Rice Seed Production Scenario in India - 0

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Rice Seed Production Scenario in India

Y. Yogeswara rao,
Executive Director
Vikky's Agrisciences Pvt. Ltd.

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Abstract
The growing population of India along with its changing food habits needs around 130
million tonnes of rice by 2025. Seed is the basic and critical input in crop production. The
increase in rice production can be achieved through quality seed, hybrid seed and
transgenic varieties tolerant to pests etc. The usage of farm saved seed is to be reduced
and farmers are to be encouraged to use quality seed to increase productivity levels.
Andhra Pradesh which is popular as Seed Hub of India, can produce required quantities
of quality seed of varieties and hybrids on indents to various states, besides meeting its
own requirements. Private sector is playing a key role in seed production in Andhra
Pradesh. About 85 percent of the hybrid rice seed marketed in the country is produced in
Andhra Pradesh. It is estimated that nearly 3.5 to 3.75 lakh qtls of hybrid rice seed was
produced in Andhra Pradesh during Rabi 2010-11.
The public sector research organisations, ViZ., ICAR/SAUs to provide the seeds of latest
varieties/hybrids of rice to public and private sector seed companies on liberalised terms of
MOA. To popularize the usage of quality seed, the Government of India should allow
subsidy under different schemes for all popular hybrids without insisting for notification and
release. This will help particularly for increase of area under hybrid rice in the country.
Seed is the basic and critical input in crop production. In the absence of quality seed, the
investments made on other agricultural inputs such as fertilizers, pesticides both under
rainfed and irrigated conditions will not give desired yields. Thus, for raising the
productivity levels in crops, Quality seed is a must. It is necessary to provide
quality seed on time, in adequate quantities near the door steps of the farmers.

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The current population of India is 121.02 (2011 Census) crores. It is estimated that the
population is likely to increase to 138.89 crores by the year 2025. To meet the requirement
of growing population and changing life style, about 300 million tonnes of foodgrains
including 130 million tonnes of rice will be required by 2025, against the current production
of 234.50 and 94.01 million tonnes of foodgrains and rice respectively during 2010-11.
PER CAPITA AVAILABILITY OF FOODGRAINS AND RICE IN INDIA.
The per capita availability of foodgrains increased from 144.1 to 162.1 kg per year during
1951 to 2009 while the rice availability increased from 58.0 to 68.8 kg per person per year.
In view of the increase in purchasing power and increase in population, the growth in rice
and foodgrain production is needed (Table 1).
Table 1: Per Capita Net Availability of Rice Vs Foodgrains (per annum) in India.
(kg. per year)
Year Rice Foodgrains
Percentage of Rice
to Foodgrains

1951 58.0 144.1 40.24

1961 73.4 171.1 42.89

1971 70.3 171.1 41.08

1981 72.2 166.0 43.49

1991 80.9 186.2 43.44

2001 69.5 151.9 45.75

2009 68.8 162.1 42.44
Source: Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2010: Department of Agriculture & Cooperation,
GOI

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The targeted foodgrain production can be achieved by vertical growth in crop production
particularly in crops like rice and wheat.
Rice is the staple food for nearly 70% of the Indian population. During the year 2010-11,
rice with 94.01 million tonnes of production contributed to 40.5% of the total foodgrain
production of the country (Table 2).
Table 2: India-Rice Production During 2006-07 to 2010-11

Year
Production
(Million tonnes)
Increase/Decrease in production
over previous year (%)
2006-07

93.36
__

2007-08

96.69

+3.5

2008-09

99.18

+2.5

2009-10

89.13

-10.1

2010-11*

94.01

+5.4

Source: Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2010: Department of Agriculture &
Cooperation, GOI
*National Conference on Agriculture for Kharif campaign - 2011,
Department of Agriculture & Cooperation, GOI

During the past five years, the growth in rice production ranged from 2.5 to 5.4% except in
2009-10 which was -10.1%. Thus in general it shows the need for further increase in rice
production and also stabilisation of production during aberrant weather conditions.

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The rice productivity and production can be improved by using:
1. Quality seed of location specific improved varieties released by ICAR/SAUs/
Private sector.
2. To encourage usage of short duration hybrids in Northern India (both Notified and
Non-notified) to enable sowing of wheat and other crops on time in rabi season
and long duration hybrids for kharif in coastal areas.
3. Development and adoption of transgenic rice varieties/ hybrids tolerant to insect
pests as in China.
4. Promotion of best management practices in rice production.

INDIAN SEED INDUSTRY
Indian seed industry comprising of both Public and Private Sector companies is well
poised to meet the specific seed demands of farmers, dealers and distributors.
As per the demand projections of National Seed Plan (NSP), the country needs nearly
258.87 lakh qtls. of seeds of all crop varieties / hybrids. During the year 2010-11, a total
quantity of 321.36 lakh qtls of seeds of all crops was available in the country.
Currently 25-30% of the total seed requirement of the country is being met from organized
seed production while rest of the seed requirement is met from farm saved seed. Farmers
are to be motivated to use quality seed obtained from organized seed production rather
than using farm saved seed.
Seed Requirement and Availability in India
During 2010-2011, the quantities of seed produced in cereals, pulses, oil seeds, potato
and other tubers were higher than the requirements proposed under National Seed Plan
(Table 3)

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Table 3. Seed Requirements of India as per National Seed Plan (NSP)
and Seed Availability in 2010-11.
Quantity: Lakh qtls
Crop Group Seed requirement
as per NSP
Seed availability
2010-11

All Cereals

184.77

201.31

All Pulses

23.26

25.90

All Oil Seeds

41.60

66.82

All Fibers

4.36

3.44

Potato and others

4.88

20.57

All Crops

258.87

321.36
Source: National Conference on Agriculture for Kharif campaign - 2011,
Department of Agriculture & Cooperation, GOI
During kharif 2011, the rice seed availability was 64.05 lakh qtls. against the requirement
of 62.75 lakh qtls. The seed production of required rice varieties / hybrids can be
organised during rabi season in semi-arid areas of different states to get good quality
seeds.
Seed Replacement Rates (SRR) in Rice
The Seed Replacement Rates in rice are comparatively low in the states of Madhya
Pradesh, Chathisgarh, Haryana, Bihar, Orissa, Jharkhand and West Bengal.
The details of Seed Replacement Rates in rice during 2008-09 to 2010-11 are given in
Table 4.

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Table 4: Seed Replacement Rates (SRR) in Rice in Major Rice Growing States of
India During 2008-09 to 2010-11
(SRR in percentage)
State Area (m.ha) *
Seed Replacement Rates (2008-09 to
2010-11)
2006-07 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11
Karnataka 1.39 32.95 38.85 42.65
Gujarat 0.73 22.76 37.32 36.44
Madhya Pradesh 1.66 11.05 15.60 13.31
Tamil Nadu 1.93 61.39 73.09 70.00
Andhra Pradesh 3.98 100.00 100.00 100.00
Maharashtra 1.53 42.07 42.02 44.13
Chathisgarh 3.72 13.81 20.39 28.41
Punjab 2.62 21.09 27.83 40.08
Haryana 1.04 17.86 18.52 21.69
Uttar Pradesh 5.92 28.92 28.40 37.77
Bihar 3.36 19.51 26.39 31.27
Orissa 4.45 15.05 19.07 20.79
Jharkhand 1.62 14.61 23.42 25.13
West Bengal 5.69 28.03 30.00 32.00
Assam 2.19 22.70 32.42 46.45
Source: National Conference on Agriculture for Kharif campaign - 2011,
Department of Agriculture & Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, GOI
*Rice Almanac India, DRR 2010
The states with comparatively low SRR can meet their requirements by entering into
agreement for seed production with Public sector (State Seeds Corporations(SSCs)) /
Governmental agencies / Cooperatives / Private sector organizations in the surplus seed
producing states like Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, U.P. etc

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PUBLIC - PRIVATE - PARTNERSHIP (PPP) IN SEED PRODUCTION

The public sector research organizations (ICAR/SAUs) need support of public and private
sector seed companies for popularizing the high yielding varieties / hybrids of rice
developed by them. To enable the farmers to have access for the latest varietal / hybrid
seed of public sector research organisations (ICAR/SAUs), the following changes are
needed in the MOA being adopted by ICAR/SAUs currently (Table 5). This goes a long
way in making available the seeds of latest rice varieties/hybrids developed by public
sector to the farming community which ultimately helps to increase farm incomes.
All popular hybrids of public sector/ private sector for which there is demand from farmers,
irrespective of their notification and release, to be made eligible for subsidies. In the
absence of this, the farmers will be denied of getting the benefit of the popular hybrids.
Table 5. Modifications Needed in MOA of ICAR/SAUs
Clause
No.
Existing clause Modification suggested
4 The Licensee agrees that it would use
the given parent line(s) only for the
purpose of commercial seed
production and sale of the said hybrid
and its marketing as per this
agreement
The parents of the hybrids particularly
R lines to be permitted for marketing
as a variety, if desired by the company.
The royalty for such varieties is to be
paid on par with Article 6.7 of SMTA of
CGIAR, which is about 1.1% or 1.0
%.This goes a long way in
commercializing public bred varieties.
5 The Licensee agrees that it would
market the seed under the same
name as given by the licensor.
In case the Licensee wants to use any
exclusive denomination (brand name)
to trade the licensed hybrid/variety, the
seed packet should contain a visible
statement This hybrid is produced by
using the parental lines licensed by

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Clause
No.
ICAR/SAUs. This will help to avoid
unhealthy competition among
companies.
9&10 The Licensee agrees not to sub-
license to produce/multiply/market the
seeds of the said variety/hybrid to any
other company including its own
subsidiaries/associate companies
operating in India or abroad.
In case the Licensee desires to
further sub-license the seed
multiplication and marketing or any
other use, of the said variety/hybrid,
the Licensee agrees that it shall be
done only with specific written
permission /agreement with the
licensor.
Licensee to be permitted to sub-license
the product to its subsidiaries/associate
companies operating in India.
Some of the big national companies
having share holding in other
companies are selling popular products
through all their associate companies.
This will help for sale of large volumes
of seed.
Not to insist for specific permission
from licensor, when marketed through
its subsidiaries/ associates companies.
12 The Licensee agrees to be fully
responsible for any complaint made
/liability claimed by any affected party
(i.es) including farmers/ farmers
organization/court decisions etc. and
the licensor will not be responsible for
any complaints/litigation.
The Licensor if required, to depute
scientists to inspect the fields under
complaint and to give the feedback to
the company.
14 The Licensee agrees to pay upfront
payment of Rs..lakhs at the time
of signing the MOA. On payment of
above mentioned amount by the
Better to increase royalty instead of
upfront payment and royalty. The
middle level and small companies will
be at a disadvantage, since they may

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Clause
No.
Licensee; the Licensor will supply 30
kg. seeds of the variety or The
Licensee agrees to pay upfront
payment of Rs..lakhs at the time
of signing the MOA and will pay
royalty @4% on the total amount of
net realization value [Net realization
value =(Invoice price-Dealers
discount)] of sale of hybrid seed
produced subject to a minimum
payment of Rslakhs every year
starting from the third season (second
year) during the period under which
MOA is in force. On payment of the
above mentioned royalty every year
by the Licensee ,which is mandatory,
the Licensor will supply the seeds of
parental lines of the hybrid(10 kg. of A
line,5 kg. of B line and 5 kg. of R line)
not be able to pay upfront.
To encourage the above two categories
of companies, it is better to charge
royalty only.
17 The Licensor and the Licensee agree
that this agreement is valid initially for
a period of .years from the date
of signing the agreement, and
thereafter, it is renewable for any
further period on mutually agreed
terms and conditions.
Agreement period to be valid for five
years uniformly.

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PUBLIC - PRIVATE - PARTNERSHIP IN RICE.
With a view to make available the seeds of rice hybrids developed by public sector
research originations (ICAR / SAUs) to the farming community in different states, the
private sector seed companies have entered into MOU/MOA with the following ICAR
organizations / SAUs (Table 6).
Table 6. MOU / MOA in Rice with Private Seed Companies

S.No.
Public Sector
Research
Organizations
Rice Hybrids
under MOU/MOA
Private Sector Seed Companies
entered into MOU/MOA
1 DRR, Hyderabad DRRH-2 Sampoorna Seeds, Pratham
Biotech Limited, Neo Seeds, Vikkys
Agrisciences Pvt.Ltd., Charoen
Pokphand Seeds (INDIA) Private
Limited., Bio seed Research India
Pvt.Ltd., Shakthi Seeds Pvt Ltd.
2 DRR, Hyderabad DRRH-3 Devgen Seeds & Crop Techonology
Pvt. Ltd., Kaveri Seeds, India
Foundation Seed and Services
Association, Ankur Seeds Pvt.Ltd,
Ganga Kaveri Seeds Pvt. Ltd
3 IARI, New Delhi Pusa RH-10 India Foundation Seed and
Services Association, J.K.Agri
Genetics, Nath Biogene (I) Ltd.,
Devgen Seed & Crop Technology
Pvt. Ltd., Zuari Seeds Limited,
Advanta India Limited, Yashoda
Seeds Pvt. Ltd.,
Namdhari Seeds Pvt. Ltd.,
Amareshwara Agri. Tech Ltd.,

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Bhavani Seeds Pvt. Ltd.
4 GBPUAT, Pantnagar PSD-1& PSD-3 Syngenta India Ltd., Pune.
5 TNAU,Coimbatore CORH - 3 Rasi Seeds (P) ltd, Attur, T.N.

6
CRRI, Cuttack Ajaya,
Rajalakshmi
Annapurna Seeds,
Vikkys Agrisciences Pvt. Ltd.,
Hyderabad

7
UAS, Mandya KRH-2 Namdhari Seeds Pvt., Bidadi,
Bangalore.
8 BSKKV, Karjat Sahyadri-1 Syngenta India Ltd., Pune.

9
JNKVV, Jabalpur JRH-4, JRH-5 Vikkys Agrisciences Pvt. Ltd.,
Hyderabad.
Source: Viraktamath, B.C. et-al 2011
RICE SEED PRODUCTION
a) Varietal Rice Seed Production :
Varietal seed production of rice is mainly concentrated in the states of Andhra Pradesh ,
Chathisgarh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Tamil Nadu,
Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and West Bengal.
Where ever there is shortage of rice varietal seeds, the SSCs / Governmental
organizations of these states can enter into agreements for seed production with their
counter parts and Private companies of the states, which can produce more quantities of
seed over and above their state requirements.
b) Hybrid Rice Seed Production: The hybrid rice seed production is concentrated
mainly in Karimnagar, Warangal, Khammam, Kurnool and Mahabubnagar districts of
Andhra Pradesh.
Andhra Pradesh share in hybrid rice seed production is around 85 %. Hybrid rice seed is
also produced in Chathisgarh, Karnataka and other states.

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RICE HYBRIDS RELEASED IN INDIA
Till 2010 a total of 46 rice hybrids were released in the country both from public and
private sector. Out of these hybrids, 27 are from public sector and 16 are from private
sector.
We have to concentrate on developing rice hybrids with synchronous flowering parents
which are less sensitive to weather aberrations for getting higher seed yields. This will help
to make hybrid rice seed production more profitable, which ultimately helps to make
available hybrid rice seed at a reasonable price. So far, two hybrids in medium slender
grain category were released viz., DRRH-3 (DRR) & 27P11 (Pioneer) on par with grain
quality of BPT 5204 (Samba mashuri). However, there is a need to develop still more
hybrids in this category for southern India. This will help to achieve the hybrid rice seed
targets set under National Food Security Mission (NFSM).
RICE SEED PRODUCTION IN ANDHRA PRADESH.
Andhra Pradesh is one of the important states for production of hybrid and varietal seeds
of rice. The state in addition to meeting its own requirements, also supplies seeds to many
other states through APSSDC & private seed companies functioning in the state.
There is ample scope for producing required quantities of hybrid rice seed in Andhra
Pradesh due to congenial climate prevailing during rabi season in northern Telangana
region of the state. It is estimated that during 2010-11 rabi season an approximate quantity
of 3.5 to 3.75 lakh qtls of hybrid rice seed was produced in the state. There are more than
40 companies producing hybrid rice seeds in the state.
The following are the major companies involved in production and marketing of hybrid rice
seed in India (Table 7).
Sl.No Name of the Company
1 A.P. State Seeds Development Corporation
2 Ankur Seeds Ltd
3 Advanta India Ltd.
4 Annapurna Seeds

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5 Aadhaar Seeds Pvt.Ltd.
Sl.No Name of the Company
6 Bayer Bio Science Pvt.Ltd
7 Bioseed Research India Pvt.Ltd.
8 Delta Agri Genetics Pvt.Ltd.
9 Devgen Seeds & Crop Technology
10 Dhaanya Seeds
11 Ganga Kaveri Seeds Pvt.Ltd.
12 Indo American Hybrid Seeds-India Pvt Ltd.
13 Karnataka Agricultural University
14 J.K. Agri Genetics Ltd.
15 Kaveri Seeds Company Ltd
16 Krishidhan Seeds Ltd
17 Maharashtra State Seeds Corp
18 Maharashtra Hybrid Seeds Company Ltd.
19 Manisha Agri Bio Tech Pvt. Ltd
20 M & M Seeds
21 Nath Bio Gene(India) Ltd
22 National Seeds Co-operation
23 Nidhi Seeds Pvt.Ltd.
24 Nirmal Seeds Pvt.Ltd.
25 Nuziveedu Seeds Ltd
26 PHI Seeds Ltd.
27 Rasi Seeds (P) Ltd.
28 Siri Seeds (India) Pvt.Ltd.
29 Sriram Bioseed Genetics India Ltd.
30 Super Seeds (P) Ltd
31 Spriha Bio-Sciences Pvt.Ltd.
32 Syngenta India Ltd.

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33 U S Agri Seeds (India) Pvt.Ltd.
34 Vibha Agritech Ltd.
35 Victory Seeds
36 Vikky's Agrisciences Pvt Ltd
37 V.N.R Seeds Pvt. Ltd.
38 Zuari Seeds Ltd.
Source: Information collected from production centers
CERTIFIED SEED PRODUCTION OF RICE IN ANDHRA PRADESH.
During the period from 2007-08 to 2009-10 the quantity of certified rice seed produced in
the state ranged from 9.84 to 14.74 lakh qtls. (Table 8).
Table 8: Agency wise Certified Rice Seed Production in Andhra Pradesh
during 2009-10
Quantity in qtls
Sl.No. Agency Quantity Certified
1 NSC Ltd 92615
2 APSSDC Ltd 348027
3 Seed Village Program 771
4 Seeds Farms 159
5 NAFED Ltd 37003
6 MSSC Ltd 47802
7 SFCI Ltd 1090
8 Co-operatives 4345
9 Private Companies 942948
Total 14,74,760
Source: APSSCA 2010

From the above it is seen that National Seed Oraganisations Viz; NSC, SFCI and State
Seed Corporations Viz; APSSDC, MSSC and Co-operatives and Private Seed Companies
have taken up certified seed production of rice in Andhra Pradesh. During 2009-10
certified seeds of 49 rice varieties were produced in the state.

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This shows that there is ample scope for production of certified seed of required rice
varieties in Andhra Pradesh to meet the seed requirements of various states and thereby
increase their Seed Replacement Rates.
During 2009-10, the share of private seed companies in certified seed production of rice in
Andhra Pradesh was 63.9 percent. Thus the private sector seed companies are playing
great role in seed production of high volume - low value crops also.
VALUE OF INDIAN SEED MARKET:
India with nearly 2000 USD million ranks 4
th
along with Brazil in domestic seed market in
the world. (Table 9).The domestic seed market of India had increased from 1500 USD
million in 2008 to 2000 USD million (Rs.9400 crores) in 2011, registering an increase of
33.3% in a span of three years. The share of India in commercial seed market is 4.76
percent. The domestic seed market value of the country may easily reach Rs.15, 000
crores by 2015.

Table 9: Domestic Seed Market in Top Ten Countries (March 2011)

Value: USD million
Country Value
USA 12000
China 6000
France 2400
Brazil 2000
India 2000
Japan 1400
Germany 1261
Italy 780
Argentina 600
Canada 550
Source: International Seed Federation (ISF), 2011

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The varieties/hybrids of different crops developed in India will be suitable for the Agro
Ecological zones situated between 30
0
North and South latitudes.
The value of seed exports of field crops from India in 2009 was 15 USD million. The value
of seed exports can be increased considerably by increasing export of hybrid seeds of rice
and maize etc., to Vietnam, Philippines, Bangaladesh, Indonesia and other countries.

References:
1. Anonymous, 2010. Agricultural statistics at a glance: Directorate of Economics and
statistics. Department of Agriculture & Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of
India, New Delhi, India. Tables 4.5(a), 4.6(a) &10.2.
2. Anonymous, 2011. National Conference on Agriculture for Kharif Compaign-2011,
Department of Agriculture & Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India.
New Delhi, India. pp 1; 57-67.
3. Viraktamath, B.C., Shaik N.Meera., and Hari Prasad, A.S. 2011. Public - Private-
Partnership in Rice Sector: Present Status and Future Prospects.Indian Seeds and
Planting Material. 4(2); National Seed Association of India, New Delhi. India. pp 49-55.
4. Shobha Rani, N., Prasad, G.S.V., Prasad, A.S.R., Sailaja, B., Muthuraman P.,
Viraktamath, B.C., and Shaik N.Meera. 2010. Rice Almanac India. Directorate of Rice
Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India.

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