` ,oqiee ev wihkiee fi` yhprn oyixrt`y ocri x`t
hyip j`p fi` q`ee ,jea ` obree ciix ic hiib qr oree ,hxta ;hvihyrb hxree
ciazM xrc iv ,qiiee iib - rwifix ` rw`h qr fi` ,hb`frb zn` mrc .orpiyxrc
!?hvihyrb of ev hxree rw`h fi`
iexhev of fiela hyip hinxrc ofieerbqiex` ixeyf xrc h`d ,hcrxrb wixev
xrpriil ox`t orbprxaevqiex` hiiwkrlbrn ic xagn mrc hib xr ;xagn mev
qily`a oiil` xrpriil ic oiey ol`f oe` bpet`y of of oiilw xrc` qiexb iee ,o
oreerb orpf rklree ,oRivpixR ic hin `weec hnihy bp`bev `f` .fi` hp`l`h
.xrR`xb awri xrprwxeh`xrhil ohxipit`x oe` xrhkic mrc ovx`d mev
,hlqcp`l rqiexb rpn oet orn`p otie` rinrxR rhixc ic oiey fi` q`c
xrc - lxeb oii` hliihrb oe` hk`n oii` xrhpe` harlrb l`n` oa`d rklree
xrc ;l`brq oeyxb oe` yxrd xrcixa xrviee`pxryh ic oet orn`p otie` fxR
.cp`txrR`xb awri oet fxR xrc hvi` oe` fxRo`nkit awri
30
xrc obree hcrxrbR` oiey ,riprnexqiexb - cp`l `f` `hyip bp`l oiey fi`'q
ohk`n rprciyx`t xrhpe` h`d q`ee ,"ria`x`qra" upiee`xR xrwil`n`
q`c oe` rhqwihkiee q`c .lxeb xrcp` o` h`drb oe` orn`p xrcp` o` ornew`a
ic oe` riprnex - xrcprl rciia ic l`f rn iee f` ,fi` xra` rhqyib`xh
mrc o` oailarb iif orpf ,otex hyip - ree`cl`n rwibprdR`ne` rwihvi`
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.yf`qiiR xrc oe` ;cii xra`x`qrayiprnex ` oet Rih xrwihx`pbii`
rwix`id ic ornew`a h`d q`ee ,"oexMf on oet qrwipee`eecnl" jea q`c
.olf xc ic h` sie` yexita jif hl`d ,"cp`txrR`xb" oet riciqaeq
'v' ` hin ulra" lhiR`w mrpet bevqie` o` "
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hyip jin oa`d xrfd oet hpree ic oe` oq`b ic f` ,hlitrb hyip a`d'k oe`
,xrcnrxt ` cperp on oet hrhy ic h` oi` hlitrb hyip jif a`d'k .orp`hyx`t
` mehrne` fi` ,lwpiee obii` oiiw hyip urbxr oi` h`d xr q`ee ,wipcperp ` lee
x`t hk`nrbkxec l`n oii` hyip oiey oa`d bree oalrf mrc :xrn j`p .lbiet xrxt
hixh rpraixrbR` hrnM rxriif ;hay owicpxrcp`ee on oet zexec rwix`t ic xin
rxriif oet qrhkiyrb ic oe` ,qrh`iR rprbii` rpn hin oR`hp` ji` brlt
on qie`bprl ohf rciia oet hlwieerv zelibn iee ,jif oa`d qparl rprcpEeeyx`t
oet qrhkiyrb rwif`c ic oe` wila ohin iif ev oxixev jif htx`crb x`p a`d'k - jxc
31
ji` a`d qrhkiyrb rl` hyip .gen on oi` oxree hR`frbp` ol`f l`n `
qr ,hxrwx`t ;hyiehp` hyip jin h`d iif oiihyx`thyip q`c xra` ,orp`hyx`t
- xin j`p ornew olree q`ee ,qrwipcperp ic f` ,bpeprt`d ` xin oi` hlR`vrb h`d
ryf l`f .oyhhx`t qrhkiyrb ic h` olree - oifqpif oe` oif rpn elit` jrlbrn
!iif x`t oala zekf xrc oe` dikf ic
wicpxrwne` ,hk`nrb h`d d"r rciif on q`ee ,dkxa ic hryhRryrb ji` a`d
xrc sie` orp`hyrb j`p fi` xr oree ,otielev jlb mi` ev brlt ji` .liy xrc oet jif
xrai` hprd rhwrxhyrbqie` rpf xrhpe` xrhteyiMx`t ` oiihy oala oe` lreey
rhyhprarb ic h` oi` iee ,zexv oet hidrbR` oe` xrkif ief` .lRrw oee`xryhew on
oiiw xrn oiey jif ji` a`d ,rlrkrcqrip`lc qpciif mrc xrhpe` oiihy on oet qrbx
.hlitrb hyip oarl on oi` l`n
zeevin rhqrxb iieev - hgey ` oe` lden ` ,cv qrn`n on oet ,mdxa` rciif on
mrc oyieev "okiivcpea" mrc ok`n :h`hy xrfcpe` oi` oxitqie` xr hbrlt
q`c aehy xryicii xrcri oi` orbprxa oe` ,xrcpiw rpf oe` xrh`t ohyxraii`
sie` hwpeR oreerb lg fi` zegily of .ser rhrliewrbxyM hk`n ic oree ,hv xrc
iee hwpeR ,mbR oiiw hf`lxrc hyip h`d dpen` of xra` ,cii ` of ev hxreex`t h`d
hk`p xrc oi` sih fia olrhyp` hbrlt xr q`ee ,slg of sie` rldnibR oiiw - xr
of xr h`d ,`xen rqiexb ic wicprf xaeb .ux`jxc oe` clecrb qiexb hin ,ox`
oet xrwin`hyR` o` - wih`w mdxa` rciif on .mrh` ohvrl ofia ob`xhrb zegily
xr fi` - x`i up`b ` oet cii ` ,hyrlewx`n rip`l`w xryicii xra`x`qra xrc
xrc ox`eerb rw`h fi` xr .wicv ` iee ,gqR b`h ohyxr mrpi` ulra oi` oax`hyrb
...ux`d oe` oexMf on oi` hvrf`a jif h`d q`ee ,wipee`eecnl xrhyxr
jie` x`p ,xrvrlw oe` oiihy fiela hyip orpf hrhy f` ,hb`frb h`d xrvrnr
xrai` ob`xhrb jif ji` a`d .harlrb ohx`c oa`d rklree ,oyhprn oet qrhkiyrb
wihxt rciif on iee ,iif xrai` hprd rhwrxhyrbqie` hin cperp on oet hrhy ic
qnrxehow`lb oe` qxrhqielw rwihkrxR ic oet minlv ic iee hlitrb oe` ,qhk`pev
ic xin okrhy reewq`n oe` eeriw ,ryx`ee ,b`xR ,okpin ,fix`R ,rivrpree oi`
oniq ` yexita oreerb fi` jrhy rwihtib ic oet wihiiee mrc olit q`c oe` ;qrip`lc
mrc fia xega edil` oet - hrhy ic oet zeiUrn ic wprcrb oe` wprc ji` f` ,oetxrc
ox`eerb hwihyxrc hyip fi` dkxa qpciif on .o`qlrprv`w wgvi oet bp`frb ohvrl
oe` xrhee hryhRryrb if a`d'k ;"b`leb" oet oxrb`l oi` oe` oxrb`lhieh ic oi`
...oqrbx`t hyip if ol`f oif rpn jie` f` ,hbx`frb jif
32
ht`fltr xcpqkl`
dnglna zxiyy ,eia` .zevrendzixaa ,lnFba lcbe 1943a xiaiqa clep
ziaa cnl xcpqkl` .oiletl dnglnd ixg` aeyl xga ,ipletd cecbd zxbqna
ipkhiletd oekna eicenil meiqa .ziplet hrne yicii xaic ziaa j` ,iqex xtq
eze` ekif df megza zeaxd eize`vnde dwipexhwl` qcpdn didp `ed wqpina
.ihiiaeqd oehlyd cvn dilcna
oelega ibelepkh jepigl oekna car 1990 xanvca l`xyil eziilr ixg`
.milyexia "m`l`"ae
iexwd iqex dhixt ilka zepey zexenfza obipe dwifen ad` eixerp f`n
dpey`xd dxeyd on mixnf ziigpda ,1997 f`n ,dgnzd `ed ux`a ."dxnec"
carn `ed .yiciia agx ldw lr daed` ziqlw dwifen ly x`ehxtx xiyl
zetyn yiciil zizepn` dxiy ,zexte`e zehxte`n zeix` ,zeqpnex ly mihqwh
.zepey
i`vei xeaiv iptl xwira ,mipzyn zeipkeze miakxda mixnfd mr eizerted
.dax dglvdl zekef ,zeaxz iade` xaryl zevrendzixa dxiyd zeipkeza
ht`fltr mxez ,eznfeia ux`a miax zenewna zeniiwznd ,yiciia dwiqende
.yicii oeyll dwifd wefigl zeax
33
xenlt xfril`
icenil miiq 1960a ux`l eziilr iptl .1929a dipnex ,dipaliqpxha clep
z` milyd 1964a .'felw ly dhiqxaipe`a ziqex zeaxzae diteqelita .` .n
.uegd cxynl sxhvde milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`a hxehwecd icenil
zxiy 1973-1969 mipya ,dtexi` gxfnl dwlgna iy`x xfer did 1969 cr
.elqe`a zexixbya 1975 cr ,jynda ,bxeapqwelae diblaa l`xyi zexixbya
,miine`lpia mipebx`l dwlgna mipey miciwtz `lin 1991-1977 mipya
xixby did 1994-1991 mipya .ztxvae zipihld dwixn`a l`xyi zeiexixbya
yekx zxfgdl uegd zexy urei ,2001 cr ,jk xg`e ,qixta ewqpe` cil l`xyi
.dtexi`a icedi
zeipicne diteqelit ly mi`yepa miax mixwgne mixn`n mqxt xenlt xfril`
.ayr enk miryx gexta `ed ,mda oexg`dy ,mixtq dray oke zepey zetya ueg
qxta eziikf lbxl xenlt xfril` ixac
,iizeaxe iizexiab ,l"f xtexb awri xxeynd y"r oxwd ipn`p ,y`x ayeid ipec`
ie`x ixtq z` mz`vn xy` lr dwenrd izcez z` riadl ipevxa lk ziy`x
ly dfd haidd z` jixrn ip`y eil`n oaen .eneqxt oeninl mxzy reiql
zernynd z` ip` jixrn jkn xzei elit` ile`e dfn zegt `l j` ,mkzhlgd
miqgiin mz`y zeaiygd iabl dxin` ,izrcl da dieag oky ,dly zilnqd
.al axwn mrtde dax dcez aey ,okae .cidazk ly eneqxtl
cili icedi xrp ly eizexew z` xtqn "ayr enk miryx gexta" ixtq
izy iweyiga leak `ed xy`k ogana eze` cinrd lxebdy dipaliqpxh
1948a ihqipenewd jtdnd iptl ,dipnexa ef xg` efa ehlyy zexehhwicd
ewqpehp` lyxnd zbdpda zihqiytziv`pd zepcexd zepya lcb `ed ;eixg`e
.iwiaylead iekicd xhyn ikygna xbazde
dilt`e zeticx ly dtewz ,xrpd ly zeclid zepy xe`iza ligzn xetiqd
ziv`pd dipnxb ly dnglnd zepya xingde jld avnd .ytpa dribt elit`e
,zxaben micedi z`pya dpiit`zdy dtewz ,zevrend zixa cbp dizexexbe
daeclen oetve dpiaewea icedi ,ef dtewza .xiaknl zegivxe miipend miyexib
dipnex icedi lk yexibl zipkezd meyiil micwn crvk dixhqipqpxhl eyxeb
miaeyiid on etq`p dipaliqpxh mexc laga micedid ,z`f znerl .dxifb ux`l
myexib ze`xwl ze`hb mxear ynyl epneqy zexiir xtqna efkexe miphwd
34
;xac ly eteqa lretd l` d`vi `l z`fd zipkezd ,lfnd daxnl .(oilet) uflAl
.dhlgdd lehial e`iad mipey mivgl
miiebd elib ipa ly mzenil` mr ef dtewza ccenzn exetiq z` llebnd clid
diqpnibd icinlz .zenkg zeleagz zervn`a mdilr xeabl mrt icn gilvne
mixfeby drya d`pda miwgeve ea millrzn ,reyryl xewn ea mi`ex zipexird
izyn zg` z` oke) eixed zia ,1940 zligz ly xhqaliqd bg lila .eize`t
zlc qp jxca j` ,mixpeibl mipeixa ici lr mitwzen (eil` jenqd zqpkdzia
.mirbtp `l ziad ipae dzeixixay sxg mitiwznd ugla zcner dqipkd
mexc xef`a micedid iy`x lrne ,zeineiw zecxg zeqenr dnglnd zepy
mr .zeend zepgnl yexibd zpkq ,qlwenc ly eaxgk ,dielz dipaliqpxh axrn
lr ozrtyd z` ,zei`avd zercedd zernyn z` gprtl ecnl micedid ,onfd
riwtd `avd ,ab` jxcak ,cg` mei .cizrd iabl odizeklyd z` mbe avnd
jk .zery 24 jez ezeptl deeive axd zgtyn ly mixebnd zia z` eikxvl
zxica dnglnd seq cr stehvdl zeytpd ryz za xrpd ly ezgtyn dvl`p
.dxebq zqtxne xcg
dilt`d ztewz ziy`xn dnqgp miixeaivd xtqd izal icedid xrepd zyib
dpi`y dl`yn xcba xzep dgtynd zqpxta riiql mixirvd ly mpevx mbe
rvidd .diitk zecearl eqieb 17 libl eribdy mixrpd ,ok lr xzi .yeninl zpzip
mr jtd davwda xknpy mgld s`e mvnhvde jld miweeya oefnd ikxvn ly
.dxeyd on gxf`d zaiwa reaw ayezl did arxd .ynn lik` izlal onfd
,ihqiytiv`pd oehlyd lern dipnex xexgy mr ,1944 hqebe`a 23 ixg`
jynp `l ziqgi rebxd avnd mle` .zirahd dznxl day zineiwd dcxgd
iwlg lk lr dbxcda ehlzyde ekld eipepbpny ,iwiaylead xhynd ;onf jxe`l
xrpd ly elxeb .ihqiytiv`pd ryxd ly enewn z` qtz ,1948 seq cr dpicnd
zevixr zepy xqixz ly miai`knd miweyigd ici lr erawp eizexewe xtqnd
.1960 zpya l`xyia yteg iigl xxgeyn biltdy cr ewlg zpn eidy ziwiaylea
lnpa dqinrdy zil`xyid dpitql apbzdl epeiqip 1948 xanvca 31 lila
zihnxd elrpp dipnexn d`ivid ixry .lykp "divwqaiid iler" z` dvphqpew
dziid ef .'felw ly dhiqxaipe`a diteqelit icenill myxp xRqnde ,1951a
ezepiihvd sxg oky ,miincw`d eiiga mixeqii jxc ,"dfexelec `iee" ly dzligz
epnn dllyp ,dneiqa oey`xd qxta eziikfe dpey`xd micenild zpya dxzid
lqtql xefgl dyxed `ede dzpey ef dhlgd .diteqelit icenila jiyndl zekfd
z` drinyde jepigd cxyna daviizd mizinr zveawy ixg` wx micenild
xy`k ,1952a ,dzr .aey yxeb `ed diipyd dpyd seqa mle` .dtiwzd dz`gn
`ede zegnl cer frd `l yi` ,efer `elna dpicna llezyd mec`d xexhd oehly
35
dribtd zaiq z` el zelbl gxhi edyiny ilan micenild on ziteq wgxed
e`ven `ed eizexvl xewnd ik oiad `ed ,z`f mr .dlkydl zirahd ezekfa
ecnrn lr dl` "mi`hg" zrtyd yehyhl jxcdye ipeivd exare izgtynd
ly mirepn i`peknk envr xiykd ok` `ed .lretk ezxykda xaer dxaga
.xehwxh
xfg `ed ,dpicna ihiletd gzna znieqn ditxdl zeced oke ,df crvl zeced
jynda .dxzi zepiihvda mze` miiqe dhiqxaipe`a micenill miizpy xeark
ly dixehqidl oeknd zxbqna diteqelitl dwlgna xweg miizpyk ynyn `ed
diteqelitd zecleza miwxt xwga dgnzn `ed ef dtewza .mircnl dincw`d
ixn`n zixbpedae zipnexa zriazka mqxtn liawnae ziqlwd zipnxbd
.zeizextq zeniyx oke ,diteqelite dwibel i`yepa zeqn ,mixtq ,zxewia
,oekxcl dywa xRqnd mb yibn ,dvx` diilrl dnyxdd yecig mr ,1958a
dceard qwpta oky ,izxag ieciple diteqelitl oeknd on eyexibl `iady crv
lr .zernyn lra ciwtz lka ewiqrdl xeq`y okeqn mxeb `ed ik myxp ely
cearl jlede miitk caerl aey ytgzn `ed ,okl mcew cnly gwld jnq
oekxca xRqnd dkf deeqend ecnrna zekex` miizpy uwn .mixtka i`lnygk
.eizea` ux`a zn` zexigl `vie lgeind
ditxbeiad on mile`y mihxta yeniya epi` xetiqd ly ecegii :meiql dxrd
cinrdy lxebd zgvpda `l` ,miax mixagn ehwpy dhiy ,envr xagnd ly
milt` mixhyna el eax`y zepkq mr ccenzd xy`k xtqnd iig z` ogana
hexhextae azka dpey`xl crzn df xtqy ipnec - siqe` jkl .odl leki `ede
.d`eyd zepya dipaliqpxh mexca dxiira micedid iig z`
36
xtexb oxwn xwgne micenil zblna mikefd
2010/`"ryz zpyl
l`ienoncleb crl`
,le`ixhpena xxebzdl dxar ezgtyn ,1987a .1983 ileia l`xyia clep
.miicedi xtq izaa crl` cnl my ,dcpw
ezeid zra envr zegeka crl` cnl yicii .zixar dziid ziaa xeaicd zty
xy` en`a riizqn `edyk ,le`ixhpena libwn zhiqxaipe`a dixehqidl hpcehq
z` dxaic zeaxzae dixehqida oiiprzdl ligzd `ed jynda .dzeclia dtyd
oeknd zxbqna ipy x`ezl cenll ux`l `a 2009 uxnae dtexi` gxfn icedi ly
yicii zeaxz megza zegnzdl dpeek jez ,zixard dhiqxaipe`a ,eppnf zecdil
.d`eyd ztewza
dblnd zlaw lbxl l`ienoncleb crl` ixac
,cpx rxrh ,cpxrRxb mrc oe xriihyx reyg
,ricprRihq xrwifc xrc hin oxree ev hpiela ceM xrqiexb xin fi` qr
xryiprnexhl oqiexb mrc oe p"` cp mrc jxec hliihrbev wivxdhiixa
.l"f xrRxb wri ,hrR
'xR ,jxcdxen oe` xrxrl mrprrfrbp on hnew wpc oxrcpefa
oyrxard ma ocq c oe p"` rxcrhw xryicii xrc sie` ,jehpiiy l`igi
'xR a orpxrl ev zekf mrc hdrb ad ji` .milyexi oi` hrhiqxreeipe`
hd xr qee ,qrivwrl rheeixR sie` mipnf xc oe jyna jehpiiy
dkxcd oe` slid of .hv xrprbii` of oe oeayg oie` oharbp wivxdhiixa
2009 uxn oi` wixev xi oaldhxrcp xrai` hin cpl oi` mewp on hpif ,
oarlp` jif jiiy qee ul hin xp ,rxrq xryinrcw xrc oi` xp hyip
.ovyevR hyip orprf ,l`xUizpicn oi`
hd qee ,cinlY mrprfreerb qkehpiiy 'xR jie` ji` liee orwpca
crx ji` :l"f ocq c 'xR ,yiciznkg oi` blen oqiexb ma hpxrlrb jie`
,hrxrq oet ,xrbpicl`qrlq edil` x"c xryx oe` bbcrR mrc obree
ev obiprbx qc hdrb ji` ad wixev xi oRpw hin .rpiee`weamexc
a iex xrvieepxryh xrhpnxy of oe` xrbpicl`qrlq x"c hin oqreny
37
2009 xranrvrc oi` uprxrpw xrnilyexi xrc xrhpi` xrwifc xrc .
xrc oe lei owixihxrcped mrc hrncieerb ,meifRniq xrlpivp
xi xc oe hkex ic oreerb fi` ,uprxrpwjxRy xrvieepxryh
xb fia xrfcpe` cvn hraxxifipbx oe` bpexiplR xrkrlxrhnxne`
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c oi` `zexg xrpiilw xrc h ev orphyrbev xrc xr miycg rhvrl i
.bpelnfx xrqiexb
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mey o cla xr hd ,rixhqipqpxh oe` riprnexqiexb oi` oci ic oe
xb ,oxrieca mev ,rpn oi` ofiela lv hlirbqie` yiprlwpreew
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mi` ad ji` qee mihxR rbxw ic oe rfa xrc sie` f jif hiihyx
oe` oin yi oya ev geMa oreerb hyip xrpiiw hlee ,oarbrbxrai`
xr hd xra xxrc ;orbp`brbkxec fi` if zenewn rxrqee oi` ornihya
fi` if Eee ,qrivwrl ic oyieev qe oii` sie` xp of lf ,obf hprwrb i xin
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hd if Eee ,qi hhyniid xi` oe qiex bree qraa xrc oxexhqpwrx
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ic oi` oarl xi` oe clia wicdywyip oreerwihyeviepev feekrlqia ofieea
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rn f .hyxrdrb hxc hd qee orxa oyixhliniq oe xrqnh xrc
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oi` ornn on hwiyrb hd raa ic qee eeixa ic iee ,zeize` ryiphl
38
xryiprnex xrc oi` rpraixyrbp ,rcpw Yixr sie` yhk) rixbhx
mrc obrw ohqrnx hfenrb jif xrhkic xrc hd xp hyip .(yici hhyp
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hin ,bree oi` hbiilrb hdrb oad qr qee xrpiihy ic mex oxnex hfenrb
ic hxrp ,hkn xrc a qee qxrarburfrb ic hyip ,xrx xec fiela
xrc hin ,riprnex oi` ueaiw oyici oe mibidpn "rhxiRivpnr" hyxnelM
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ic ,xrlqwree oinipa) ocp ornyfpra oe` (whyprfx l`eny) xv
ic oe iieev yhk orpnxrc ev sie` ,(wiprnilR qxrcixa clrvxeey
wiczepywr ,cpl oi` xrwivpii` xrc ,xrRxb wri hd ,rhqhlea rn`q
oad ofxr rpf oe` .jxRy xryici xrc sie` xrcil ryixil oyrb xrhee
jxec oe` jxec ,obpei ma i` ,yhprnqwl oheyR ma i` orneprbqie` rwh
xehxrhil ryici rpxrcn ic hwrchp hyxr hd qee ,xec ohxiliniq
.wixil of jxec
xinl ,oiibxrhpe` ma xrciee ,jif hkc ,hld oeyl ryici qc oree ,hpd
oi` xrpii` xrcri f ,ofieexrc fcpe` hd qee hrR mrpe liRya ornrp
sie` oe` ,diq oe` hv fi` hyip xrklree oi` hqpew oy orw lwpiee of
ic ornew`a ev ceM ohqrxb ox qr hld ji` .xp liee xr jxRy xrqee
hin ciix rpn owicprx liee oe` ,xrRxb wri oe p"` ricprRihq rwifc
xi wivxr xrai` qee ,cpxrRxb mrpe ribrlw xrc geMxyii owivxd
,xehlew xryici zehl hiiwihrh of xrhee if hxi dxihR qhrR mrc jp
.hiiwyixrry xryici oe bpexilenihq oe` bpevihy xrc jxec
39
cleepixb irex
.axtlnid y"r izcizklnnd oekizd z` miiqe 1971a milyexia clep
."ux`d" oezir zkxrna car okn xg`le ,i`pezirk dyr i`avd ezexiy z`
car my ,qixtl xar miizpy xearke ,oeaa oezird mrhn azkk yniy 1995a
.icedid oe`ifend ly zexve`d zwlgna
rceezd liawna .zipnxb zextq icenil ipye oey`x x`ez milyd `ed qixta
rqp xzei xge`n .xira yicii zeaxz fkxna cenll lgde dzeaxze yiciil
icedid oeknae dianelew zhiqxaipe`a dzextqae yiciia mlzydl ick wxeieipl
megza xwgn zecear izy azk yicii zextqa eweqir zxbqna .xira ibele`izd
uxt iciid cxbpee`d xxeyn ly 'rRew ic' zrcepd dn`etd lr dpey`xd :df
,sqepa .xiRy .l lecbd iciid xtqnd ly mexbetd ixetiq lr diipyde yiwxn
dcrepy qixta iwqxeaip wgvi x"c zlgpda zizpycg micenil zipkeza szzyd
.dzextqe yicii z`xedl mixen xiykdl
zixar zextql bega iyily x`ez icenila lgd `ed ,ux`l eaey mr
xxeynd zxivi lr hxehwec zcear lr cweye milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`a
miaikxnd ly zernynde ciwtzd lr cgein ybc jez oexeyi zea` il`xyid
.dkeza yiciin mile`yd miipeyld
oia .yiciie ziztxv ,zipnxbn dfexte dxiy mebxza mb wqer cleepixb irex
lcaize oilebxn dp` ,xawveq mdxa` ,yiwxn ly mixiyl minebxz mqxt xzid
.miigoa onq`a dwax ,mikex` miigl
40
iel dwil
dzgtyn mr dzlr 1968a .dipnex ,dvphqpew lnpd xira 1965a dclep
zixar zextqe zepyla ,zillk zextq icenil dcnl ,ux`l zagxend
,d`xed zcerz zlra .2010a ipy x`ez dniiqe abpa oeixeboa zhiqxaipe`a
.rayx`aa mipekizd cg`a zilbp` zcnln iel dwil
,dly dfizd zceara iehia icil d`a dipnex icedi z`eya iel dwil ly dpiipr
jiyndl dzpeek .dipnexn d`ey zelevip rax` ly miigd xetiq lr daeqpy
.iyily x`ezl dicenil jldna df ixwgn oeeika
dblnd zlaw lbxl iel dwil ixac
zixar zextql dwlgna ipy x`ezl icenil zxbqna izazky dfizd zcear
zeicedi miyp exary ze`lza zwqer rayx`a zhiqxaipe`a xelwletl daihga
olew :znrex dnnca" .dixg` cin odiig mewiyae d`eyd jldna dipnexn
itk miig ixetiq drax` ly sqe` epid "dipnexa d`ey zelevip miyp ly icegiid
eil`y ,rayx`aa "abpd zea` zia"a meia mixxebznd dxey icixy itn exteqy
cenzd ikxc z` xi`dl iziqip ixeaiga .hxetn oeice gezip deelzn mr ozec
.zecgeind odizelebqe ogek z` ,miyw miavn
izrny dclik cer .miincw`d iicenil iptl daxd lgd d`eyd ztewza ipiipr
.d`ey zlevip `id izgtyn lk ixdy ,dtewz dze`n mirexi` ixay lr mixetiq
,ini` ia` ,iaqe mipy yelyk jyna dixhqipqpxh z` ecxy ezgtyn lk mr ,ia`
dtewz dze` lr iizeaqe iaq z` le`yl izivx dxrpk cer .dcear dpgna did
mipyd mr .`yepl zybl cvik izrci `le mceak z`tn izyyg j` ,daeyg
.meid cr dxivn ip` jk lre ,ziyi` dixehqid zqit il dca` mnre mze` izcai`
lr xybl ick ,icenil zxbqna dtewz dze` z` `weec xewgl izhlgd ,d`xpk
.dipnex icedi ly zx`etnd dlidwd lye izgtyn ly dxara df xqgd
jyna dnnca elaq xy` dipnex zecdi axwa miypa xwira wqer ixwgn
lr dyrp miiyi`d odixetiq gezip .likdln dlc dtyd dze` ,dnei`d dtewzd
zeiecrd oia d`eeyd jezn ;d`eyd z` md mb eegy mixab ly mixetiq rwx
.dixg`e dnglnd ztewza miypd ly icegiid ozelirt ote` z` izx`d zeiyi`d
ziyrn ode ziybx dpigan od ,aivid qiqad z` eeid miypd cvik iznbcd
.d`eyd z` ecxyy odizegtyn mewiyle iyi`d onewiyl ,zilklke
miig ixetiq oegale drixid z` aigxdl ipevxa iyily x`ezl icenil zxbqna
41
ixetiqe miyp ixetiql mz`eeyd jez ,(iwipelq) oeeine dipnexn d`ey zelevip ly
d`eeydd .mnvr micxeyd ici lr zecr ixtqa azkd lr elredy itk mixab
z` oeayga zgwl jxev didi xy`k ,izeaxzd ode ixcbnd rwxd lr od jxriz
.mixtqnd ly daihwtqxtd iepiye onfd xrt
ly mwefigl ,mze`xl ekf `ly izeaqe iaq ly mxkfl miycwen dl` mixwgn
zpn lr eiig ze`ivna `ad xecd ly ezfig` zxabdle d`eyd ilevip iixed
.ecizr z` opkzle likydl lkeie exar z` xikiy
dblnd z` il miwiprnd xtexb oxw ihtey ly dzkxrda zekfl il `ed ceakl
.iibyide izcear lr
42
l`pzp jlil
zhiqxaipe`a zixar zextq dcnl 2001-2000 mipya .1979a dipzpa dclep
x`ez icenil dnilyd my ,qixta dzdy 2007-2002 mipyd oiae ,aia`lz
.ziztxv zextqa ipye oey`x
mr zextql bega iyily x`ezl dicenila dlgd ,2007a ux`l daey ixg`
cenll dze` `iad yicii zextqe oeyla dpiipr .oli`xa zhiqxaipe`a l`xyi
.aia`lzae dplieea yiciil miiaiqphpi` miqxewa 2010 uiwae 2008 uiwa
lbet cec ly dfextd iazkl zycwen dzr zcwey `id dilry xehwecd zcear
zhiqxaipe`a l`xyi mr zextql bega zcnln `id ,liawna .yiciiae zixara
onex .mixtq zxewia ,yiciie zixar zextq i`yepa mixn`n zazek ,oli`xa
xtql obznx qxta dkfe 2008a mqxtzd ,"ixard avnd" ,dhr ixt oey`x
.mixekia
dblnd zlaw lbxl l`pzp jlil ixac
dfextd iazk `yepa ily xwgna mipexg`d mialyd iptl zcner ip` ef dpya
x`ezn ,wdaen ixar xteql dk cr aygpy ,lbet .yiciiae zixara lbet cec ly
j` ,yiciia lbet azk zg` dxivi wx ,mpn` .ipeylec xteqk izceara dpey`xl
onex edf .exear yiciid ly icegiid dcnrn lr micirny md dzaizk zeaiqp
lra icedi ,lbet ly itxbeiaehe`d ezenc oa ly eizexew z` x`znd ,dngln
zepgna xq`pe diipyd mlerd zngln ztewza qixta ddeyd zixhqe` zepizp
eayen mewnn onexd z` azk lbet .xlhid lr dnglnd zfxkd mr mixfl xbqd
eze` miiqe 1942 ipeia mixfl xvrnd zepgnn eaey ixg` d`xpd lkk ,ztxva
mqxet `l mlern df onex .1944 zpya uieeye` dcnydd dpgnl glypy iptl
.ixt mgpn icilr zixarl mbxez `ede yiciia e`elna
zrdazka ritei df onex zaizk `yepa xn`n YOD .iwqxeaip wgvi zkixra
zixar ,zeipeylecd ziibeq cenil z` aigxdl deewn ip` hxehwecd meiq xg`l
dwifa zextqa itxbeixehqidd oeird z` cinrdle mitqep mixteql mb ,yiciie
d`nd ly diipyd zivgna ztxva eazkpy daizkde hqwhd zeixe`izl
xtq izazk ,hxehwecd zaizkl liawna ,zepexg`d miizpyd jldna .mixyrd
z`veda aexwa xe` ze`xl cizr `ede lbet cec ly cidiazk `yepa xwgn
.oli`xa zhiqxaipe`
43
rinrxRxrR`xb wri xrc oe zepwY ic oe
oe ehie` oe` dxivi ic okxhyevxrhpe` fi` rinrxR xrc oe liv xrc
oi` oe`) xraxy ryirxard oe` ryicii owihenxrc ev .mehpcii oyiprnex
o` oi` xrc` ,yiprnex oi` o`yrb oa`d rklree ,xraxy jie` ol`m`pqie`
dxivi qprnree ,(ux`lueg oi` xrc` l`xUi oi` j`xRy xrcnrx xrxrcp`
ev .mehpcii oyiprnex mrpe xrhyev owihqb mrc xrhpe` hkxhy
oyx` ohin bl`xrc hin oarbrbR` jif oa`d rklree ,qxryx` owihenxrc
rklree ,xraxy xrc` ,mehpcii oyiprnex mrpe rhkiyrb ic xrc` oarl q`c
oyiprnex mrc oe ohxreexehlew ic f` ,bpe`y xriif hin hxrhyrba oa`d
.wl` xrfcpe` oe xehlew xrwiclleM xrc oi` oxree oq`lyrbp` ol`f mehpcii
l"f xtexb awri y"r qxtd zepwzn
mixteq ccerl ,dipnex zecdi ly dzxivi z` qp lr zelrdl :qxtd zexhn
zifrel dtya exviy mixteq mb llkd on mi`vei mixwnae) zixarae yiciia
ccerl ,dipnex zecdi ly zipgexd dnexzd z` dhilan mzxiviy (l"egae ux`a
ixacl e` dipnex zecdi iigl dxeywd xwgn zceara dglvda ewqry mixweg
ikxr z` lilkdle hiladl enxz mzcearay mixagn e` dipnex zecdi ini
.epnr zeaxz ly mikxrd oia dixteq zxivi z`e dipnex zecdi ly zeaxzd
44
rinrxRxrR`xb wri xrc oe oh`rxe`l
xtexb awri y"r qxt ipzg zniyx
2010 - 1971
dirny ipa`
awri oixtl`
wgvi ivx`
lexw qpia
dnly lwia
oe`il yihxa
dnly cec
ikcxn uipec
`bxy xad
a`f o`i'vel uiaewyxd
miig onciif
cecdyn hiig
eleq xg
slee xeanh
jexa oihwxh
le`y lnxk
ewpi qeilei
`ial-xece`iz oiihypal
diph ewqpiael
wgvi ocel
yiildnly uiaeail
yildix` yiaiil
dyn xhqnl
xcpqkl` ocexin
iwin wixn` iqexn
ewxin qeixn
ozp wxn
edil` xbpiclqrlq
qixea xlcpq
irlwl` dpi'b o`ihqq
xcpqkl` ht`fltr
xfril` xenlt
mdxa` xlt
(wgvi) w`qi` ult
lxw onclrt
awri oncixt
mgpn enxt
xfril` lwpxt
xy` dlew
miig oefpiax
xehwie eqex
dwp` xiny
xcpqkl` h`lalbity
.x.e`.n.w.`
45
:xxeynd zpenz mr rava dkixk
2010/`"ryz zpyl xtexb awri iqxt
yicii zeaxze dipnex zecdi zece` xwgne zextql
2010 xanvca 8 ,`"ryz zah '` ,milyexi
2010/`"ryz x`i ox` rinrxRxrR`xb wri oe bpeliihev
mehpcii oyiprnex mrc rbepa ohrax`yx` oe` xeh`xrhil x`
xehlew ryicii oe`
xtexb awri y"r oxwd xtexb awri y"r ycwdd
2010 xranrvrc oh8 mrc ,`"ryz zah '` ,milyexi