Variation

Dialect
Geographical dialect
Social dialect or sociolect

Variant of language

Pronunciation and vocabulary
Phonology and lexicon
Change to make dialect

Historically forged and connected to identity
Identity action - linguistic identity
What language do you use to convey your identity - likely the native identity and language

American vs British english - spelling and vocabulary

National languages

Romance dialects
Mutual intelligibility

Dialect atlas - map


Code-switching - an index of identity

Bilingualism - georg wenker 1876 first dialect atlas in Germany
Using 2 languages at home

Among friends English, no need to

Language a form of bonding and connecting


Pidgin and Creoles
-pidgin example - Haiti not originally French, and couldn't learn in school because slaves to French
colonizers, so learned a simplified version of French - eliminate tenses: He go home yesterday -
pidginization

-creole - develop their own culture, tradition, hybrid of source colonizing language and indigenous
-new language is creole when pidgin using community develops into a language with its own
grammatical forms


Diglossia - high prestige, low prestige, perceive certain forms and areas
Speakers of all languages and their dialects perceive some of the dialects or some of the specific forms
of speech (phonological, morphological, lexical and so on) as indicating a "higher" social status and
others as indicating a "lower" status, that is, they are interpreted by speakers of a particular community
as marking differences in class, upbringing, education and the life.


H dialects - high prestige, often believed by their speakers and others to be more aesthetically sounding
and thus more appropriate for high-level social purposes. But diglossic situations tend to become
unstable in many situations.


Slang and jargon

Slang takes on different functions

Argot
Cant


Nerd, geek , dork

Less comprehensible, being marked by a highly specialized, secret vocabulary

Emotivity
-tagging, vocalism, hesitancy, profanity

Jargon

Borrowing

Sofa - sha fa in mandarin

Nativization

English borrows 60% of its lexicon from other langauges...