Java Programming: From Problem

Analysis to Program Design, 3e

Chapter 4
Control Structures I: Selection
 Chapter Objectives
• Learn about control structures
• Examine relational and logical operators
• Explore how to form and evaluate logical
(Boolean) expressions
• Learn how to use the selection control
structures if, if…else, and switch in
a program

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 2

 Control Structures
• Three methods of processing a program
– In sequence
– Branching
– Looping
• Branch: altering the flow of program
execution by making a selection or choice
• Loop: altering the flow of program
execution by repetition of statement(s)
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 3
 Flow of Execution

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 4

 Relational Operators
• Relational Operator
– Allows you to make comparisons in a program
– Binary operator
• Condition is represented by a logical
expression in Java
• Logical expression: expression that has a
value of either true or false

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 5

 Relational Operators in Java

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 6

 Relational Operators and
Primitive Data Types
• Can be used with integral and floating-point
data types
• Can be used with the char data type
• Unicode Collating Sequence

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 7

 Relational Operators and the
Unicode Collating Sequence

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 8

 Comparing Strings
• class String
– Method compareTo
– Method equals
• Given string str1 and str2
an integer < 0 if string str1 < str2

str1.compareTo(str2)= 0 if string str1 is equal to string str2
an integer > 0 if string str1 > str2


Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 9

 Comparing Strings (continued)
String str1 = "Hello";
String str2 = "Hi";
String str3 = "Air";
String str4 = "Bill";
String str5 = "Bigger";

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 10

 Comparing Strings (continued)

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 11

 Comparing Strings (continued)

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 12

 Logical (Boolean) Operators

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 13

 Logical (Boolean) Operators
(continued)

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 14

 Logical (Boolean) Operators
(continued)

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 15

 Logical (Boolean) Operators
(continued)

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 16

 Precedence of Operators

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 17

 Short-Circuit Evaluation
• Definition: a process in which the computer
evaluates a logical expression from left to
right and stops as soon as the value of the
expression is known

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 18

 Selection
• One-Way Selection
• Two-Way Selection
• Compound (Block of) Statements
• Multiple Selections (Nested if)
• Conditional Operator
• switch Structures

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 19

 One-Way Selection
• Syntax:
if (expression)
statement
• Expression referred to as decision maker
• Statement referred to as action statement

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 20

 One-Way Selection (continued)

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 21

 One-Way Selection (continued)
Example 4-11
//Program to determine the absolute value of an integer
import javax.swing.JOptionPane;
public class AbsoluteValue
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int number;
int temp;
String numString;
numString =
JOptionPane.showInputDialog
("Enter an integer:"); //Line 1
number = Integer.parseInt(numString); //Line 2
temp = number; //Line 3

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 22

 One-Way Selection (continued)

if (number < 0) //Line 4

number = -number; //Line 5

JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,
"The absolute value of " + temp
+ " is " + number,
"Absolute Value",
JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE); //Line 6
System.exit(0);
}

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 23

 Two-Way Selection
• Syntax:
if (expression)
statement1
else
statement2
• else statement must be paired with an if

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 24

 Two-Way Selection (continued)

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 25

 Two-Way Selection (continued)
Example 4-14

if (hours > 40.0)

wages = 40.0 * rate +
1.5 * rate * (hours - 40.0);
else
wages = hours * rate;

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 26

 Two-Way Selection (continued)
Example 4-15

if (hours > 40.0); //Line 1

wages = 40.0 * rate +
1.5 * rate * (hours - 40.0); //Line 2
else //Line 3
wages = hours * rate; //Line 4

•Because a semicolon follows the closing parenthesis of the if

statement (Line 1), the else statement stands alone
•The semicolon at the end of the if statement (see Line 1) ends the
if statement, so the statement at Line 2 separates the else clause
from the if statement; that is, else is by itself
•Since there is no separate else statement in Java, this code
generates a syntax error
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 27
Compound (Block of) Statements
• Syntax

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 28

 Compound (Block of) Statements
(continued)
if (age > 18)
{
System.out.println("Eligible to vote.");
System.out.println("No longer a minor.");
}
else
{
System.out.println("Not eligible to vote.");
System.out.println("Still a minor.");
}

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 29

 Multiple Selection: Nested if
• Syntax • Else associated with
most recent incomplete
if (expression1) if
statement1
else if (expression2)
• Multiple if statements
statement2 can be used in place of
else if…else statements
statement3 • May take longer to
evaluate
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 30
 Conditional (? :) Operator
• Ternary operator
• Syntax
expression1 ? expression2 : expression3

• If expression1 = true, then the result of the

condition is expression 2; otherwise, the
result of the condition is expression3

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 31

 switch Structures

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 32

 switch Structures (continued)
• In Java, switch, case, break, and
default are reserved words
• In a switch structure, the expression is
evaluated first
• The value of the expression is then used to
perform the actions specified in the statements
that follow the reserved word case
• The expression is usually an identifier
• The value of the identifier or the expression can
be only integral, that is, an integer
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 33
 switch Structures (continued)
• Integral values also include values of type
char
• The expression is sometimes called the selector;
its value determines which statements are
selected for execution
• A particular case value must appear only once
• One or more statements may follow a case
label, so you do not need to use braces to turn
multiple statements into a single compound
statement
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 34
 switch Structures (continued)
• The break statement may or may not
appear after each statements1, statements2,
..., statementsn
• A switch structure may or may not have
the default label

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 35

 switch Structures (continued)

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 36

 switch Structures (continued)

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 37

 switch Structures (continued)
Example 4-24
switch (grade)
{
case 'A':
System.out.println("The grade is A.");
break;
case 'B':
System.out.println("The grade is B.");
break;
case 'C':
System.out.println("The grade is C.");
break;

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 38

 switch Structures (continued)
case 'D':
System.out.println("The grade is D.");
break;
case 'F':
System.out.println("The grade is F.");
break;
default:
System.out.println("The grade is invalid.");
}

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 39

 Programming Example:
Cable Company Billing
• Input: customer’s account number,
customer code, number of premium
channels to which customer subscribes,
number of basic service connections (in
case of business customers)
• Output: customer’s account number and the
billing amount

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 40

 Programming Example:
Cable Company Billing (continued)
• Solution:
– Prompt user for information
– Use switch statements based on customer’s type
– Use an if statement nested within switch
statement to determine amount due by each
customer

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 41

 Chapter Summary

• Control structures are used to process programs

• Logical expressions and order of precedence of
operators are used in expressions
• Compare strings
• If statements
• if…else statements
• switch structures
• Proper syntax for using control statements
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 42