2 Safety Earthing

Copyright Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Sector Energy PTI NC

Theodor Connor
Safety earthing
Page 1 01.2008
For internal use only. / Copyright Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
PTD SE PTI Th. Connor
Content
Introduction
Theoretical background
Soil Analysis
Design of earthing system
Measurements on earthing systems
Page 2 01.2008
Design of earthing systems
Why ?
How much ?
Where ?
Page 3 01.2008
Current flow in the soil
I
Equipotential lines
Streamlines of current
Incremental resistors
Page 4 01.2008
I
G
I
Diagram of surface potential along horizontal axis
Top view of surface potential
Principle of current and potential distribution
Equipotential lines
and streamlines of current
Page 5 01.2008
Example
High voltage substation
U
E
= R
E
I
Transformer
Metal
structure
Building
Fence
Lamp post
Earthwire
Earthing system
Page 6 01.2008
Ground potential rise and touch voltage
Transformer
Potential control
Surface potential
Touch
voltage
Ground potential rise
Touch voltage
Page 7 01.2008
Vulnerable phase
479-1 IEC: 1994
ECG
Blood pressure
Ventricular fibrillation
Effect of current on heart activity
Page 8 01.2008
Tolerable touch voltage
Source: HD 637
t = 3 s
U
t zul
= 85 V
U
t zul
= 650 V
t = 0.1 s
0,05 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8910
V
1000
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
100
9
8
7
6
5
4
Duration of current flow
T
o
u
c
h

v
o
l
t
a
g
e

U
T
P
s
Page 9 01.2008
National
Germany DIN VDE 0141
Austria N
Great Britain BS
Europe
pr EN 50179
HD 637
DIN VDE 0101
America
ANSI IEEE 80
International
IEC TC 99
Today Future
Past
Development of earthing standards
Page 10 01.2008
Start of operation
Measurement of specific soil resistivity
Design
Erection
Current injection test
time
Start of project
Data collection
Main steps for
earthing system design
Page 11 01.2008
Typical figures :
Definition : in m
E
D 2
E
E
R
=

1m
1m
1m
Importance of specific soil resistivity
Marshy soil 5 to 40 m
Loam, clay, humus 20 to 200 m
Sand 200 to 2500 m
Gravel, rock 2000 to 3000 m
Page 12 01.2008
Measurement of soil resistivity
Current
source
R
Electrode spacing a
=2aR
Wenner method with four electrodes
Page 13 01.2008
Apparent soil resistivity
Upper layer
Bottom layer
Thickness
Page 14 01.2008
Analysis by Rashid
0
200
400
600
800
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Probe spacing in m
S
o
i
l

r
e
s
i
s
t
i
v
i
t
y

i
n

O
h
m
.
m
Seq 1
Seq 2
Seq 3
Seq 4
Seq 5
Seq 6
Seq 7
Seq 8
Seq 9
Seq 10
Seq 11
Seq 12
Seq 13
Seq 14
Seq 15
Seq 16
Analysis by Siemens
0
200
400
600
800
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Probe spacing in m
average
S1
S2
Example
Page 15 01.2008
Measurement by unexperienced Company
0
200
400
600
800
1000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
electrode spacing (m)
r
h
o

(

o
h
m
*
m
)
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
Example
Soil Resistivity
Measurement by Siemens Expert
0
200
400
600
800
1000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
electrode spacing (m)
r
h
o
(

o
h
m
*
m
)
S2
S3
S4
Page 16 01.2008
Streamlines of current
homogenous soil
Page 17 01.2008
Streamlines of current:
higher resistivity of top layer
Page 18 01.2008
Streamlines of current:
higher resistivity of upper layer
Page 19 01.2008
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0 10 20 30 40
Sondenabstand [m]
s
p
e
z
.

E
r
d
w
i
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d

[
o
h
m

m
]
Practice: Measurement line 1
Area of planned site
Page 20 01.2008
Area of planned site
Meas. line 1
Meas. line 2
Meas. line 3
Practice: Measurement line 1,2,3
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0 10 20 30 40
Spacing [m]
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c

s
o
i
l

r
e
s
i
s
t
i
v
i
t
y

[
o
h
m

m
]
Page 21 01.2008
Specific soil resistivity
Determination of average value
=
N
1 n
n
E
1
N
1
1
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0 10 20 30 40
Spacing [m]
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c

s
o
i
l

r
e
s
i
s
t
i
v
i
t
y

[
o
h
m

m
]
Seq 1
Seq 2
Seq 3
Average
Page 22 01.2008
Specific soil resistivity Determination of
parameter of two layer model
160,00 90,00 3,50 7,05E-02
top

bottom h Deviation factor
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0 10 20 30 40
a [m]
r
h
o
[
O
h
m
*
m
]
measured
calculated
Spacing measured calculated
a [m]
[*m]

[*m]
0 160
1 135 159
2 162 155
5 129 131
10 102 105
20 104 94
40 79 91
Page 23 01.2008
Determination of equivalent specific soil resistivity for
homogenous soil
Input:
Size of site Length L = 200 m
Width W = 120 m
Specific soil resistivity top layer

t
= 160 * m
Specific soil resistivity bottom layer

b
= 90 * m
Thickness of top layer h = 3,5 m
Result:
For homogenous equivalent soil

res
=
94 * m
R
E1
=R
E2
t
h
W
L
W
L
R
E1
R
E2
res
Page 24 01.2008
Practice of resistivity measurements
Page 25 01.2008
Basic data collection
Design according to thermal and
mechanical requirements
Design to meet touch
voltage requirements
Rated voltage
Frequency
Type of neutral earthing
Data of overhead lines and cables
Layout of site and surrounding
Data of generator and transformer
Fault duration
Determination of relevant fault currents
Selection of material and cross section
Determination of impedance to earth
Determination of ground potential rise
Selection of mesh width
Selection of equivalent measures
Design of earthing system
Page 26 01.2008
Thermal design
t
F
0,060,080,1 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 2 4 6 8 10
2000
A/mm
2
1000
800
600
400
300
200
150
100
80
60
40
20
10
G
s
Short term design long term design
Earth electrodes and earthing conductors
Material
Steel bar / hot deep galvanized
Copper bar / tinned
A
I
K
t
=
+
+
ln
f
i
1
2
4
3
10 16 25 35 50 70 95 120150185240300
A mm
2000
A 1500
1000
800
600
400
I
D
300
200
150
100
80
60
40
Page 27 01.2008
Determination of minimum cross-section
I
K 1
= 40 kA
q = 198 mm
2
copper
q = 140 mm
2
copper
q = 140 mm
2
copper
4 0 0 k V
e q u i p m e n t
I
K 1
= 25 kA
q = 124 mm
2
copper
q = 87 mm
2
copper
q = 87 mm
2
copper
6 0 k V e q u i p m e n t
q = 70 mm
2
copper
q = 70 mm
2
copper
Page 28 01.2008
Thermal design and mechanical stress
Type of conductor
rod
tape
stranded wire
Type of connection
clamped
screwed
welded
Mechanical stress
Page 29 01.2008
Thermal design and corrosion
Electrochemical corrosion
copper
reinforced concrete
hot deep galvanized steel
Aggressive environment
Page 30 01.2008
R
Rod
= 1,5
L
1,5
R
E
Rod

L
3
R
E
Strip

E
Ring
3
R
L D 2
R
E E
Mesh

+
D 2
R
E
Plate
=

D
R
E
Sphere
R
Strip
= 3,0
R
Ring
= 3,0
R
Mesh
= 2,1
R
Plate
= 1,6
R
Sphere
= 1,0
L=100 m D=32 m
E
=100 m
Resistances to earth
Page 31 01.2008
Practial steps
to fulfill
touch voltage requirments
acc HD637
Global Earthing System
Flow chart for earthgrid design
Page 32 01.2008
Contact resistance
R
H
high
R
H
R
F
Local isolation R
F
high
R
T
Equipotential bonding R
T
0
R
T
Potential control R
T
small
Measures
to keep touch voltages within limits
Page 33 01.2008
GIS
Main earthing conductor
Potential control
Further earth grid
Earth rod
Control cubical
Lightning
protection
Foundation earth electrode
Earthing system components
Example switchgear building
Page 34 01.2008
Current distribution
Page 35 01.2008
Decisive currents, voltages and impedances
R e fe renc e ea rth
P ha s e c o nduc to r
E a rth wire
E a rthing s ys te m
R e ferenc e e a rth
F o r e qua l e a rth wire
to wer fo o ting impeda nc e s
o f the o verhea d lines
E quiva lent c irc uit
(1 - r
E
) 3 I
0
(1 - r
E
) 3 I
0
3 I
0
R
E T
R
E T
R
E S
U
E
I
T r
I
F
I
R S
I
T r
I
F 3 I
0
I
E
R
E S
I
R S
Z

Z

U
E
I
F
= 3 I
0
+ I
T r
I
E
= r
E
. ( I
F
- I
T r
)
U
E
= I
E
. Z
E
1
Z
E
=
1
+

n
1

R
E S
Z

Page 36 01.2008
Practice: Earth electrodes
Page 37 01.2008
Practice: Gas insulated switchgear
Page 38 01.2008
Practice: Cable sealing end
Page 39 01.2008
Practice: Fence earthing
Page 40 01.2008
Practice: Substation in the dessert
Page 41 01.2008
Design according to IEEE Standard 80
t
K
E
i
tol
=
L
I
K E E
m mesh touch
=
tol mesh
E E
Page 42 01.2008
Remote rod Tested structure
V
Principle of fall of potential method
A
Page 43 01.2008
Practical results
Tower south
Influence of remote current electrode
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
a (m)
a
p
p
a
r
e
n
t

i
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e

(
o
h
m
)
Measurement according to
instruction manual
Page 44 01.2008
A
Current source
Earth wire
Remote earthing Tested substation
V
Principle of current injection test
Page 45 01.2008
Earthing measurement with cable
Page 46 01.2008
Elimination of interference
Polarity reversal method
A A B C C
Test current
U
C
U
Test
U
Test
U
A
U
B
2
2 2
2
C
B A
Test
U
U U
U
+
=
Page 47 01.2008
Beat frequency method
U
S
U
max
U
min
( )
2
max min
U U
U
Test

=
( )
2
max min
U U
U
Test
+
=
Test S
U U
Test S
U U >
Page 48 01.2008
Beat frequency method
Test S
U U
Test S
U U >
U
max
U
min
U
S
U
Test
U
max
U
min
U
S
U
Test
Page 49 01.2008
Switching device
Transformer or
Emergency diesel
generator
230 V
AC
Surge arrestor
Test Line
Page 50 01.2008
Switching device
Page 51 01.2008
Example infeed at MV cable feeder
Page 52 01.2008
Example current source
Page 53 01.2008
Example: Earth potential rise, site layout
Page 54 01.2008
Measured earth potential rise
Page 55 01.2008
Example: Measured touch voltages and
potential differences
Page 56 01.2008
Measured touch voltages
Page 57 01.2008
Measured potential differences
Page 58 01.2008
Example: Measured transferred potentials
Page 59 01.2008
Measured transferred potentials
Page 60 01.2008
Earthing system design tool
Diagram of surface potential
Page 61 01.2008
160 m 140 m 120 m 100 m 80 m 60 m 40 m 20 m 0 m
1.000 V
900 V
800 V
700 V
600 V
500 V
400 V
300 V
200 V
100 V
0 V
160 m 140 m 120 m 100 m 80 m 60 m 40 m 20 m 0 m
1.000 V
900 V
800 V
700 V
600 V
500 V
400 V
300 V
200 V
100 V
0 V
Surface potential along horizontal line
Page 62 01.2008
30 m 25 m 20 m 15 m 10 m 5 m 0 m
1.000 V
900 V
800 V
700 V
600 V
500 V
400 V
300 V
200 V
100 V
0 V
Effectiveness of potential control
Page 63 01.2008
Thank you for your attention
Are there any Questions left!

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2 Safety Earthing

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Copyright Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.

Sector Energy PTI NC

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