2

TP ON IN LC VIT NAM
TRNG I HC IN LC


PGS-TS PHM VN HA
ThS NGUYN TUN HON













LI NI U















GIO TRNH
VN HNH H THNG IN



3
CHNG 1
C IM V T CHC VN HNH H THNG IN
1. 1 KHI NIM CHUNG
1.1 .1 H thng in (HT)
1) nh ngha chung
HT l mt p hp bao gm cc nh my in, cc trm bin p, cc ng dy
ti in v cc thit b khc ( thit b iu khin, t b, thit b bo v...) c ni
lin vi nhau thnh mt h thng lm nhim v sn xut, truyn ti, phn phi v
cung cp in .
HT c d phng chung v c iu khin chung. B phn ca h thng in
gm cc ng dy ti in v cc trm bin p c gi l li in. in nng
truyn ti n h tiu th phi tho mn cc tiu chun cht lng phc v ( gm
cht lng in nng v tin cy cung cp in) v c chi ph sn xut, truyn ti
v phn phi nh nht.
HT l mt b phn ca h thng nng lng nm trong h thng kinh t quc
dn ( hnh 1.1)













Cc nh my in, trm bin p, cc ng dy ti in ... c gi chung l
cc phn t ca h thng in. Mi phn t bn thn n cng c th l mt h thng
phc tp. Cc phn t ca HT c c trng bi cc thng s phn nh tnh cht
vt l, trng thi lm vic ca chng; V d: in tr, in khng, in dn tc dng,
in dn phn khng ca MP, MBA, ng dy ti in, h s bin p ca MBA,
trng thi ng, m ca MC ... Thng s ca cc phn t c gi chung l thng
s h thng.
Sau y gii thiu mt vi khi nim v HT.
Thu nng
Nng lng
s cp khc

HT

Ph ti
Mi trng:
- a l
- Kinh t
- X hi
Hnh 1-1. V tr ca HT trong nn kinh t quc dn.

4
2) H thng in tp trung
H thng in tp trung l h thng in trong cc nh my in v cc nt
ph ti khu vc tng i gn nhau v c ni vi nhau bi cc ng dy cao
p hoc siu cao p c di tng i ngn to thnh nhiu mch vng kn (hnh
1.2).
Hnh 1-2. S h thng in
Cc ch vit tt trn s h thng in hnh 1.1 l nh sau:
NM - Nh my in. LTT - Li truyn ti. TKV - Trm khu vc.
N - Nhit in. LPP - Li phn phi. TTG - Trm trung gian.
T - Thu in. TA - Trung p. TPP - Trm phn phi.
TBK - Tua bin kh. HA - H p. Thit b dng in trc tip.
LHT - Li h thng.
3) H thng in hp nht
Nhiu h thng in tp trung ni vi nhau bi cc ng dy ti in di thnh
h thng in hp nht hay h thng in quc gia.
Vic hp nht h thng in v s dng cc ng dy di cho cc li ch sau:
- S dng kinh t nht cc ngun nhin liu khc nhau nhm gim chi ph sn
xut in nng n mc thp nht bng cch phn b ti u cng sut gia cc nh
my in. Cc nh my thu in c khai thc tt nht v cc nh my nhit in
trch hi c vn hnh hp l nht.
- Cc nh my in c m bo ch hp l nht trong mi iu kin vn
hnh.
- Gim c d tr cng sut trong h thng in. D tr cng sut chung ca
h thng in hp nht nh hn nhiu so vi tng cng sut d tr ca cc h thng

NM



N



T




LHT
110-220-500 kV




TKV



TKV


TKV

LTT
35-110
-220 kV

TTG
TA
6-10-15
-22-35 kV

HA
0,38/0,22 kV


TPP
ph ti ph ti

5
in con hot ng c lp. Cho php xy dng cc t my c cng sut ln c ch
tiu kinh t cao.
- C th s dng cc loi nguyn liu c nhit dung thp, r cc a phng
sn xut in v pht ln h thng in. Nu vn chuyn loi nhin liu ny th
khng kinh t.
- Cho php xy dng cc nh my in xa cc th, trnh gy nhim mi
trng.
- Cho kh nng s dng trit cng sut t ca cc nh my in trong h
thng in, do th ph ti ca h thng in hp nht c cc ch tiu tt hn so
vi th ph ti ca tng h thng in ring.
- Nng cao tin cy cung cp in.
- Cho php tng nng sut lao ng trong h thng in.
H thng in hp nht c hai loi: hp nht cht thnh h thng in duy nht
v hp nht lng. H thng in hp nht cht l cc HT con lin h cht thnh
mt h thng duy nht v chu s iu khin v vn hnh chung; cn H thng in
hp nht lng l cc HT con c th ni lin kt vi nhau nhng vn hnh ring tu
theo ch vn hnh c th, h thng in ny cn gi l h thng in phn on.
H thng in cn c phn loi theo t l gia cng sut cc nh my in:
Thu in, nhit in; Nu h thng in c trn 50% cng sut thu in th gi l
h thng in thu in...
4) Cu trc ca h thng in
Cu trc ca h thng in bao gm:
- S lng v cht lng cc phn t.
- S ni vi cc phn t thnh h thng.
Cu trc ca h thng in c c im sau:
- C rt nhiu phn t thuc nhiu chng loi khc nhau.
- S rt phc tp, tri rng trong khng gian.
Cu trc tng th ca h thng in bao gm tt c cc phn t. m bo
tin cy cung cp in th cu trc tng th ca h thng in l cu trc tha c d
phng ln v: s lng phn t, kh nng lm vic ca phn t v s c kh
nng i ni.
Trong h thng in hin i cu trc tha cn phc v cc mc tiu kinh t
nh: gim chi ph do tn tht in nng, gim chi ph sn xut in nng.
Trong vn hnh, trong mi khong thi gian nht nh ch cn mt b phn ca
cu trc tng th tham gia, gi l cu trc vn hnh.
Mt b phn cc phn t phi bo dng nh k, sa cha do s c. Mt b
phn khc trng thi d phng v l do kinh t.
Cu trc vn hnh ti u l cu trc cho hiu qu vn hnh cao nht.

6
Chn cu trc vn hnh ti u l vn quan trng nht trong vn hnh h
thng in. Cu trc ca h thng in c linh hot cng cao th h thng in
cng c kh nng thch ng vi cc tnh hung vn hnh v cho hiu qu kinh t
cao.
Do tnh cht phc tp ca cu trc h thng in nn h thng in c phn
cp thun tin trong cng tc qun l, vn hnh v qui hoch pht trin.
1.1.2 Ph ti in
1) nh ngha ph ti in
Ph ti in l cng sut tc dng v cng sut phn khng yu cu ti mt im
no ca li in in p nh mc (im t hay im u ph ti). Ph ti
in bao gm cng sut yu cu ca cc thit b dng in c cp in t im
u ny v tn tht cng sut trn li in ni im u vi cc thit b dng in.
Ph ti cn dng ch chung cc h dng in v cc thit b dng in.
Trn hnh 1.3 gii thiu mt s th hin ca ph ti in:
- (a) trong tnh ton coi ph ti in l cc h dng in u vo li 0,4 kV hay
ni tt l ph ti 0,4 kV.
- (b) trong tnh ton coi ph ti in bao gm ton b li 0,4 kV v ph ti ca n.
- (c) trong tnh ton coi ph ti in bao gm c my bin p phn phi, li 0,4
kV v ph ti ca li 0,4 kV.













Ph ti l thng s cn thit qui hoch thit k cc phn t ca h thng in
v lp k hoch vn hnh. Bit chnh xc ph ti s thit k c h thng in
ti u, c chi ph sn xut v chi ph phn phi in nh nht, trong vn hnh s t
c chi ph vn hnh nh nht. qui hoch, thit k li in, h thng in th
cn phi bit ph ti ca cc h dng in trong tng lai. iu ny ch c th d
(a) cc h dng in
Li trung p (10KV) 10/0,4 KV Li h p (0,4 KV)
10/0,4 KV
ph ti
(b)
ph ti
(c)
Hnh 1.3 Mt s th hin ph ti in


7
bo, tnh ton nh phng php thng k rt ra t vn hnh cc ph ti cng loi
trong qu kh.
2) c im ca ph ti in
Ph ti c cc c im sau:
1- Bin thin theo thi gian, theo qui lut ngy m do qui lut ca sinh hot v
sn xut, to ra th ph ti ngy m. Cc ph ti c tnh cht ging nhau th c
th ph ti ngy m ging nhau. Cng mt ph ti nhng trong nhng ngy
khc nhau c th ph ti ngy m khc nhau. Ngi ta phn bit th ph ti
ngy m ca cc ngy lm vic (th 3, 4, 5, 6), ngy ngh v cc ngy trc, sau
ngy ngh.
2- Ti mt thi im, ph ti trong cc ngy m khc nhau bin thin ngu
nhin quanh gi tr trung bnh, theo phn phi chun.
3- Ph ti c tnh cht ma: trong nhng thng khc nhau c th ph ti khc
nhau.
4- Ph ti bin thin mnh theo thi tit, c bit l nhit mi trng, ma
hoc kh.
5- Ph ti bin i theo tn s v in p ti im u.
Tnh cht th 5 ca ph ti rt quan trng trong vn hnh h thng in.
Ph ti c s c xc nh U
m
v f
m
. Khi in p v tn s lch khi nh
mc th gi tr ca ph ti s bin i theo.
Gi tr s dng thc t ca ph ti ph thuc vo in p tai im u v tn s
ca h thng in theo quan h sau:

qf qv
q
pf pv
p
f . U . K Q
f . U . K P
=
=
(1.1)
trong : K
p
, K
q
- h s, ph thuc vo gi tr nh mc ca ph ti P, Q.
pv, qv v pf, qf - cc i lng thng k c trng cho cc loi thit b
dng in, gi tr ca chung nh sau:
TT Ph ti pv qv pf qf
1
2
3
4
5
n si t
n hunh quang
Bnh un nc
ng c KB 0,5 ti
ng c KB y ti
1,6
1,2
2
0,2
0,1
0
3
0
1,6
0,6
0
- 1
0
1,5
2,8
0
2,8
0
- 0,3
1,8
3) Phn loi ph ti in
Hnh dng ca th ph ti ph thuc vo tnh cht ca ph ti, tc l ph
thuc vo qui lut hot ng ca cc ph ti thnh phn to nn ph ti . Trong
qui hoch v thit k li in, ngi ta phn bit ph ti th, nng nghip v
cng nghip. Cc loi ph ti ny c c trng ring v li in trung, h p cp

8
in cho ph ti ny cng c cc c trng ring gi l li th, li nng nghip
v li cng nghip.
- Li th: li cp in cho sinh hot, cho cng s, cc c s phc v th,
dch v l chnh, phn cng nghip cng c nhng t l nh. Li th c mt
ph ti (kVA/km
2
) rt cao, do li in ngn, tit din dy ln, mt trm
ngun v trm phn phi dy c. Li th thng l li cp ngm.
- Li nng nghip: li cp in cho sinh hot v dch v, cng nghip nh
phc v nng nghip, do li di, mt trm tha. Li nng nghip thng l
li trn khng.
- Li cng nghip: li cp in cho cc x nghip v li ni b trong x
nghip. Li cng nghip c c im l c cng sut ln, li tp trung trong din
tch hp, ph ti c nh, cc trm phn phi t rt gn nhau... Cc x nghip nh
c cp in bng ng dy trung p chung vi li th hoc vi li nng
nghip to ra li in hn hp. Cc x nghip ln c cp in bng ng dy
trung p hoc cao p ring. Li bn trong x nghip thng l li cp ngm.
Trong tnh ton ph ti, cc h ph ti c quy lut hot ng ging nhau to
thnh mt loi ph ti c phng php tnh ton ring. T c cc loi ph ti
sau: sinh hot, thng mi, dch v, cng nghip, nng nghip, giao thng.
Mi loi ph ti c th c trng ring c a vo cm nang phc v
cng tc thit k v vn hnh.
4) th ph ti v cc c trng ca ph ti.
Ph ti thay i khng ngng theo thi gian, theo qui lut sinh hot ca cuc
sng v sn xut, qui lut ny c c trng bi th ngy m v th ko di.
a) th ph ti ngy m cng sut tc dng.
Din t cng sut tc dng trong tng gi ca ngy m.
Trn hnh 1.4a gii thiu th ph ti tc dng ngy m ca cc trm phn
phi hoc trm trung gian. Ta thy th ph ti ngy m c c hai im cc i
gi l cc nh. Trong th ph ti ngy m thnh ph v nng thn th nh ti
thng l ln hn v trng vi nh ca th ph ti ton h thng v gi l cng
sut nh. Thi gian xy ra cng sut nh gi l thi gian cao im, gi tt l cao
im ( thng vo t 19 21 h). Trong th ph ti ngy m cng nghip th
nh ngy c th ln hn nh ti. Cng sut min xy ra vo gi thp im na m
v sng.







9






















th ngy m c nhiu loi, dng cho cc mc ch khc nhau nh:
- th ph ti trung bnh: l trung bnh cng cc th ph ti trong nm, ma
hoc thng hay tun dng tnh nhu cu in nng v lp k hoch cung cp in
nng.
- th ph ti ngy m cc ngy in hnh: ngy lm vic, ch nht, ngy
trc v sau ch nht ..., ca tng ma, thng... lp k hoch sn xut, tnh ton
iu p...
T th ph ti ngy m lp ra nh tnh ton v o c, tnh ra cc i lng
dn xut c trng sau:
- Cng sut ln nht P
max
: l cng sut nh ca th ph ti ngy m.
- Cng sut trung bnh P
tb
:

24
dt ). t ( P
P
24
0
tb
}
= (1.2)
P(MW)
t(h)
P
max

P
tb

P
min

thp
im
cao
im
sng
cao
im
ti
24
t(h) t(h)
P(MW) P(MW)
P
max

P
max

P
min
P
min

0 T
max
8760 0 8760
(a)
(b) (c)
Hnh 1.4 th ph ti cng sut tc dng

10
trong P(t) l hm thi gian ca ph ti.
P
tb
thng c cho bng h s in kn th ph ti K
k
( cn gi l h s s
dng cng sut tc dng K
sd
):
K
k
=
P
P
max
tb
do P
tb
= K
k
.P
max
(1.3)
P
max
ca ph ti cha bit, phi tnh ton t cu trc ca ph ti, nhng K
k
hoc
K
sd
l cc c trng ca th ph ti ca cc loi ph ti th c tnh ton theo
cc s liu thng k cho trong sch tra cu.
b) th ph ti cng sut phn khng
th cng sut phn khng ph thuc vo th ph ti tc dng nhng c
khc t nhiu v hnh dng. Cng sut phn khng cng c c trng bi Q
max
, h
s s dng K
sdq
:
K
sdq
=
Q
Q
max
tb
do : Q
tb
= K
sdq
.Q
max
. (1.4)
c) th ph ti ko di
Dng xt s din bin ca ph ti trong mt khong thi gian di nh tun,
thng, qu hay nm ngi ta s dng th ko di (hnh 1.4b). l cc th ph
ti ngy m trong khong thi gian xt c sp xp li. Cng sut c sp xp
theo th t gim dn t P
max
ti gc to cho n P
min
ng vi kt thc khong
thi gian xt, m mi gi tr cng sut c thi gian di bng tng thi gian ko di
ca chng trong thc t (hnh 1.4,b).
V d, th ph ti ngy in hnh cho c nm dng bng nh sau:
Gi 08 812 1216 1621 2124
Cng sut 10 12 14 18 10
Khi th ko di ca c nm ( 8760 gi) s l:
Cng sut 18 14 12 10
S gi 1 825 1 460 1460 4 015
Cng sut 18 s c s gi l : 365x5 = 1 825;
Cng sut 14 s c s gi l : 365x4 = 1 460;
Cng sut 12 s c s gi l : 365x4 = 1 460;
Cng sut 10 s c s gi l : 365x11 = 4 015.
T th ko di ta c:
- P
max
nm (hay tun, thng...), y l i lng rt quan trng, dng thit k
cng nh nh gi kh nng ti ca mng in (nh gi k thut).
- Xc nh in nng trong sut khong thi gian xem xt.

11
A =
}
8760
0
dt ). t ( P (1.5)
d) Cc i lng c trng n gin ca ph ti.
Trong thc t tnh ton khng phi trng hp no cng cn n th ph ti
m ch cn n mt s c trng l .
Trong nhiu bi ton ch cn bit 4 c trng: P
max
, Q
max
(hoc cos), T
max
v
K
k
. Ngi ta tnh sn T
max
v K
k
c trng cho hnh dng ca th ph ti, v th
chng c thng k trong cm nang tra cu; Cn P
max
v Q
max
th trc tip t
ph ti cn c cung cp in.
Ngoi th ph ti ko di nh trn hnh 1.4b, cn loi th ph ti ko di
na m tnh t P
max
ca cc ngy trong nm tnh tin cy v tnh t P
max

thng tnh cng sut d tr bo qun. Trn hnh 2.4c l th ph ti ko di
max ngy tnh tin cy.

1.2 CC CH CA H THNG IN
1.2.1 Cc ch .
Tp hp cc qu trnh in xy ra trong mt thi im hoc trong khong thi
gian vn hnh gi l ch ca HT. c trng ch l cc thng s ch nh:
U, I, P, Q...Cc thng s ny lun bin i theo thi gian, l hm s ca thi gian.
Tu theo s bin i ca cc thng s ch theo thi gian, ta chia cc ch ca
HT thnh cc loi ch sau:
1) Ch xc lp (CXL): l ch trong cc thng s ch bin thin rt
nh quanh gi tr trung bnh, c th coi nh l hng s.
Trong CXL cn chia ra thnh CXL bnh thng, CXL sau s c v ch
s c xc lp.
CXL bnh thng l ch lm vic bnh thng ca HT. HT c thit
k lm vic vi cc ch xc lp ny. Vi CXL bnh thng i hi phi tho
mn cc ch tiu sau:
1. Cht lng in nng.
2. tin cy cung cp in.
3. Hiu qu v kinh t (chi ph sn xut in nng nh nht).
4. An ton cho ngi v thit b.
CXL sau s c cng l ch c tnh n trc, v s c l khng th
trnh khi trong vn hnh HT. Cc ch tiu trn c gim i.
Ch s c xc lp: v d nh chm t duy tr li in 6, 10, 35 kV, ch
ny khng c php gy hi v duy tr qu thi hn cho php.
2) Ch qu (CQ): l ch trong cc thng s ch bin thin
mnh theo thi gian. C hai loi ch :

12
1. CQ bnh thng: xy ra thng xuyn khi HT chuyn t CXL ny
sang CXL khc. Yu cu i vi ch ny l kt thc nhanh v cc thng s
bin i trong gii hn cho php.
2. CQ s c: xy ra khi c s c trong HT. Yu cu i vi ch ny l
khng gy hi cho HT v c loi tr nhanh nht c th.
Trong cc ch nu trn, trong vn hnh hng ngy ngi ta quan tm nhiu nht
n ch xc lp bnh thng. Sau y s gii thiu chi tit hn v ch ny.
1.2.2 Ch xc lp bnh thng
1) iu kin tn ti
a) iu kin cn
iu kin cn CXL bnh thng tn ti l s cn bng cng sut tc dng
v cng sut phn khng trong mi thi im. Cng sut pht ca ngun in phi
lun cn bng vi cng sut yu cu ca ph ti:
P
F
= P
yc
= P
pt
+ AP (1.6)
Q
F
= Q
yc
= Q
pt
+ AQ (1.6a)
Q
Fi
= Q
yci
= Q
pti
+ AQ
i
(1.6b)
trong : P
F
, Q
F
- cng sut pht ca ngun in;
P
yc
, Q
yc
- cng sut yu cu i vi ngun in;
P
pt
, Q
pt
- cng sut ca ph ti;
AP,AQ - tn tht cng sut tc dng v tn tht cng sut phn khng
trn li in.
i l ch s ca nt hoc khu vc.
Cn bng cng sut tc dng l cn bng c in trn trc ca my pht in,
mt bn l cng sut c ca tuabin, mt bn l cng sut in ca ph ti.
Cn bng cng sut phn khng l cn bng in t gia cng sut phn khng
ca cc my pht in do dng kch t gy ra v cng sut phn khng ca ph ti
do yu cu ca t trng trong cc thit b dng in v cc my bin p...
S cn bng cng sut trong HT lun xy ra mt cch t nhin, c ngha l
cc nh my in sn xut ra bao nhiu th cc thit b in s s dng ht by
nhiu.
Cng sut tc dng c coi l cn bng nu tn s nm trong gii hn cho
php. Nu tn s thp hn gi tr min cho php th c ngha l HT thiu cng sut
tc dng, nu tn s cao hn tr s max cho php th HT tha cng sut tc dng.
Cng sut phn khng c xem l cn bng nu in p nm trong gii hn
cho php. Nu in p thp hn gi tr min cho php th c ngha l HT thiu cng
sut phn khng, nu in p cao hn gi tr max cho php th HT tha cng sut
phn khng.

13
Do s lan truyn nng lng in trong HT l tc thi (vi tc gn bng
tc nh sng) nn cn bng cng sut tc dng c tnh cht ton h thng. Mi s
cn bng cng sut tc dng xy ra bt c u trong HT cng tc khc lan
truyn khp HT. Cn bng cng sut c in trn trc cc my pht in l cc
im cn bng quan trng nht. V vy vic iu chnh cn bng cng sut tc
dng,tc l iu chnh tn s ch cn thc hin mt s t my pht.
Cn bng cng sut phn khng th hin qua in p. in p mi ni ca
HT c th rt khc nhau. Nh vy cn bng cng sut phn khng c tnh cht cc
b, khu vc, ch ny c th tha nhng ch khc li thiu. Do iu chnh cn
bng cng sut phn khng tc l iu chnh in p phi c thc hin nhiu
ni khc nhau. V vy cn bng cng sut phn khng phi c m bo cho ton
HT trn c s m bo cho tng nt i hoc khu vc i ca h thng.
Nh vy ta c th ni rng cn bng cng sut tc dng lin quan ch yu n
tn s ca HT, cn cn bng cng sut phn khng lin quan ch yu n in p
tng khu vc ca HT.
Vy c kt lun quan trng:dng s iu chnh cn bng cng sut tc dng
iu chnh tn s v dng s iu chnh cn bng cng sut phn khng iu
chnh in p.
Trong HT gia ngun in v cc nt ti ln cch nhau bng li in cao v
siu cao p, trong c in tr nh hn in khng nhiu ln (R<< X) v vy c
cng thc tnh tn tht in p:
AU =
U
QX PR+
~
U
QX
(1.7)
T (1.7) ta thy s bin i cng sut tc dng hu nh khng nh hng n
in p trn li siu cao p, do khng th dng iu chnh cn bng cng sut
phn khng iu chnh tn s v dng iu chnh cn bng cng sut tc dng
iu chnh in p c. Nhng khi tin hnh iu chnh trong thc t th phi xt
n nh hng ny.
b) iu kin
CXL lun b kch ng bi cc kch ng nh v ln do s bin i khng
ngng ca ph ti v s c cc loi. Cc kch ng nh xy ra lin tc, cho nn
CXL mun tn ti th phi chu c cc kch ng ny, ni cch khc HT phi
c n nh tnh, tc l kh nng phc hi ch ban u sau khi b kch ng nh.
y chnh l iu kin CXL tn ti.
Trong trng hp CXL tn ti lu di th HT phi chu c cc kch
ng ln, ni cch khc HT phi c n nh ng, tc l kh nng phc hi ch
xc lp sau khi b kch ng ln.
CXL c dng trong thc t phi tho mn iu kin n nh tnh v n nh
ng.
2) iu chnh cht lng in nng trong ch xc lp

14
Mi mt dng cn bng cng sut u lin quan cht ch vi mt thng s ch
. Cn bng cng sut tc dng lin quan n tn s, cn bng cng sut phn
khng lin quan n in p ca HT.
Tn s v in p l hai thng s cht lng ca in nng.
Cng sut ca ph ti lun bin i lm bin i cc thng s ch . S bin
i yu cu v cng sut tc dng gy ra s bin i tn s l ch yu, cn s bin
i yu cu v cng sut phn khng gy ra s bin i v in p l chnh.
cc thng s cht lng khng vt ra ngoi phm vi cho php th phi
khng ngng iu chnh.
iu chnh tn s phi iu chnh cng sut tc dng ca ngun in. V tn
s c tnh cht ton h thng in nn cn iu chnh cng sut tc dng pht ti
mt s nh my iu tn no .
iu chnh in p phi iu chnh cng sut phn khng ca ngun in v
cc ngun cng sut phn khng khc. V in p c tnh cht a phng, nn vic
iu chnh in p phi phn cp v phn tn.
iu chnh in p bao gm: iu chnh cng sut phn khng ca nh my
in, cc b t b c iu chnh c t nhiu ni trong HT, phn b li dng
cng sut phn khng trn li in bng cch iu chnh di ti cc u phn p
ca cc my bin p trm khu vc v trm trung gian c t iu p di ti. iu
chnh in p cp li trung p v h p nhm p ng trc tip yu cu cht
lng in p ca ph ti. iu chnh in p cp cao hn nhm gim tn tht
cng sut v m bo thun li cho vic iu chnh in p cp li phn phi.
iu kin cn iu chnh tn s l cng sut tc dng ca ngun in phi
ln hn cng sut yu cu ca ph ti, iu kin l phi c thit b iu chnh
c cng sut .
iu kin cn iu chnh in p l ngun in phi d tha cng sut phn
khng, iu kin l cc cng sut phn khng phi iu chnh c.
Trong thc t vn hnh HT hai nguy c c th xy ra i vi CXL l:
- Nu tn s xung thp qu (45 46 Hz) th c nguy c xy ra hin tng suy
tn, tn s t ng suy gim ( sp tn s) do cc nh my nhit in mt kh
nng pht cng sut, dn n mt n nh HT (do cc my t dng gim t ngt
kh nng cng tc khi tn s gim n gi tr gii hn).
- Nu in p cc nt ph ti xung qu thp (70 80 % U
m
) th c nguy c
xy ra hin tng suy p, in p t ng st xung ( sp in p) do cng sut
phn khng yu cu ca ph ti t ng tng t ngt.
C hai hin tng ny u rt nguy him, c th lm tan r HT (r li).
Trong trng hp s c nng n, cc thng s cht lng (U, f) c th c gi
bng cch sa thi tc thi mt b phn ph ti.
iu chnh tn s v in p trong HT c t ng ho mc cao.

15
3) iu chnh kinh t CXL
Nu iu chnh k thut HT nhm a in nng n h tiu th vi cht
lng m bo v tin cy cao th iu chnh kinh t nhm lm gim n nh nht
chi ph sn xut in nng, m b phn chnh l chi ph nhin liu.
C hai loi iu chnh l:
- Gim chi ph nhin liu cc nh my in.
- Gim tn tht in nng trn li in.
Vic gim chi ph nhin liu bao gm: tn dng ngun nc cc nh my thu
in, gim n mc ti thiu lng nc x qua p trn v phn b cng sut gia
cc nh my in sao cho chi ph sn xut chung ca ton HT l nh nht. y l
mt bi ton rt phc tp do c nhiu bin s ngu nhin, bt nh nh lng nc
v cc h cha, ph ti in...
gii bi ton kinh t th phi d bo c lng nc v cc h cha v d
bo yu cu ph ti. Trn c s cc s liu v HT ri thc hin cc bc sau:
1- Lp k hoch khai thc h cha trong mt nm, xc nh c lng nc s
pht trong tng thng hoc tng tun.
2- Lp k hoch bo dng nh k cc nh my in v li h thng.
3- Tin hnh phn b lng nc cho tng ngy trong tun.
4- Xc nh thnh phn cc t my tham gia vn hnh trong tun.
5- Phn b cng sut trong tng ngy gia tt c cc nh my in tham gia vo
vn hnh, lp k hoch sn xut cho tng nh my in. K hoch ny c truyn
cho cc nh my in trc mt ngy thc hin.
4) c im hot ng ca HT
S hot ng ca HT c nhng c im sau:
1- in nng khng d tr c m ph ti yu cu n u th HT sn xut
n . Cng sut ca ngun in phi lun lun cn bng vi cng sut s dng
ca ph ti. Do cng sut ca ph ti lun bin i theo thi gian, do cng sut
pht cng phi bin i khng ngng p ng. Cc thng s cht lng (U, f)
bin i theo ph ti do phi iu chnh lin tc.
2- Cc qua trnh xy ra trong HT rt nhanh, t phn trm ca giy n vi
chc giy, v d: sau khi xy ra ngn mch th trong vng 0,01s, dng in ngn
mch t n gi tr nguy him. Do trong HT phi s dng cc thit b c phn
ng rt nhanh iu khin ch .
3- HT chu tc ng ca qu trnh gi ho thit b, qu trnh ny gy ra cc
hng hc ngu nhin dn n ngng cung cp in. Do HT phi t chc bo
qun thit b nh k phc hi kh nng lm vic v thay th thit b ht hn s
dng.
4- HT chu tc ng mnh ca mi trng, nht l mi trng a l, c th
gy ra thiu nng lng s cp ( thiu nc vo ma kh...), hng hc thit b dn

16
n mt in (gi, bo, st, lt, sinh vt gy ngn mch...) do HT phi c s d
phng kh ln v cng sut ngun v nng lng s cp. Phi c h thng vn hnh
hon ho, h thng t ng chng s c gim thp nht cc thit hi do s c.
5- HT l mt khi thng nht tri rng khp t nc, lm cho vic iu khin
hot ng v truyn tin rt kh khn. Do iu khin tt hot ng, HT phi
phn cp iu khin v phi c trang b cc k thut iu khin, o lng v
thng tin hon ho.
6- HT khng ngng pht trin trong khng gian v theo thi gian, v vy i
hi h thng vn hnh cng phi pht trin khng ngng v s lng v cht lng
thch ng.

1.3 NHIM V VN HNH H THNG IN
1.3.1 Khi qut chung
1) Nhim v
Nhim v ca vn hnh HT l: m bo an ton tuyt i cho HT, m bo
cht lng phc v v chi ph sn xut, truyn ti v phn phi in nng thp nht.
Cht lng phc v bao gm:
+ Cht lng in nng c tnh php nh gm:
- Cht lng tn s.
- Cht lng in p.
+ tin cy cung cp in hp l
Chi ph sn xut bao gm:
- Chi ph nhin liu.
- Tn tht in nng.
- Chi ph bo qun nh k.
- Chi ph di s c: khc phc hu qu, sa cha thit b do s c.
- Chi ph tin lng.
- Khu hao thit b.
2) T chc vn hnh
Vn hnh c chia thnh hai nhm cng vic c tnh cht khc nhau sau:
a) Nhm cng vic lin quan trc tip n cc thit b ang vn hnh, n ch
lm vic ca h thng in:
- Theo di v iu chnh ch lm vic ca l hi, p nc, tuabin, my
pht, my bin p, ng dy...
- iu chnh tn s, in p, cng sut pht, khi ng hoc ngng t my, thay
i cu trc vn hnh ca li in...
- X l khi xy ra s c.

17
- Chun b chng trnh vn hnh.
- Tng kt qu trnh vn hnh.
b) Nhm cng vic khng lin quan trc tip n ch ca h thng in
- Bo qun nh k.
- Sa cha thit b hng do s c.
- Cung cp nhin liu, vt t.
- Thc hin cc bin php ci to v gim tn tht in nng.
Tng ng vi hai loi cng vic trn l hai t chc ca c quan vn hnh nh
sau:
1. H thng iu ph trch cc cng vic trc tip iu chnh vn hnh HT.
2. H thng qun l thc hin cc cng vic nhm.
1.3.2 Phn cp iu , chc danh v quyn hn
1)Phn cp iu
Do tnh cht ca HT nu trn, h thng iu v h thng qun l u
c phn cp v phn tn. H thng iu c phn cp thnh iu quc gia
ch huy cc iu khu vc, iu khu vc li ch huy cc iu cp c s nh:
nh my in, trm bin p ln, khu vc li truyn ti hay phn phi in... Hnh
1.5 gii thiu phn cp h thng iu ca HT











V phn cp iu ti Vit nam iu hnh h thng in b Cng thng
Vit Nam ban hnh mt Quy trnh iu h thng in Quc gia Quy trnh
ny phn cp iu trch nhim, quyn hn, nhim v ca cc cp iu thuc
H thng in Quc gia; ng thi quy nh trch nhim, quyn hn, nhim v ca
cc t chc, cc nhn trong nc v nc ngoi tham gia hot ng lin quan n
cng tc iu H thng in Quc gia. Mi t chc, c nhn trong nc, nc
ngoi tham gia hot ng in lc v s dng in trn lnh th Vit Nam, c u
iu quc gia
iu khu vc 1 iu khu vc 2 iu khu vc 3
iu
a phng
iu
a phng
Hnh 1.5 Phn cp h thng iu ca HT.

18
ni vi H thng in Quc gia phi thc hin nghim chnh quy nh ca Quy
trnh ny.
H thng in quc gia hot ng c l nh T chc iu h thng.
iu h thng c chia lm 3 cp: Cp iu h thng quc gia, cp iu
h thng in min, cp iu li in phn phi (hnh 1.6)













1.Cp iu h thng quc gia:
L cp ch huy iu cao nht ca ton b h thng in Quc gia. Cp iu
h thng in Quc gia l c quan Trung tm iu h thng Quc gia gi tt
l Ao m nhim.
2. Cp iu h thng in min:
L cp ch huy iu h thng in min, chu s ch huy trc tip ca cp
iu h thng in quc gia. Cp iu h thng min do cc Trung tm iu
h thng min m nhim, l:
iu min Bc - Gi tt l A1.
iu min Nam - Gi tt l A2.
iu min Trung - Gi tt l A3.
3. Cp iu li in phn phi:
L cp ch huy iu li in phn phi, chu s ch huy trc tip v iu
ca cp iu h thng in min tng ng. Cp iu li in phn phi
do cc trung tm hoc Phng iu ca Cng ty in lc c lp, cc in lc
tnh, thnh ph thuc Cng ty in lc 1, 2 hoc 3 m nhim.
2) Chc danh
Cc chc danh ca cc ngi lm cng vic iu hnh h thng in:

Hnh 1.6 S t chc qun l v iu hnh h thng in

19
1. Ngi ch huy trc tip iu h thng in quc gia l k s iu hnh h
thng in quc gia trc ban.
2. Cp di trc tip chu s iu hnh ca k s iu hnh h thng in quc
gia l cc nhn vin vn hnh trc ban bao gm:
K s iu hnh h thng in min.
Trng ca nh my in.
Trng kp trm bin p 500kV.
Ngi trc tip ch huy iu h thng min l k s iu hnh h thng min
trc ban.
3. Nhn vin vn hnh cp di trc tip chu s iu hnh ca k s iu hnh
h thng in min l:
iu vin li in phn phi min.
Trng ca nh my in min.
Trng kp trm bin p 500kV, 220kV, 110kV, 66kV trong min
Ngi trc tip ch huy iu li in phn phi l iu vin li in
phn phi trc ban.
4. Nhn vin vn hnh cp di trc tip ca iu vin li in phn phi
(i vi cc thit b thuc quyn iu khin) bao gm: Trng kp trm bin p
phn phi, trm trung gian, trm b, trm trung gian, trm diesel v thy in nh
trong li in phn phi - Trc ban cc n v trc thuc.
Trng kp trm bin p 220kV, 110kV, 66kV(i vi cc trm bin p c cp
in cho khu vc a phng cp in p > 35kV).
Trng ca cc nh my in (i vi cc nh my in c cp in p 35kV).
3) Quyn hn:
Ni chung cc cp iu u c hai quyn hn l quyn iu khin vsf quyn
kim tra. Vn khc nhau gia cc cp l thiu phm vi qun l v c th l:
* iu quc gia:
- Quyn iu khin: cc nh my in ln, h thng in 500kV, tn s h
thng, in p cc nt chnh.
- Quyn kim tra: cc nh my khng thuc quyn iu khin, li in 220kV,
trm phn phi nh my in ln, ng dy ni nh my in vi h thng in.
* iu min:
- Quyn iu khin: cc nh my c phn cp theo quy nh ring, li
in truyn ti 220kV, 110, 66kV, cng sut v cng nh my in, cc nh my
in nh, cc trm diesel, trm b trong min.
- Quyn kim tra: cc trm, ng dy phn phi 110kV- 66kV (quyn iu
khin thuc v iu li phn phi), cc h x dng in quan trng trong li
in phn phi.

20
* iu li in phn phi:
- Quyn iu khin: cc trm ng dy phn phi 110kV- 66kV, li phn phi,
cc trm thy in nh, cc trm diesel, trm b trong li in phn phi
- Quyn kim tra: cc trm, ng dy phn phi (quyn iu khin thuc v
khch hng )
1.3.3 iu quc gia
1)iu quc gia c nhim v:
- Tho mn nhu cu ca ph ti v in nng v cng sut nh.
- m bo hot ng an ton v tin cy ca ton HT v ca tng phn t ca
n.
- m bo cht lng in nng: tn s v mc in p cc nt chnh ca h
thng (nt kim tra).
- m bo hiu qu kinh t cao nht do s dng hp l cc ngun nng lng
s cp.
- Nhanh chng loi tr s c khi n xy ra v ngn chn s pht trin lan
truyn ca s c.
2) iu quc gia gm hai b phn sau:
1.B phn ch huy vn hnh: lm nhim v theo di v iu khin trc tip hot
ng ca HT, ch huy cc iu cp di thc hin chng trnh hot ng
nh trc, khi xy ra hin tng bt thng th thc hin cc bin php khc phc
nhm gi vng ch .
2.B phn phng thc: Lm nhim v chun b trc ch vn hnh tho mn
cc yu cu an ton, cht lng phc v v hiu qu kinh t. D kin cc tc ng
iu chnh khi xy ra cc tnh hung bt thng. Trn c s d bo v nc, d bo
ph ti di hn v ngn hn, cng sut yu cu max v th ph ti, ban phng
thc phi d bo nhu cu in nng thng, qu v nm, sau lm cc cng vic
sau:
- Lp k hoch bo qun ti u cc t MP, cc ng dy siu cao p v cao
p trn c s th ph ti max thng v kh nng ca h thng bo qun nh k
v cc iu kin thc t khc sao cho tin cy c m bo v chi ph bo qun
min.
- Lp cn bng nng lng nm, qu, thng.
- Lp th ph ti tc dng ngy m.
- Lp s vn hnh li in chnh.
- Tnh phn b ti u cng sut tc dng v cng sut phn khng, tnh mc
in p ti cc nt chnh.
- Tnh n nh, chn v chnh nh cu trc h thng bo v rle v t ng
chng s c.

21
- Lp ra trnh t iu chnh tn s v in p.
- D kin cc tnh hung s c v trnh t x l.
- Lp s s dng ti u ngun nc nh my thu in.
Sau iu quc gia ch nh biu ph ti cho cc nh my in trong h
thng v hiu chnh n trong qu trnh vn hnh.
iu quc gia c nhim v a ra cc yu cu i vi quy hoch, thit k
HT. iu quc gia phi phn tch hot ng ca HT trong qu kh, trn c s
ci tin phng thc vn hnh, hon thin h thng iu .
iu quc gia c trang b hin i nh:
- H thng t ng gim st, thu thp v x l d liu (SCADA- Supervisory
Control And Data Acquisition Systems) gm c h thng o t xa, h thng truyn
tin, h thng my tnh vi cc phn mm x l thng tin.
Thng tin v cu trc vn hnh ca HT lun lun c hin th r rng, cc
tnh hung c bit v s c xy ra khi vn hnh c thng bo nhanh bng tn
hiu n cng ch vit v m thanh trn bn iu khin.
- H thng thng tin lin lc gia iu quc gia v cc iu a phng
nm nhanh tnh hnh v truyn cc mnh lnh iu khin. H thng ny gm c
thng tin v tuyn v hu tuyn, truyn theo ng dy ring v theo ng in
thoi quc gia.
- H thng my tnh v cc phn mm tnh ton, gip cho iu vin tm
c nhanh chng cc quyt nh hp l trong khi xc lp k hoch vn hnh v
trong khi vn hnh. H thng my tnh cng lu gi v s l mi thng tin v HT.
- H thng iu chnh t ng t xa, cc thit b bo v v t ng t trn li
in thc hin iu chnh tn s, iu chnh in p v iu chnh phn phi ti
u cng sut, tc ng nhanh khi c s c nhm gi vng HT v ch vn hnh.
1.3.4 iu in lc a phng
1) Nhim v v cng vic
iu in lc a phng iu khin vic phn phi in nhn t cc trm
bin p cp trn qun l, ti qua li in cao th, cc trm bin p trung gian, li
in phn phi trung, h p n cc h tiu th. Cng vic ca iu in lc l
m bo tin cy cung cp in, m bo cht lng in p cho khch hng,
gim tn tht in nng...
iu in lc gm hai nhm cng vic sau:
Nhm th nht, cng vic trong trng thi bnh thng ca li in, gm c:
1. Thc hin cc thao tc ng ct v iu chnh trn li in c lin quan n
thay i cu trc vn hnh ca li in theo thng k (tun, qu, nm) nhm ti
u ho ch ca li in...
2. Cc thao tc nhm a thit b trn li ra khi vn hnh bo qun nh k
hoc i mi, sau a chng tr li vn hnh.

22
3. Lp v loi b cc v tr lm vic trn li in cho cc i bo qun cc loi
v cho php h lm vic.
4. ng thit b mi vo lm vic v ct b cc thit b qu hn vn hnh.
5. Ct v ng li ng dy ( ch yu l trung p) hoc trm bin p v l do
thiu cng sut ngun.
6. ng ph ti mi vo li in hoc ct ph ti v l do khc nhau (chm
np tin in, chuyn sang ngun khc...).
7. Thc hin cc o c trn li in nh o in p v cng sut (bng thit b
o t sn trong thit b o hoc xch tay).
8. a vo hoc loi b cc thit b t ng (t ng li, t ng ngun d tr,
t ng iu chnh in p...).
9. Thc hin kim tra cc trm ngun v li in 110 kV.
10. Thc hin kim tra li in v trm bin p trung p.
11. Kim tra chiu sng ng ph xem vic ng ct c ng khng.
12. Cht cy, cnh lm nh hng n ng dy in.
Ba vic di cng c th thc hin trong qu trnh bo qun do i bo qun
lm.
Nhm th hai, cng vic khi xy ra s c trn li in, gm c:
1.S b nhn nh tnh cht s c trn c s cc thng tin nhn c.
2.Nhn nh mc s c nh cc i thc hin, nhn vin phc v ti ch...
3. Loi tr hu qu s c.
4. C lp phn t li in s c v i ni li in, ng ngun d tr cho
cc phn t lnh.
5.Tm im s c trn phn t li in b s c bng cc thit b o tm s c
hoc bng quan st trc tip.
6.Sa cha s c.
7.Thay th cc cu ch b chy hoc ng li ptomt khi s c thong qua hoc
qu ti.
2) Cc cng tc c th ca ban phng thc vn hnh
Trong ch lm vic bnh thng, ban phng thc vn hnh c nhim v lp
cc k hoch thc hin cho thi gian nm, qu, thng, tun v ngy m nh sau:
1. Lp k hoch cu trc vn hnh li in cho chu k nm: Cho ma h v
ma ng, ly th ph ti c trng ca mi ma lm c s tnh ton, cc vic
phi lm l:
- Lp s li in: Chn cc im ct cho li in kn vn hnh h, tnh
phn b dng in.
- Chn li u phn p ca cc my bin p phn phi hoc cc my bin p
khc khng c iu p di ti.

23
- Chn thit b b cng sut phn khng v chng trnh hot ng ca chng.
- Chnh nh li thit b bo v v t ng ho.
- Tnh ton dng ngn mch cc nt chnh.
2. Lp k hoch a cc phn t li ra bo qun, i mi...lp theo qu v nm
theo c s:
- nh gi tnh trng thit b.
- Lch bo qun nh k.
- Kh nng thc hin (v vt t v nhn lc).
Lch bo qun phi ti u theo tiu chun tin cy cung cp in cao nht.
3. K hoch sa thi ph ti cn c vo s hiu bit cc h dng in v tn tht
kinh t ca h khi mt in. Lp k hoch gim cng sut v in nng cc h tiu
th khi xy ra thiu cng sut ngun cc mc khc nhau.
K hoch v in nng c lp cho hng qu, thng, tun, cn k hoch cng
sut c lp cho hng ngy.
4. Lp k hoch o lng v hot ng iu chnh trn li in. o lng l c
s cho vic xc nh cu trc vn hnh cng nh qui hoch li in. t nht l hai
ln trong mt nm bng cc dng c o xch tay do cc i cng tc tin hnh.
5. K hoch cng tc ca cc i c lp ra trn c s cc k hoch ca cc
mc trn. Cc k hoch c lp ra sao cho t hiu qu kinh t cao nht v tho
mn cc yu cu k thut.