METALS CUTTING AND CUTTING TOOLS

INTRODUCTION: Metals are shaped into usable forms through various processes. Of
these, some are called non-cutting shaping processes, i.e. those in which no chip
formation takes place. For example forging, drawing, spinning, rolling etc. There are
other processes in which the components are brought to the desired shape and size by
removing the unwanted material from the parent metal in the form of chips through
machining. For example turning, boring, milling, broaching etc.

Objectives of efficient and economical machining processes:
1. Quick metal removal.
2. High class surface finish.
3. Economy in tool cost.
4. Less power consumption.
5. Economy in the cost of replacement and sharpening of tools.

CLASSIFICATION OF CUTTING TOOLS: All the cutting tools used in the metal
cutting can be broadly classified as:

1. SINGLE POINT CUTTING TOOLS: Those have only one cutting edge; such as
lathe tools, shaper tools, boring tools, etc.

2. MULTI POINT CUTTING TOOLS: Those having more than one cutting edge; such
as milling cutters, drillers, broaches, grinding wheels, etc. These tools may, for the sake
of analysis, be considered as consisting of number of single point cutting tools, each
forming a cutting edge.
The cutting tools may be classified according to the motion as:

(a). Linear motion tools:-lathe, boring, broaching, planning shaping tools, etc.

(b). Rotary motion tools: - milling cutters, grinding wheels, etc.

(c). Linear and rotary tools:-drills, honing tools, boring heads, etc.


ORTHOGONAL CUTTING: The cutting edge of the tool remains normal to the
direction of tool feed. The direction of chip flow velocity is normal to the cutting edge of
the tool.

OBLIQUE CUTTING: The cutting edge of the tool always remains inclined at an acute
angle to the direction of tool feed.





ORTHOGONAL CUTTING:

OBLIQUE CUTTING