Module A Structural Analysis Suscos 2013 2014 l4 Wa

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards and Catastrophic Events
520121-1-2011-1-CZ-ERA MUNDUS-EMMC
Conceptual Design of Buildings
(Course unit code 1C2)
Module A
Structural Analysis
J.P. Jaspart (University of Lige)
L4 Elastic critical load of framed structures - Buckling analysis
European Erasmus Mundus
Master Course
under Natural Hazards
and Catastrophic Events
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
2
Modul e A St r uc t ur al Anal ysi s
In many flexural structures, such as current steel framed structures, the ultimate
load tends to be governed by instability phenomena - collapse modes
characterized by large lateral displacements induced by members submitted to
high axial compression forces.
The collapse by instability phenomena may involve the global structure (global
instability) or only some members (partial instability).
Load
Displacement
1st order elastic analysis
1st order plastic analysis
Elastic stability analysis (buckling load)
2st order elastic analysis
2st order plastic analysis
(advanced analysis)
Service load
ULS load
List of contents
Buckling analysis
Approximate
methods
Examples
Buckling in a global mode
Buckling in a local mode
Master Course
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
3
i) Analytical evaluation (out of scope of this course).
ii) Numerical calculation (used by computer programs Robot,.).
iii) Approximate methods (Horne, Wood, ).
In general, non-sway structures (which include braced structures) present
high bucklingloads and sway structures present lowbucklingloads.
Buckling in a sway mode Buckling in a non-sway mode
List of contents
Buckling analysis
Approximate
methods
Examples
The elastic buckling load (also called elastic critical load) of a structure
may be determined by several processes:
Master Course
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
4
2
2
e
cr
L
EI
N
t
=
Ed
cr
cr
N
N
= o
Approximate methods WOODs METHOD (can be found in the
publication P119 of ECCS or other references).
The application of this method consists of the followingsteps:
- determination of the equivalent length L
e
for the column to be studied
(depending if the structure is swayor non-sway);
- determination of the critical load of the column N
cr
, using equation:
- calculationof o
cr
by:
This process must be repeated for all columns of the structure in order to find
the lowest critical load multiplier o
cr
.
List of contents
Buckling analysis
Approximate
methods
Examples
Master Course
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
5
N
K
11
K
12
K
21

K
22
q1
N
q2
K
c

K
1

K2
No-sway frames
Sway frames
12 11 1
1
1
K K K K
K K
c
c
+ + +
+
= q
22 21 2
2
2
K K K K
K K
c
c
+ + +
+
= q
Calculation of the equivalent length L
e
K
c
is the column stiffness coefficient,
given by I/L;
K
1
and K
2
are the stiffness
coefficients for the adjacent columns,
also given by I/L;
K
ij
represent the effective stiffness
coefficients of the adjacent beams;
I denotes the moment of inertia
(second moment of area) and L is
the length of the member.
Column bases:
q
2
=0.0 for fixed bases and
q
2
=1.0 for pinned bases.
N
K11
K12
K21
K
22
LE
q1
N
q2
Kc
K1
K2
List of contents
Buckling analysis
Approximate
methods
Examples
Master Course
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
6
Other situations can be found in P119 of ECCS
a) b)
Beamwith single curvature
List of contents
Buckling analysis
Approximate
methods
Examples
Beamwith double curvature
Master Course
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
7
List of contents
Buckling analysis
Approximate
methods
Examples
Applicable for plane frames and one-storey frames with low inclination of the
beams ( ), unbraced and with lowaxial force ( ):
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
Ed H
i
base Ed
top Ed
cr
h
V
H
, ) (
) (
o
o
Ed
y
N
f A
3 , 0 s
26 s
o
H,Ed
V
Ed
H
Ed
h
i
Approximate methods HORNEs METHOD (in accordance with clause
5.2.1(4) of EC3-1-1).
where:
H
Ed
is the total horizontal reaction at the top of the storey,
V
Ed
is the total vertical reaction at the bottom of the storey,
o
H,Ed
is the relative horizontal displacement between the top and the bottom of a
given storey, when the frame is loaded with the design horizontal loads
(included imperfections) and
h
i
is the height of the storey, such as illustrated in figure above.
Master Course
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
EXAMPLE 1
8
List of contents
Buckling analysis
Approximate
methods
Examples
Consider the following steel frame fixed at base supports, composed by columns
HEA260andbeamsIPE400submittedtotheshownloadcombination.
Calculatetheelasticbucklingload(loadfactormultipliero
cr
)using:
a)Hornesmethod;
b)Woodsmethod;
c)ComputerprogramRobot.
33.6 kN/m
204.0 kN
204.0 kN
10 m
5 m
5 m
45.0 kN/m
18.2 kN
14.8 kN
253.5 kN
253.5 kN
Master Course
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
EXAMPLE 1
9
List of contents
Buckling analysis
Approximate
methods
Examples
a) Hornes method - Using a 1
st
order elastic analysis, the internal force
diagrams due to vertical loads and horizontal loads are obtained.
78.0 kN
36.0kN
225.0 kN
168.0kN
225.0 kN
168.0 kN
36.0 kN
78.0 kN
-372.0kN
-850.5 kN
-78.0kN
41.9kN
-372.0kN
-850.5 kN
Shear force diagrams
Axial force diagrams
Vertical loading diagrams (which due symmetry do not induce horizontal
displacements): axial force and shear force diagrams
Master Course
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
EXAMPLE 1
10
List of contents
Buckling analysis
Approximate
methods
Examples
309.0kNm 309.0kNm
200.9 kNm
60.3kNm
119.9 kNm
189.0 kNm
200.9 kNm 200.9 kNm
119.9 kNm
200.9 kNm
60.3 kNm
189.0 kNm
219.1 kNm
253.5 kNm
Bending moment diagrams
Vertical loading diagrams (which due symmetry do not induce horizontal
displacements): bending moment diagrams.
Master Course
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
EXAMPLE 1
11
List of contents
Buckling analysis
Approximate
methods
Examples
Shear force diagrams Axial force diagrams
Horizontal loading diagrams: axial force and shear force diagrams
16.5kN
9.1kN
5.3kN
10.4kN
9.1kN
16.5 kN
5.3 kN
15.8 kN
-9.1kN
-7.4kN
-5.3 kN
-15.8 kN
Master Course
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
EXAMPLE 1
12
List of contents
Buckling analysis
Approximate
methods
Examples
Bending moment diagrams
Horizontal loading diagrams: bending moment diagrams
26.6kNm
49.2 kNm
52.2 kNm
18.9 kNm
33.4 kNm
49.1 kNm
33.3 kNm
26.6kNm
52.3 kNm
18.9 kNm
Master Course
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
EXAMPLE 1
13
List of contents
Buckling analysis
Approximate
methods
Examples
From the previous internal force diagrams, it is obtained the displacements
along the structures, in particular the horizontal displacements at floor levels.
So according the Hornes method we have:
23.5mm
12.4 mm
1
st
floor: H
Ed
=33.0 kN, V
Ed
=1701.0 kN,
h =5.00mando
H,Ed
=12.4mm.
82 . 7
10 4 . 12
00 . 5
0 . 1701
0 . 33
3
=
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

cr
o
2
nd
floor: H
Ed
=18.2 kN, V
Ed
=744.0 kN,
h =5.00 m and o
H,Ed
=11.1 mm.
02 . 11
10 1 . 11
00 . 5
0 . 744
2 . 18
3
=
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

cr
o
o
cr
is minimum value, so o
cr
=7.82.
Master Course
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
EXAMPLE 1
14
List of contents
Buckling analysis
Approximate
methods
Examples
b) Woods method
Considering the frame with lateral displacements (sway frame), the stiffness
coefficients for the columns are given by:
The effective stiffness coefficients of the
adjacent beams (double curvature) are givenby:
where I
b
is the in-plane second moment of area (I
y
=23130 cm
4
for IPE 400) of the beam
and L
b
is the length of the beam.
Lowest sway buckling mode
where I
c
is the in-plane second moment of area
(I
y
=10450 cm
4
for HEA 260) of the columns and
L
c
is the lengthof the column.
9 . 20
500
10450
= = =
c
c
c
L
I
K
9 . 20
500
10450
2 1
= = =
c
c
L
I
K or K
1
2
3
4
70 . 34
1000
23130
50 . 1 5 . 1
22 12
= = = =
b
b
L
I
K K
Master Course
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
EXAMPLE 1
15
List of contents
Buckling analysis
Approximate
methods
Examples
b) Woods method
The distribution coefficients for the upper (q
1
) and lower (q
2
) ends of columns
1 and 2 are given by:
55 . 0
70 . 34 9 . 20 9 . 20
9 . 20 9 . 20
12 1
1
1
=
+ +
+
=
+ +
+
=
K K K
K K
c
c
q
0
2
= q (fixed base).
From the abacus for sway structures we obtain:
m L
L
L
E
E
30 . 6 00 . 5 26 . 1 26 . 1 = ~ ~
N
K11
K
12
K21
K
22
q
1

N
q
2

K
c

K1
K
2

Master Course
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
EXAMPLE 1
16
List of contents
Buckling analysis
Approximate
methods
Examples
b) Woods method
Similarly, the distribution coefficients for the upper (q
1
) and lower (q
2
) ends of
columns 3 and 4 are given by:
38 . 0
70 . 34 9 . 20
9 . 20
12
1
=
+
=
+
=
K K
K
c
c
q
55 . 0
70 . 34 9 . 20 9 . 20
9 . 20 9 . 20
22 2
2
2
=
+ +
+
=
+ +
+
=
K K K
K K
c
c
q
m L
L
L
E
E
00 . 7 00 . 5 40 . 1 40 . 1 = ~ ~
From the abacus for sway structures we obtain:
N
K
11
K
12
K21
K22
q1
N
q
2

Kc
K
1

K
2

Master Course
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
EXAMPLE 1
17
List of contents
Buckling analysis
Approximate
methods
Examples
b) Woods method
The critical loads N
cr
of columns of both levels are:
Level 1 (columns 1 and 2):
With the maximumaxial forces, on each level, previous obtained N
Ed12
=866.3 kN
and N
Ed34
=377.3 kN, comes:
kN
L
EI
N
e
cr
0 . 5457
3 . 6
10 10450 10 210
2
8 6 2
2
2
=

= =

t t
3 . 6
3 . 866
0 . 5457
12 ,
= = =
Ed
cr
cr
N
N
o
Level 2 (columns 3 and 4):
kN
L
EI
N
e
cr
17 . 4420
0 . 7
10 10450 10 210
2
8 6 2
2
2
=

= =

t t
7 . 11
3 . 377
17 . 4420
34 ,
= = =
Ed
cr
cr
N
N
o
So, in accordance with Woods
method o
cr
= 6.3.
Master Course
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
EXAMPLE 1
18
List of contents
Buckling analysis
Approximate
methods
Examples
c) Using Robot:
So, in accordance with software Robot,
o
cr
= 7.59.
Buckling mode 1
o
cr
=7.59
Buckling mode 2
o
cr
=15.40
Buckling mode 3
o
cr
=42.70
Buckling mode 4
o
cr
=72.58
Master Course
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
EXAMPLE 2
19
List of contents
Buckling analysis
Approximate
methods
Examples
Consider the 2D frame analysed in Example 1 (Lesson 3). Calculate the first
buckling load with lateral displacements, using the Hornes method and the
computer program ROBOT.
Frame loading
Pinned supports
Rigid joints
Beams: Levels 1 and2 IPE 450
Level 3 IPE 360
Columns: External HEB 220
Internal HEB 260
Material: S 235
i) Pre-design solution 1.
Hornes method level 1
(evaluated with 1
st
order elastic
internal forces and displacements
of Example 1 - Lesson3)
41 . 5
3 . 8
3500
49 . 3334
75 . 42
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
cr
o
13 . 5 =
cr
o
Software ROBOT
Master Course
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
EXAMPLE 2
20
List of contents
Buckling analysis
Approximate
methods
Examples
Frame loading
Pinned supports
Rigid joints
Level 3 IPE 360
Internal HEB 360
Material: S 235
ii) Pre-design solution 2.
Column cross sections increased.
27 . 12 =
cr
o
70 . 10
2 . 4
3500
49 . 3334
75 . 42
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
cr
o
Hornes method level 1
(evaluated with 1
st
order elastic
internal forces and displacements
of Example 1 Lesson3)
Software ROBOT
Master Course
Conceptual Design
of Buildings
EXAMPLE 2
21
List of contents
Buckling analysis
Approximate
methods
Examples
Frame loading
iii) Pre-design solution 3.
Initial cross sections but introducing
bracingmembers.
Pinned supports
Beam-column joints pinned
Level 3 IPE 360
Internal HEB 260
Bracing members CHS 60x5
Material: S 235
68 . 20 =
cr
o
Hornes method(not applicable)
Software ROBOT
This lecture was prepared for the Edition 1 of SUSCOS
(2012/14) by RUI SIMES (UC) and FLOREA DINU (UPT).
Adaptations brought by J.P. Jaspart (Ulg)
for Edition 2 of SUSCOS
The SUSCOS powerpoints are covered by copyright and are for the exclusive use by the
SUSCOS teachers in the framework of this Erasmus Mundus Master. They may be
improved by the various teachers throughout the different editions.
Thank you
for your attention
http://steel.fsv.cvut.cz/suscos

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