ITD 1213: OBJECT

ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

CHAPTER 4: (Part 1)
Control Structures
Objectives
Learn about decision making
Make decisions with the if and
if...else structures
Use multiple statements in an if or
if...else structure
Nest if and if...else statements
Use AND and OR operators

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 Objectives (continued)
Learn to make accurate and efficient decisions
Use the switch statement
Use the conditional and NOT operators
Understand precedence

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Understanding Decision Making
Pseudocode
◦ Use paper and pencil
◦ Plan program’s logic
 By writing plain English statements
◦ Accomplish important steps in a given task
◦ Use everyday language
Flowchart
◦ Steps in diagram form
◦ Series of shapes connected by arrows

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Understanding Decision Making
(continued)
Flowchart (continued)
◦ Programmers use variety of shapes to
represent different tasks
 Rectangle to represent any unconditional step
 Diamond to represent any decision
Sequence structure
◦ One step follows another unconditionally
◦ Cannot branch away or skip a step

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Java Programming, Fifth Edition 6
Java Programming, Fifth Edition 7
Making Decisions with the
if and if...else Structures
if statement
◦ Simplest statement to make decision
◦ Boolean expression appears within
parentheses
◦ Space between keyword if and opening
parentheses
◦ Execution always continues to next
independent statement
◦ Use double equal sign (==) to determine
equivalency
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Making Decisions with the
if and if...else Structures
(continued)

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Pitfall: Misplacing a Semicolon in
an if Statement
No semicolon at end of first line of if
statement
◦ if (someVariable == 10)
◦ Statement does not end there
When semicolon follows if directly
◦ Empty statement contains only semicolon
◦ Execution continues with the next independent
statement

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Pitfall: Misplacing a Semicolon in
an if Statement (continued)

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Pitfall: Using the Assignment
Operator Instead of the Equivalency
Operator
Attempt to determine equivalency
◦ Using single equal sign
◦ Rather than double equal sign
◦ Illegal
Can store Boolean expression’s value in
Boolean variable
◦ Before using in if statement

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Pitfall: Attempting to Compare
Objects Using the Relational
Operators
Usestandard relational operators to
compare values of primitive data types
◦ Not objects
Canuse equals and not equals
comparisons (== and !=) with objects
◦ To compare objects’ memory addresses
instead of values

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The if...else Structure
Single-alternative if
◦ Only perform action, or not
 Based on one alternative
Dual-alternative if
◦ Two possible courses of action
if...else statement
◦ Performs one action when Boolean expression
evaluates true
◦ Performs different action when Boolean
expression evaluates false

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 The if...else Structure
(continued)
if...else statement (continued)
◦ Statement that executes when if is true or
false ends with semicolon
◦ Vertically align keyword if with the keyword
else
◦ Illegal to code else without if
◦ Depending on evaluation of Boolean expression
following if
 Only one resulting action takes place

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The if...else Structure
(continued)

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Using Multiple Statements
in an if or if...else Structure

Execute more than one statement

◦ Use pair of curly braces
 Place dependent statements within block
 Crucial to place curly braces correctly
Any variable declared within block local
to that block

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Nesting if and if...else
Statements
Nested if statements
◦ Statements in which if structure is contained
inside of another if structure
◦ Use when two conditions must be met before
some action is taken
Paycareful attention to placement of
else clauses
else statements
◦ Always associated with if on “first in-last
out” basis

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Nesting if and if...else
Statements (continued)

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Using Logical AND and OR
Operators
Logical AND operator
◦ Alternative to some nested if statements
◦ Used between two Boolean expressions to
determine whether both are true
◦ Written as two ampersands (&&)
 Include complete Boolean expression on each side
◦ Both Boolean expressions that surround
operator
 Must be true before action in statement can occur

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Using Logical AND and OR
Operators (continued)

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Using Logical AND and OR
Operators (continued)
Logical OR operator
◦ Action to occur when at least one of two
conditions is true
◦ Written as ||
 Sometimes called pipes

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Using Logical AND and OR
Operators (continued)

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Using the switch Statement
switch statement
◦ Alternative to series of nested if statements
◦ Test single variable against series of exact
integer or character values

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Using the switch Statement
(continued)
Switch structure keywords
◦ switch
 Starts structure
 Followed by test expression
 Enclosed in parentheses
◦ case
 Followed by one of the possible values for test
expression and colon

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 Using the switch Statement
(continued)
Switch structure keywords (continued)
◦ break
 Optionally terminates switch structure at end of each
case
◦ default
 Used prior to any action if test variable does not
match any case
 Optional

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Using the switch Statement
(continued)

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 Using the switch Statement
(continued)
break statements in switch structure
◦ If break statement omitted
 Program finds match for test variable
 All statements within switch statement execute from
that point forward
case statement
◦ No need to write code for each case
◦ Evaluate char variables
 Ignore whether uppercase or lowercase

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 Using the switch Statement
(continued)
Why use switch statements?
◦ Convenient when several alternative courses of
action depend on single integer or character
variable
◦ Use only when there are reasonable number of
specific matching values to be tested

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" When you are blessed with success, don't forget where you
came from and don't act brand new to the people that were
there for you.“
~Sybil Armstrong~

THANKS