1

Coapemeuum
Iymau:apum
uaepc:e:
uc1anuonnoe opasoeanue
Pa6ounn yue6nnk
uaunnnn, nun, ofuecfeo ______________________________________
uakynsfef _____________________________________________________
Houep konfpakfa_______________________________________________
PERHlHOBEEHHE
KHHTA 1
MOCKBA 1999
Paspa6ofano O.F. Cfonnpoeon
Pekouenpoeano Mnnncfepcfeou o6mero n
npoqeccnonansnoro o6pasoeannn Poccnnckon
uepepaunn e kauecfee yue6noro noco6nn pnn
cfypenfoe etcmnx yue6ntx saeepennn
KYPC: PERHlHOBEEHHE
Knnfa 1. Pennrnoeepenne.
KHHTA 1
Paccuafpneakfcn npepuef pennrnoeepennn, cfpykfypa n qynkunn pennrnn,
eosnnknoeenne n pasenfne ocnoentx naunonansntx n unpoetx pennrnn, nx
oco6ennocfn; nyfn n nanpaenennn pasenfnn uekonqeccnonansnoro pnanora.
[nn cfypenfoe Coepeuennoro lyuannfapnoro Ynneepcnfefa
Knnfa coofeefcfeyef o6pasoeafensnon npoqeccnonansnon nporpauue N 4
___________________________________________________________________________________
(C) COBPFMFHHLH lYMAHHTAPHLH YHHBFPCHTFT, 1999
3
OlRABREHHE
cfp.
RPOlPAMMA KYPCA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
JHTFPATYPA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
HAYHLH OESOP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1. Pennrnn kak npepuef nayunoro nccnepoeannn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.1. Onpepenenne pennrnn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2. Ropxopt k nsyuennk pennrnn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3. Cymnocfnte xapakfepncfnkn pennrnn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4. Cqept pennrnoeepennn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.5. Hcfopnn unqonornn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.6. Hcfopnn pennrnn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.7. Counonornuecknn nopxop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.8. Rcnxonornuecknn ananns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.9. Kpnfnka pennrnn. Pasenfne afensua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2. Sneuenft n cfpykfypa pennrnn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.1. Pennrnosnoe cosnanne. Pennrnosnan eepa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2. [oruaf. Kanon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.3. Pennrnosnan penfensnocfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.4. Pennrnosntn kynsf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.5. Pennrnosnte oprannsaunn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3. uynkunn pennrnn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.1. Ocnoente qynkunn pennrnn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.2. Pennrnn kak kynsfypno-ncfopnuecknn qenouen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4. Pannne qoput pennrnosnoro cosnannn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.1. Tofeunsu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.2. uefnmnsu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.3. Annunsu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.4. Marnn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.5. Mnqonornn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.6. [peenne pennrnn Bocfounoro Cpepnseunouopsn (Hpan, Frnnef,
[peennn lpeunn, [peennn Pnu) n nx ennnnne na pasenfne
unennnsaunn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.7. Anfnunan unennnsaunn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.8. Ronnfensu. Repexop k uonofensuy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5. Haunonansnte pennrnn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.1. Pennrnn Hnpnn n cfpan [ansnero Bocfoka. Rponcxopenne,
nocfynaft, uopansno-ofnueckne noput. Bnnnnne na
eosnnknoeenne ppyrnx pennrnn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.1.1. Hnpynsu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.1.2. [annnsu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5.1.3. Konqyunancfeo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
5.1.4. [aocnsu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
5.1.5. Cnnfonsu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5.2. Hypansu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
6. Mnpoete pennrnn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Coepeuenntn lyuannfapntn Ynneepcnfef
4
6.1. Xpncfnancfeo. Fro eosnnknoeenne n pasenfne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
6.2. Ocnoet eepoyuennn. Xpncfnancknn kynsf. Mopansno-ofnueckne
noput xpncfnancfea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
6.3. Rpaeocnaene n kafonnunsu - nanpaenennn xpncfnancfea.
Cpaenenne oco6ennocfen eepoyuennn n kynsfa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
6.4. Rpofecfanfnsu kak nanpaenenne xpncfnancfea n ero enpt:
nkfepancfeo, kansennnsu, anrnnkancfeo n ppyrne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
6.5. Hcnau. Bepoyuenne n kynsf. Kopan - cenmennan knnra uycynsuan . 44
6.5.1. uapnaf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
6.5.2. Cynnnsu n mnnsu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
6.5.3. Eyppnsu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
6.5.4. Jauansu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
6.5.5. [sen-6yppnsu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
6.6. Cpaenenne xapakfepncfnk ocnoentx nocfynafoe eepymnx
unpoetx pennrnn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
7. Ryfn n nanpaenennn pasenfnn uekonqeccnonansnoro pnanora . . . 50
7.1. Konqeccnn. Skyuennueckoe penenne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
7.2. Cekynnpnsaunn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
7.3. Bosuonocfs uekonqeccnonansnoro pnanora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
7.4. [nanor pennrnosnoro n nepennrnosnoro (qnnocoqckoro n nayunoro)
unpoeosspennn o kapfnne unpa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
8. Pennrnn n coepeuennocfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
8.1. Pons pennrnn e coepeuennou o6mecfee. Rofpe6nocfs e pennrnn
e coepeuennou o6mecfee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
8.2. Coepeuenntn esrnnp pasnnuntx konqeccnn na o6meuenoeeueckne
npo6neut: eonnt n unpa, ofnomennn k enacfn, k rocypapcfeennocfn,
esrnnp na npaea uenoeeka, esanuoofnomenne nonoe, ofnomenne k
nonnfnke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
8.3. Cfafncfnueckne n counonornueckne pannte o pacnpocfpanennn
pennrnn, uncno eepykmnx n nx counansntn cocfae, nx pons e
o6mecfeennon nsnn pasnnuntx cfpan. Apean pacnpocfpanennn
pennrnn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
SA[AHHH [JH CAMOCTOHTFJbHOH PAEOTL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
TFCT [JH CAMOCTOHTFJbHOlO TPFHHHlA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
lJOCCAPHH
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
lnoccapnn pacnonoen e cepepnne yue6noro noco6nn n npepnasnauen pnn cauocfonfensnoro
sayuneannn noetx nonnfnn.
5
HPOlPAMMA KYPCA
Pennrnn kak npepuef nayunoro nccnepoeannn. Onpepenenne pennrnn. Ropxopt
k nsyuennk pennrnn. Cymnocfnte xapakfepncfnkn pennrnn. Cqept pennrnoeepennn.
Sneuenft n cfpykfypa pennrnn. Pennrnosnoe cosnanne. Pennrnosnan eepa.
[oruaf. Kanon. Pennrnosnan penfensnocfs. Pennrnosntn kynsf. Pennrnosnte
ofnomennn. Pennrnosnte oprannsaunn.
uynkunn pennrnn. Pennrnn kak kynsfypno-ncfopnuecknn qenouen.
Pannne qoput pennrnosnoro cosnannn: fofeunsu, qefnmnsu, annunsu,
uarnn, unqonornn, ppeenne pennrnn Bocfounoro Cpepnseunouopsn (Hpan,
Frnnef, [peennn lpeunn, [peennn Pnu) n nx ennnnne na pasenfne unennnsaunn;
nonnfensu, nepexop k uonofensuy.
Haunonansnte pennrnn. Pennrnn Hnpnn n cfpan [ansnero Bocfoka:
nnpynsu, pannnsu, konqyunancfeo, paocnsu, cnnfonsu. Rponcxopenne,
ocnoente nocfynaft, uopansno-ofnueckne noput. Bnnnnne na eosnnknoeenne
ppyrnx pennrnn. Hypansu.
Mnpoete pennrnn. Xpncfnancfeo: ero eosnnknoeenne n pasenfne, ocnoet
eepoyuennn, xpncfnancknn kynsf, uopansno-ofnueckne noput xpncfnancfea.
Rpaeocnaene n kafonnunsu - nanpaenennn xpncfnancfea. Cpaenenne oco6ennoc-
fen eepoyuennn n kynsfa. Rpofecfanfnsu kak nanpaenenne xpncfnancfea n ero
enpt: nkfepancfeo, kansennnsu, anrnnkancfeo n ppyrne. Hcnau: eepoyuenne n
kynsf, Kopan - cenmennan knnra uycynsuan, mapnaf, cynnnsu n mnnsu. Eyppnsu.
Ocnoet qnnocoqnn 6yppnsua: xnnanna n uaxanna. Jauansu. [sen-6yppnsu.
Cpaenenne xapakfepncfnk ocnoentx nocfynafoe eepymnx unpoetx pennrnn.
Ryfn n nanpaenennn pasenfnn uekonqeccnonansnoro pnanora. Konqec-
cnn. Skyuennueckoe penenne. Cekynnpnsaunn. Bosuonocfs uekonqeccno-
nansnoro pnanora. [nanor pennrnosnoro n nepennrnosnoro (qnnocoqckoro n
nayunoro) unpoeosspennn o kapfnne unpa.
Pennrnn n coepeuennocfs. Pons pennrnn e coepeuennon nsnn o6mecfea.
Rofpe6nocfs e pennrnn e coepeuennou o6mecfee. Coepeuenntn esrnnp
pasnnuntx pennrnosntx konqeccnn na o6meuenoeeueckne npo6neut: eonnt n
unpa, ofnomenne k enacfn, k rocypapcfeennocfn, esrnnp na npaea uenoeeka,
esanuoofnomennn nonoe, ofnomenne k nonnfnke. Apean pacnpocfpanennn
pennrnn. Cfafncfnueckne n counonornueckne pannte o pacnpocfpanennn
pennrnn, uncno eepykmnx, nx counansntn cocfae, nx pons e o6mecfeennon
nsnn pasnnuntx cfpan.
6
RHTEPATYPA
Basoeme yuenuxu
1. Ocnoet pennrnoeepennn: Yue6nnk J Rop pep. H.H. H6nokoea. M.,1994.
C. 5-171, 299-347.
nn6o
2. lapapa B.H. Pennrneeepenne. M.,1995. C. 5-63, 76-131, 255-306.
ononnu1enunan nu1epa1ypa
3. lapapa B.H. Counonornn pennrnn. M.,1995. C. 27-89.
4. Bacnnsee J.C. Hcfopnn pennrnn Bocfoka. M.,1983. C. 11-72.
5. Tokapee O. Pennrnn e ncfopnn napopoe unpa. M.,1964. C. 18-55.
6. leue l. En6nenckne ncfopnn. M.,1988.
7. Hnkonscknn H.M. Hcfopnn pycckon uepken. M.,1985.
8. Mnqt napopoe unpa. B 2-x f. M.,1980.
9. Pennrnn unpa: 10-11 knacc. Yue6noe noco6ne. M.,1997.
10. Pennrnn n pennrnosnte oprannsaunn e coepeuennon Poccnn. M., 1989.
11. [enuc Y. Mnoroo6pasne pennrnosnoro ontfa. M., 1910 (penp. 1993).
12. Tannop S.E. Repeo6tfnan kynsfypa. M., 1996.
13. Pennrnosnte fpapnunn unpa. M., 1996.
14. Jau6epr-Kapnockn K., Ca6onoe [. [peenne unennnsaunn. Ennnnn
Bocfok n Mesoauepnka. M., 1992.
15. Monfe R. Frnnef Paucecoe. Roecepneenan nsns ernnfnn eo epeuena
eennknx qapaonoe. M., 1989.
16. Rpnronn H., Cfenrepc H. Ropnpok ns xaoca. M., 1986.
17. Jannac R.C. Hsnoenne cncfeut unpa. M., 1982.
18. Moppnc l. Cofeopenne unpa: Hayuntn nopxop. Kannqopnnn, 1990.
19. Eenna P. Ocnoente ofant oeonkunn pennrnn e ncfopnn o6mecfea. M.,
1986.
20. Pt6akoe B. Hstuecfeo [peenen Pycn. M., 1987.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Rpnueuanne. Snakou () ofueuent pa6oft, etpepkaun ns kofoptx cqopunpoean nayuntn o6sop.
7
HAYRHBH OB8OP*
1. PERHlHR KAK HPEMET HAYRHOlO HCCREOBAHHR
1.1. Onpepenenue penuruu
Cnoeo "pennrnn" ecfpeuaefcn ouens uacfo e o6tpennon peun n e nayuntx
fekcfax, e ny6nnuncfnke n e xypoecfeennon nnfepafype. Moef nokasafscn,
ufo, ynofpe6nnn ofo cnoeo, ece nuekf e enpy opno n fo e n snakf, ufo ofo
fakoe. Ha cauou pene 6onsmen uacfsk sa ofnu cnoeou cfonf nnms
npepcfaenennn, etpaakmne enemnne nponenennn pennrnn, c kofoptun ona,
kak npaenno, censana.
Penurun - ofo unpoeosspenne n cneunqnueckne pencfenn, ocnoeannte
na eepe e cymecfeoeanne Eora nnn 6oroe, f.e. fon nnn nnon pasnoenpnocfn
ceepxecfecfeennoro. Kak enpnu, e ofou onpepenennn saqnkcnpoeant
nponenennn, neamne na noeepxnocfn pennrnosnon nsnn. He poeonscfeyncs
etnenenneu n onncanneu npnsnakoe pennrnn, uenoeeueckan utcns c paennx
nop cfpeunfcn o6ncnnfs qenouen pennrnn, nonnfs ero npnpopy n snauenne,
nonnfs, ufo cocfaennef ero cymnocfs.
1.2. Hopxopm x usyuenum penuruu
B paukax penuruosnoro cosnanun, f.e. o6pasa pencfenfensnocfn,
cknapteakmerocn e cosnannn pennrnosnoro uenoeeka, fakne nontfkn npneopnf
k nonenennk 6orocnoenn, nnn feonornn - yuennn o Eore.
Teonornn nonennefcn e nan6onee pasenftx pennrnnx - nypansue, xpncfnan-
cfee, ncnaue - kak coeokynnocfs pennrnosntx pokfpnn o cymnocfn n pencfenn
Eora. Teonornn npepnonaraef nannune nnunoro a6conkfnoro Eora, coo6makmero
uenoeeky snanne e ofkpoeennn.
Fcfecfeenno noofouy, ufo e pa6ofax feonoroe pennrnn o6ncnnefcn kak
6t "nsnyfpn", c nosnunn uenoeeka, npnnnuakmero ncfnnt eept n ncxopnmee
ns nnx.
Teonornuecknn nopxop k o6ncnennk qenouena pennrnn npepnonaraef,
ufo o6ncnenne pennrnn eosuono fonsko c nosnunn cauon pennrnn, fonsko
na ocnoee npnnnfnn pennrnosnon eept.
Ropxop k o6ncnennk qenouena pennrnn "nsene", ne npepnonarakmnn
sapanee npnnnfnn ee ncfnnnocfn, eosnnkaef nepeonauansno forpa, korpa naunna-
ef paseneafscn qnnocoqnn. unnocoqcknn nopxop e ofnnune of feonornueckoro
cocfonf e fou, ufo6t, ne npepnonaran sapanee cymecfeoeannn "etcmero nauana",
"cenmennoro", nontfafscn ofeefnfs na eonpoc, kakne ocnoeannn pennrnn nueef
e uenoeeueckou ontfe, e kakon uepe pennrnosnte eepoeannn ofeeuakf
kpnfepnnu ncfnnnoro nosnannn.
Tak eosnnkaef kpnfnuecknn nopxop k pennrnn.
Ye na pannnx cfapnnx pasenfnn unennnsaunn ut ecfpeuaeu kpnfnky
pennrnn, counenne nnn npnuoe neeepne e cymecfeoeanne sarpo6noro unpa n
6eccuepfnn pymn. Uapnman e unpe necnpaeepnneocfs sacfaennna nan6onee
nesaencnuo utcnnmnx nkpen ycounnfscn eo eceuorymecfee 6oroe, nnfana
6oro6opueckne nacfpoennn, kpnfnueckoe ofnomenne k oqnunansntu kynsfau n
peuecfey.
C nonenenneu cauocfonfensnon no ofnomennk k pennrnn qnnocoqnn,
kofopan ye ne ypoenefeopnefcn unqonornuecknu o6ncnenneu unpa n nmef
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Xnpntu mpnqfou etpenent noete nonnfnn, kofopte neo6xopnuo yceonfs. Snanne ofnx nonnfnn
6ypef npoeepnfscn npn fecfnpoeannn.
8
ofo o6ncnenne c nouomsk pasyua n ontfa, eosnnkaef n afensu kak
unpoeosspenne.
B [peenen lpeunn c nan6onsmen nonnofon afensu 6tn pasenf e yuennn
Snnkypa (342-271 po n.o.). Okono 307 r. e Aqnnax on ocnoean mkony, nonyunemyk
naseanne "Capt Snnkypa", kofopan nponaranpnpoeana npen uafepnannsua n
afensua. Ocnoentu nonoenneu yuennn Snnkypa 6tno yfeeppenne, ufo
uafepnansntn unp cymecfeyef nesaencnuo of cosnannn uenoeeka. unnocoq
npnsnaean eeunocfs uafepnn n uafepnansnoe epnncfeo unpa. Snnkyp ecnep sa
[euokpnfou pokastean, ufo Bcenennan npepcfaennef co6on coepnnenne afouoe
n nycfoft. B ero npepcfaenennn afout nennkfcn eeuntun, nepennutun n
nensuenntun uafepnansntun uacfnuaun. Bce unoroo6pasne eemen ecfs
pesynsfaf pasnnuntx couefannn afouoe. Snnkyp ofpnuan cymecfeoeanne
neuafepnansnon pymn. Snnkyp cfaenn ceoen sapauen oceo6opnfs nkpen of
6onsnn nepep 6oraun n of cfpaxa cuepfn pnn foro, ufo6t onn uornn
nacnapafscn papocfnun nsnn. fo6t nfs pocfonnon uenoeeka nsnsk,
uenoeek ponen oceo6opnfscn of cfpaxa cuepfn, of enacfn cyeeepnn. "lnyno
npocnfs y 6oroe fo, ufo uenoeek cnoco6en cau ce6e pocfaenfs". enoeek ponen
nonnfs rnaenoe: nnkfo nsene, "cetme", ne euemneaefcn e ero nsns. On ponen
nonarafscn eo eceu na ce6n cauoro, cfpeuncs k cuacfsk e seunon nsnn,
nofouy ufo nnkakon ppyron euy ne pano. Cuepfno ne fonsko feno, no n pyma.
Eeccuepfne - nnms yfemnfensnan nnnksnn. Ona o6ecuenneaef e rnasax uenoeeka
ero nsns, kofopon on ponen poponfs n pasyuno pacnopnpnfscn nuenno
nofouy, ufo ppyron y nero nef. Banenmnun npnunnaun, nopopaemnun
pennrnk, Snnkyp cunfan cfpax nkpen nepep cuepfsk n nesnanne nun sakonoe
npnpopt. On fpe6oean nsyuennn ecfecfeenntx sakonouepnocfen, pnn foro ufo6t
nokonunfs c pennrnosntun cyeeepnnun.
Rop nenocpepcfeenntu ennnnneu rpekoe afensu paseneancn n e [peeneu
Pnue. C nnu censant nuena Jykpeunn, Jyknana, neonnafonnka Ropqnpnn.
[nn cpepneeekoeon Fepont xapakfepno npakfnueckn fofansnoe rocnopcfeo
kafonnueckon uepken e o6nacfn pyxoenon kynsfypt. B ofof nepnop xpncfnanckan
feonornn noufn nonnocfsk etfecnnef ecnkoe ceefckoe snanne. Ye Tepfynnnan
(160-230), opnn ns nan6onee pannnx xpncfnancknx feonoroe, cunfan 6oecfeen-
noe ofkpoeenne epnncfeenntu ncfounnkou ncfnnnoro snannn. On yfeeppan,
ufo c nonenenneu Feanrennn ofnana napo6nocfs e kaknx-nn6o nayuntx nccnepo-
eannnx. On pesko npofneonocfaennn eepy snannk n nonaran, ufo pennrnosnte
porut ne nypakfcn e o6ocnoeannn nx pasyuou. Ropo6nte esrnnpt etckastean
n Aerycfnn (354-430), opnn ns nan6onee aefopnfefntx ofuoe uepken.
Teu ne uenee pasenfne cpepneeekoeoro ropopa kak uenfpa peuecna n
foproenn etsteano nofpe6nocfs e rpauofntx nkpnx. Kpynntu npepcfaenfeneu
cpepneeekoeoro ceo6opoutcnnn 6tn Refp A6ennp (1079-1142), qpanuyscknn
qnnocoq n 6orocnoe. On ofpnuan cnenyk eepy n ntfancn npn nouomn pasyua
nocfnus cymnocfs pennrnn, nponnknyfs e uepkoente fannt. Ro ero unennk,
nenssn npnnnuafs na eepy nn opnoro nonoennn xpncfnanckon pennrnn 6es foro,
ufo6t ono npepeapnfensno ne 6tno npoeepeno n o6ocnoeano pasyuou. Ropo6nte
esrnnpt etckasteann Eepenrapnn n Apnonsp Epemnancknn (1100-1155).
Tonsko e XlX e. napnpy c feonornuecknu n qnnocoqcknu nopxopou cknaptea-
efcn eme opnn nopxop k o6ncnennk pennrnn - nayuntn; pennrnn cfanoenfcn
npepuefou nccnepoeannn, kofopoe onnpaefcn na ontfntn uafepnan, fmafensno
co6npaef, nakannneaef qakfnueckne pannte o pennrnn n anannsnpyef nx c nouomsk
uefopoe, npncymnx nayunouy utmnennk. K konuy XlX e. oqopunnefcn
penuruoeepenue - nayunan pncunnnnna, nsyuakman qenouen pennrnosnoro
cosnannn e ero o6mnx n konkpefno-ncfopnuecknx nponenennnx. Rpepuefou
pennrnoeepennn, faknu o6pasou, cfanoenfcn pennrnn kak cocfaenan uacfs
kynsfypt.
9
Pennrnoeepenne nsyuaef pennrnk e peansnou counansnou konfekcfe, e
ee censn n esanuopencfenn c ppyrnun o6nacfnun nsnn n penfensnocfn
uenoeeka; nsyuaef, kak n kakon o6pas pencfenfensnocfn cknapteaefcn e
pennrnosnou cosnannn, kaknu o6pasou pennrnn o6ncnnef unp n kakne cnoco6t
pencfenn, kakne o6nsafenscfea naknapteaef na uenoeeka, kakne uyecfea ona
npo6ypaef n kak ennnef na ouounonansnyk nsns nkpen, kakoet counansnte
n ncnxonornueckne npepnoctnkn uenoeeka e pennrnn. Ofeeft na ofn n ppyrne
eonpoct ponnt pafs eosuonocfs etpa6ofafs onpepenenne pennrnn, nonnfs
n o6ncnnfs qenouen pennrnn.
1.S. Cynoc1nme xapax1epuc1uxu penuruu
B peansnon pencfenfensnocfn ne cymecfeyef "pennrnn", a cymecfeykf
unorne "pennrnn", e ueu-fo cxopnte, a e ueu-fo ofnnuakmnecn opna of ppyron
n nopuac pocfafouno cymecfeenno. Tak, nenssn onpepennfs pennrnk npocfo
kak eepy e Eora ye nofouy, ufo opnnu pennrnnu npncyme epnno6one, a
ppyrnu - unoro6one.
Opnako nk6an pennrnn - ofo npepe ecero eepa, kofopan n nennefcn ee
cymnocfnon xapakfepncfnkon. Pennrnosnan eepa, e ofnnune of cypennn naykn,
ne fpe6yef o6ocnoeannn, pokasafenscfea, npoeepkn n nopfeeppennn
nocpepcfeou coofnecennn c peansnon pencfenfensnocfsk. Ona noppepneaef-
cn ne poeopaun pasyua n ne qakfaun, nopfeeppakmnun ee, a enyfpennnu
nnfynfnentu ontfou n cnnon fpapnunn. Pennrnosnan eepa - ofo enyfpennnn
yeepennocfs e npno6mennn k "fanne", k "neeosuonouy", f.e. etxopnmeuy sa
paukn npnunnno-cnepcfeenntx censen. Takan eepa nennefcn nepeneanneu,
pnn kofoporo e ofnnune of nnfennekfyansnoro akfa nornka n pokasafenscfea ne
nynt.
1.4. Cqepm penuruoeepenun
Opno ns nanpaenennn pasenfnn pennrnoeepennn 6tno censano c feu, ufo
ofkptfne noetx konfnnenfoe n napopoe, ne fonsko neymnx ntne, no n
cymecfeoeaemnx e npomnou, o6napynno unoroo6pasne qopu n fnnoe pennrnn,
e fou uncne n unornx faknx, kofopte panee npakfnueckn ne 6tnn nseecfnt. Co
epeueneu nakonnncn uafepnan, snaunfensno o6orafnemnn snannn o pennrnnx
Bocfoka - ncnaue, nnpynsue, 6yppnsue. Ronennncs onncannn fak nasteaeutx
npnunfnentx pennrnn, a euecfe co eceu ofnu - nontfkn cncfeuafnsnpoeafs
nakonnemnncn uafepnan, etpa6ofafs fnnonornk pennrnn, nontfkn nanfn fakyk
oneuenfapnyk qopuy pennrnn, ns kofopon enocnepcfenn pasennncs ppyrne
qoput.
Oqopunncn cpaenu1enuno-uc1opuuecxu ananus pennrnn, ocnoeanntn
na cpaenennn konkpefno-ncfopnuecknx nponenennn pennrnosnoro cosnannn.
Etnn ofkptft ppeenne fekcft - ernnefckne n nnpnnckne. Cneunanncft
no canckpnfy o6napynnn cxopcfeo uepy nnpnncknun unqaun, c opnon
cfopont, n rpeuecknun, pnucknun n 6n6nencknun - c ppyron. Tak nauano
paseneafscn cpaennfensnoe pennrnoeepenne n yfeeppnnacs utcns o fou, ufo
pennrnn ecfs ncfopnueckoe nenenne n ne uoef nsyuafscn ofpensno of ncfopnn.
1.S. Hc1opun muqonoruu
Ha nepetx nopax rnaenoe ennuanne ypennnocs cpaennfensnouy nsyuennk
unqa, fak ufo ncfopnn pennrnn e snaunfensnon cfenenn coenapana c ncfopnen
unqa. B unqe o6napynnn oco6tn, ncfopnueckn pannnn cnoco6 etpaennn
uenoeeueckoro nepeneannn n o6ncnennn peansnocfn, korpa npnpopnte
10
nenennn n ncfopnueckne co6tfnn nonnuanncs kak qakft 6oecfeennoro
euemafenscfea.
Rpoponan nccnepoeannn e o6nacfn unqa, u.M. Mknnep (1823-1900)
ctrpan pemakmyk pons e cfanoenennn pennrnoeepennn kak cauocfonfensnon
nayunon pncunnnnnt. On cunfaefcn ocnoeonononnkou pennrnoeepennn.
Mknnep nocfaenn sapauy nonnfs, ufo fakoe pennrnn, kaknu sakonau ona cnepyef
e ceoeu ncfopnueckou pasenfnn. [nn pemennn ofon sapaun on npepnonn
cpaennfensntn uefop n yfeeppan, ufo fof, kfo snaef opny pennrnk, ne snaef
nn opnon. fo6t nonnfs nponcxopenne n ouennfs snauenne fon nnn nnon
pennrnn, nyno etnenfs ee ppeenenmyk qopuy, cpaennfs c ppyrnun fnnaun
pennrnn.
1.S. Hc1opun penuruu
Kapan konkpefnan pennrnn ponna paccuafpneafscn ncfopnueckn, e
konfekcfe unpoeon ncfopnn, onpepenenne e cymnocfn pennrnn ponno 6tfs
qnnocoqcknu, etunennkmnu o6mne oneuenft, npncymne eceu pennrnosntu
qopuau.
Hccnepoeanne pennrnn mno e neckonsknx nanpaenennnx. Etnn nontfkn
onncafs pasenfne uenoeeuecfea kak ncfopnk qopu ero cauoetpaennn e
pennrnosntx cnueonax. Hayunouy nccnepoeannk 6tno nopeeprnyfo n
xpncfnancfeo. Hsyuan ncfopnk pennrnn e pasnnuntx unennnsaunnx, yuente
npnxopnf k eanouy eteopy, ufo kopnn pennrnosntx npepcfaenennn n o6tuaee
cnepyef nckafs e fou o6mecfee, e kofopou onn cymecfeykf. Hcfopnueckne
nccnepoeannn npneopnnn, faknu o6pasou, k nonnuannk pennrnn kak oneuenfa
counansnon cpept, k neo6xopnuocfn pononnennn ncfopnuecknx uefopoe
nsyuennn pennrnn counonornuecknun.
1.7. Couonoruuecxu nopxop
C cepepnnt npomnoro eeka e pennrnoeepennn cknapteaefcn n safeu
nonyuaef 6onsmoe pasenfne eme opna nayunan pncunnnnna - couonorun
penuruu. Sfa pncunnnnna nsyuaef pennrnk kak counansntn qenouen, f.e.
o6mecfeenntn nncfnfyf, enemnnu o6pasou eospencfeykmnn na nkpen.
Counonornn pennrnn ofeeuaef na eonpoc o counansnon o6ycnoenennocfn
pennrnn n ee ponn e o6mecfee.
Opnn ns ocnoeonononnkoe counonornn pennrnn [kpkrenu paspa6aftean
ceok feopnk pennrnn na ocnoee nsyuennn eepoeannn aecfpannncknx a6opnrenoe
("Sneuenfapnte qoput pennrnosnon nsnn", 1912). B ero konuenunn pennrnn
ecfs ofeef na onpepenennte ycnoenn cymecfeoeannn, ona ofeeuaef eantu
counansntu nofpe6nocfnu. Hcfounnk pennrnn - cauo o6mecfeo, n ona
cymecfeyef noofouy ene saencnuocfn of cymecfeoeannn nnn necymecfeoeannn
Eora n nofycfoponnero unpa. Taknu o6pasou, e feopnn [kpkrenua nponcxopnf
pecakpannsaunn pennrnn, ee ceepenne k counansnon peansnocfn. Onpepenenne
pennrnn, kofopoe pan [kpkrenu, okasanocs cnnmkou mnpoknu n nofouy etsteak-
mnu cnepykmee safpypnenne npn ero npnuenennn: no cymecfey, pennrnn specs
ofopecfenena c npeonornen, cneunqnka pennrnn ofnu onpepenenneu ne
ynaenneaefcn.
Hapnpy c [kpkrenuou ocnoeonononnkou counonornn pennrnn cunfaefcn
neueuknn yuentn Makc Be6ep. On nccnepoean uecfo n snauenne pennrnn e
nsuennkmeucn o6mecfee, ennnnne pennrnn na pasenfne okonounkn,
nonnfnuecknx cncfeu, ceusn. Be6ep nccnepoean unpoete pennrnn n nx ennnnne
na xop ncfopnn. Be6ep fake nepetu paspa6ofan fnnonornk pennrnosntx
oprannsaunn.
11
Pa6oft naseanntx ocnoeonononnkoe counonornn pennrnn onpepennnn
ece ee nocnepykmee pasenfne, coepeuennoe cocfonnne, ocnoente nanpaenennn
nccnepoeannn, npo6neuafnky, uefoponornk.
1.S. Hcuxonoruuecxu ananus
Rpepcfaenenne o pennrnn 6ypef nenonntu, ecnn orpannunfscn nnms
etncnenneu ee uecfa e o6mecfee. Ona npepcfaennef co6on ne fonsko
counansntn, no n ncnxonornuecknn qenouen, a nofouy ponna 6tfs
paccuofpena fake e ee ofnomennn k enyfpenneuy unpy uenoeeka. Sfo n ecfs
npepuef ncuxonoruu penuruu.
Rcnxonornuecknn ananns pennrnosntx npepcfaenennn n eepoeannn nueef
cauocfonfensnoe snauenne napnpy c counansntu. Sfn pea nopxopa pononnnkf
ppyr ppyra. Buecfe onn nouorakf cocfaenfs 6onee nonnoe n founoe npepcfaene-
nne o fou, ufo fakoe pennrnn. Pennrnn nennefcn npepuefou ncnxonornueckoro
anannsa e fon uepe, e kakon peus npef o nepeneannnx nnpnenpa nnn rpynnt
nkpen, e kakon uepe n kaknu o6pasou ennnef na nnx pennrnn, kakoe nx
pennrnosntn ontf.
B fpapnunonnou nonnuannn ncnxonornn - snanne o pyme - nueef ceoen
uensk nouous uenoeeky cpenafscn nyume. B fakou nonnuannn ncnxonornn
pykoeopcfeyefcn uopansntun uofneaun nnn e pennrnosntun - sa6ofon o
cnacennn pymn. Pennrnn unpa pencfenfensno nuekf pocfafouno paspa6ofannyk
cncfeuy ncnxonornueckoro eospencfenn na uenoeeka. Cenmennnk eocnpnnnuaef-
cn npepe ecero kak epaueeafens n eocnnfafens pymn. B [peeneu Frnnfe peut
6tnn "uennfennun pym". B anfnunon lpeunn ofy qynkunk etnonnnnn ye n
qnnocoqt, kofopte e sa6ofe o uenoeeueckou cuacfse nonaranncs na pasyu.
Rcnxonornn pennrnn npepcfaennef co6on o6nacfs, e kofopon rpannuaf,
conpnkacakfcn uepy co6on feonornn, qnnocoqnn, qnsnonornn.
Rcnxonornuecknn nopxop k nsyuennk pennrnn oqopunnefcn e cauocfon-
fensnyk pncunnnnny k konuy XlX e., e nepeyk ouepeps, 6naropapn pa6ofau
auepnkanua Y.[enuca ([euca) n neuua B.Bynpfa, a safeu n S.upenpa. Fe
npepuef cocfaennnn nnpnenpyansnte uyecfea, censannte c pennrnen
(pennrnosntn ontf nnpnenpa), n "pennrnosnoe o6menne", o6pefenne eept nnn
nepexop ns opnon eept e ppyryk, eospencfene pennrnosnon eept na noeepenne
nnpnenpoe nnn rpynn nkpen. Pennrnn paccuafpneaefcn kak cfepens, ocnoea
enyfpennen pyxoenon nsnn nnunocfn, a safeu n kak cpepcfeo rpynnoeon n
counansnon nnferpaunn (counansnan ncnxonornn).
B nepeon nonoenne XX e. cnonnncs fpn nopxopa k o6ncnennk
uenoeeueckoro noeepennn (e uacfnocfn pennrnosnoro): opnn ns nnx ceopnn
ece k epopenntu nncfnnkfau; ppyron - yfeeppan, ufo epopenntx cfnuynoe
ne cymecfeyef n uenoeeueckoe noeepenne nennefcn pesynsfafou counansntx
ycnoenn; nakoneu, fpefnn nopxop 6tn npepcfaenen ncnxoanannsou, npymnu
of pa6of S.upenpa.
Cfoponnnkou nepeoro nopxopa 6tn Y.[enuc. B pa6ofe "Mnoroo6pasne
pennrnosnoro ontfa" on yfeeppan, ufo pennrnn nueef ouounonansnyk, a ne
nnfennekfyansnyk npnpopy. Pennrnosnocfs nennefcn pesynsfafou oco6ennoc-
fen ncnxnkn foro nnn nnoro uenoeeka, kopnn pennrnn neaf e o6nacfn
nnpnenpyansntx uyecfe n nacfpoennn.
loeopn o ncnxonornueckou nopxope k nsyuennk pennrnn, nenssn o6onfn
ennuanneu n eonpoc o ncnxonornuecknx kopnnx pennrnn. Bosnnknoeenne
pennrnosntx eepoeannn censano ne fonsko c oco6ennocfnun uenoeeueckoro
nosnannn (rnoceonornueckne kopnn pennrnn), no n c ouounonansntu cocfonnneu
nkpen, nx nacfpoennnun, uyecfeaun, nepeneannnun. Roofouy cnepyef
roeopnfs ne fonsko o rnoceonornuecknx, no n o ncnxonornuecknx kopnnx pennrnn.
12
Fme co epeuen anfnunocfn utcnnfenn nncann o uyecfee cfpaxa kak npnunne
eosnnknoeennn pennrnn. "Cfpax cospan 6oroe" - ofo kptnafoe etpaenne
ppeenepnuckoro noofa Cfaunn noefopnnn qnnocoqt Bospopennn n Hoeoro
epeuenn.
Pennrnk popaef ne ecnkoe uyecfeo cfpaxa. Etno 6t nenpaennsntu
cunfafs, ufo cfpax ofpensnoro nnpnenpa kak ero epeuennoe cocfonnne eepef k
pennrnn. Jnms nocfonnnte n ycfonunete ofpnuafensnte ouounn, e fou uncne
n cfpax kak noefopnkmeecn nepeneanne, uoryf cospafs 6naronpnnfnyk nouey
pnn yceoennn uenoeekou pennrnosntx eepoeannn n npepcfaenennn. Y nkpen
cna6tx, ne nuekmnx cnnt eonn n feepporo xapakfepa, cfpax cuepfn uoef
cnoco6cfeoeafs eosnnknoeennk pennrnosntx npen o nnunou 6eccuepfnn,
sarpo6non nsnn.
Rounuo cfpaxa 6naronpnnfnyk nouey pnn o6pamennn uenoeeka k pennrnn
cospakf fake n ppyrne ofpnuafensnte ouounn: uyecfea ropn, ckop6n,
opnnouecfea, nopopakmne ncnxonornueckyk nofpe6nocfs e yfemennn n
o6ncnennn cnyunemerocn. Rocfonnnoe nakonnenne ofpnuafensntx
nepeneannn npn ofcyfcfenn peansntx eosuonocfen ycfpannfs nx ncfounnk
eepef k fouy, ufo uenoeek nmef cpepcfea ns6aenennn of rnefa ofnx uyecfe,
npn6eran k nouomn pennrnn. Kak ofueuann eme ppeenne qnnocoqt, uepkoes
yueno ncnonssyef cfpapannn nkpen, cospaean nnnksnk oceo6opennn of nnx
c nouomsk eept e Eora, npofneonocfaennn nens6entu cfpapannnu na seune
nepcnekfney 6naencfea nocne cuepfn.
Hfak, e XlX - XX ee. rpannut nsyuennn pennrnn snaunfensno pacmnpnnncs.
Okasanocs, ufo nopo6no npnpopntu nenennnu, ncfopnuecknu co6tfnnu,
nckyccfey n uopann, pennrnn noppaefcn nayunouy onncannk n o6ncnennk.
fo6t pemnfscn paccuafpneafs pennrnk kak npepuef naykn, nyna snaunfensnan
cuenocfs. Beps pennrnn e ofnnune of o6tuntx eemen n nenennn e cnny ceoen
oco6on, 6oecfeennon npnpopt cunfanacs nppaunonansnon, nepocfynnon
nayunouy anannsy. C cepepnnt npomnoro eeka 6naropapn nccnepoeannnu unqa,
counonornn n ncnxonornn pennrnn, ee cpaennfensno-ncfopnueckouy anannsy
qopunpyefcn npepcfaenenne o pennrnn kak o cnonou qenouene kynsfypt,
etnonnnkmeu e o6mecfee pnp eantx qynkunn.
1.9. Kpu1uxa penuruu. Paseu1ue a1eusma
Hccnepoeanne counansntx kopnen pennrnn, ee esanuocensn n esanuoennn-
nnn c nonnfnkon, okonounkon, ofnkon, rocnopcfeykmnun e fou nnn nnou
o6mecfee, nens6eno npneopnno k nonenennk n pesko kpnfnuecknx no
ofnomennk k pennrnn nccnepoeannn.
Fcnn anfnuntn afensu ofpnuan Eora eo nun yfeeppennn uenoeeka, fo e
Hoeoe epeun on nonyunn noetn fonuok e censn c 6ypyasntun peeonkunnun
n pasenfneu ecfecfeosnannn. upanuysckne uafepnanncft Xvlll eeka [nppo,
lons6ax, lenseeunn paccuafpneann pennrnk n uepkoes kak onopy pecnofnsua
n fnpannn. B pennrnosntx yuennnx onn enpenn npeppaccypkn n cyeeepnn,
eonnomenne neeeecfea, o6pekakmero uenoeeuecfeo na cnenofy n pa6cfeo.
Onn cunfann nnueuepnon pennrnosnyk uopans, yfeeppann necoeuecfnuocfs
pennrnn c naykon n npocfo co sppaetu cutcnou, pasyuntu nonnuanneu
uenoeeuecknx nnfepecoe. lons6ax nncan, ufo pyxoeencfeo cfpeunfcn nopa6ofnfs
pyx n nofouy o6nennef eonny nayke n pasyuy. Cenmennnkn pasepamakf napop,
paspymakf ero fananf n cnoco6nocfs k pencfenk. Onn o6oramakfcn, nonssyncs
nerkoeepneu nkpen. Hs ecero etmeckasannoro onn penann eteop: uepkoes
ponna 6tfs nnmena ceefckon enacfn.
Bnpnyk pons e pasenfnn afensua ctrpan J.uenep6ax (1804-1872). Bne
npnpopt n uenoeeka, cunfan on, nef nnuero. Eor - cospanne uenoeeueckon
13
qanfasnn. Eory uenoeek npnnncteaef ceon uepft, on nx kak 6t npoeunpyef
eoene, "ofuypaef" of ce6n n nepenocnf na "ne6o". H ueu 6onsme on npnnnctea-
ef Eory, feu 6onsme onycfomaef ce6n. B cautx fyuanntx nopopennnx pennrn-
osnon qanfasnn uenep6ax cfpeunfcn o6napynfs nx seunoe nponcxopenne,
ceecfn "ne6eca" na "seunk". Fro afensu nponnsan ryuanncfnuecknu naqocou.
enoeek - eof etcmee cymecfeo, pocfonnoe nk6en n noknonennn.
Kpnfnka pennrnn nopeopnf k eteopy o neo6xopnuocfn nsuennfs fe
ycnoenn, kofopte nopa6omakf uenoeeka, po6nfscn nopnnnno uenoeeuecknx
ofnomennn uepy nkpsun... "Mt xofnu specs, ye na Seune, nocfponfs uapcfeo
ne6ecnoe",- nncan l.lenne.
Afensu 6tn eanenmen cocfaennkmen unpoeosspennn penfenen
peeonkunonnoro penennn e Poccnn. Pycckne peeonkunonnte peuokpaft -
lepuen, Eennncknn, epntmeecknn, [o6ponk6oe, etcfynan npofne oqnunans-
non npeonornn, etpaaemencn qopuynon "Rpaeocnaene, cauopepaene,
napopnocfs", etcfynann npofne uepken kak opypnn yrnefennn napopa, e nepeyk
ouepeps, kpecfsnncfea. Peeonkunonnte penfenn, nopo6nte Eakynnny, enpenn
npofneonononocfs uepy xpncfnancfeou, pennrnen, c opnon cfopont, n
counannsuou, c ppyron, e fou, ufo xpncfnancfeo nepenocnf pemenne sapaun
nocfpoennn cnpaeepnneoro o6mecfea e nofycfoponnnn unp, pan ono o6emaef
ne e ofon nsnn, a fonsko "na ne6e", forpa kak counannsu o6emaef pemnfs ofy
sapauy "specs n feneps", e npepenax uenoeeueckon ncfopnn.
K.Mapkc n uapkcncft censteann pennrnk c ycnoennun cymecfeoeannn
uenoeeka e knaccoeou o6mecfee. Fcnn pennrnosnte npepcfaenennn nocnf
nnnksopntn xapakfep, fo eonpoc saknkuaefcn ne e fou, ufo6t paso6nauafs
necocfonfensnocfs ofnx pennrnosntx nnnksnn, a e fou, ufo6t nonnfs, noueuy
uenoeek nypaefcn e ofnx nnnksnnx. [nn Mapkca npennn afensu, kofoptn
enpen ceoe npnseanne e paso6nauennn necocfonfensnocfn, npofneopeuneocfn
pennrnosntx esrnnpoe, fepnef cutcn: nyno ne nnnksnn paspymafs, a fe
counansnte ofnomennn, kofopte nopopakf y uenoeeka cauy nofpe6nocfs e
ofnx nnnksnnx. A nofpe6nocfs ofa eosnnkaef e knaccoeou o6mecfee - o6mecf-
ee, okonounueckne n npoune ycnoenn kofoporo ofuypakf uenoeeka of npopykfa
ero co6cfeennoro fpypa n of enacfn, kofopan eocnpnnnuaefcn fpyennkou kak
uypan, rocnopcfeykman nap nnu cnna. Pennrnn knaccoeoro o6mecfea e nonnua-
nnn uapkcnsua - ofo counansnoe no ceoen npnpope nenenne, npopykf o6mecfea,
e kofopou ofnomennn uepy nkpsun ecfs ofnomennn rocnopcfea n nopunnennn,
a uenoeek ne ceo6open n npeepamen e cpepcfeo, euecfo foro ufo6t 6tfs ero
koneunon n etcmen uensk. B pennrnn uenoeek kounencnpyef ceon seunte
cfpapannn npepcfaenenneu o fakou "ppyrou" unpe, rpe ero cfpapannn 6ypyf
eosnarpapent, sno 6ypef nakasano, n cnpaeepnneocfs eocfopecfeyef. Pennrnn
eonnomaef e ce6e opnoepeuenno n y6oecfeo unpa, e kofopou uenoeek nnmen
pocfonnoro cymecfeoeannn, n npofecf npofne nero. Ro unennk Mapkca, ona
caua co6on ncuesnef, ofoupef e o6mecfee, e kofopou ncuesnyf counansnte
anfaronnsut, ofuypenne, e kofopou uenoeek 6ypef ne nopa6omenntu
cymecfeou, a ceo6opntu feopuou ceoen nsnn.
B XlX e. pasenfne ecfecfeosnannn npneeno k paspymnfensntu nocnepcf-
ennu pnn fpapnunonnoro feonornueckoro nonnuannn unpa kak feopennn Eora n
pano uomntn cfnuyn pasenfnk afensua. Uenfpansnan pons specs npnnapneana
papennnsuy. Cornacno [apenny enpt cymecfeykmnx ntne netx cymecfe ne
etmnn rofoetun nekorpa ns pyk feopua, kak roeopnfcn o6 ofou e En6nnn, a
nennkfcn pesynsfafou pnnfensnoro npouecca pasenfnn. Bce 6orafcfeo unpa n
ero nsnenntx qopu c nopasnfensnon npncnoco6nennocfsk nx k ycnoennu
ceoero cymecfeoeannn eosnnkaef ecfecfeenntu o6pasou. lnnofesa Eora
okasanacs ne nyna ne fonsko pnn o6ncnennn eosnnknoeennn nsnn eo eceu
unoroo6pasnn ee qopu, no n pnn o6ncnennn nponcxopennn uenoeeka.
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Ha pocfnennnx coepeuennoro euy ecfecfeosnannn 6asnpoeancn n afensu
S.upenpa, kofoptn nckan nayunoe o6ocnoeanne eept e Eora. On enpen e
pennrnosnocfn pefckyk cfapnk pasenfnn uenoeeuecfea, kak 6t eocnponseopn-
myk ofnomennn uepy pefsun n ofuou: Eor - ofo kak 6t cnpoeunpoeanntn na
ne6eca o6pas ofua, kofoptn nopopen uenoeeuecknun cfpaxaun n fpeeoraun,
nonckaun samnft, 6esonacnocfn. Pennrnosnoe y6epenne, kak cunfan upenp,
nnnksopno n ncuesnef forpa, korpa uenoeek nanpef e ce6e cnnt npeoponefs
ceok neyeepennocfs n fpeeorn. enoeek cyueef npeoponefs pennrnk, kofopan
no cyfn cfanoenfcn counansnon 6onesnsk, "konnekfnentu neeposou".
B XX e. ofnu nyfeu mnn kpynnenmne qnnocoqt coepeuennocfn X.-R.Capfp,
A.Kauk, E.Paccen n S.upouu. A.Kauk - aefop "Mnqa o Cnsnqe" , ne6onsmon
pa6oft, kofopyk nasteakf "uannqecfou afencfnueckoro oksncfenunannsua", -
enpen eonpoc ne e fou, ecfs Eor nnn nef. Kauk 6tn y6epen, ufo coepeuenntn
uenoeek ye paccfancn c eepon e Eora, on nmef feneps noeyk fouky onopt n
uoef nanfn ee fonsko e ce6e cauou, on uoef paccunfteafs fonsko na
ce6n.unnocoqnn e ponna pafs ofeef na eonpoc o cutcne nsnn pnn
nepennrnosnoro uenoeeka: pnn uero n kak nfs uenoeeky, ecnn Eora nef?
E.Paccen, aefop knnrn "Roueuy n ne xpncfnannn?", fak ofeeuaef na ofof
eonpoc: "Hau napo cfonfs na ceonx co6cfeenntx norax n rnnpefs npnuo e
nnuo unpy - co eceu, ufo ecfs e neu xopomero n pypnoro, npekpacnoro n ypopnn-
eoro; enpefs unp faknu, kakoe on ecfs, n ne 6onfscn ero. Saeoeeafs unp pasyuou,
a ne pa6ckon nokopnocfsk nepep feun cfpaxaun, kofopte on nopopaef".
Taknu o6pasou, napannensno c pasenfneu pennrnoeepennn kak nayunon
pncunnnnnt, nccnepykmen pennrnk kak cnontn counokynsfypntn qenouen,
paseneaefcn afencfnueckan kpnfnka pennrnn, ocnoeteakmancn na ryuanncfn-
uecknx uennocfnx noeoro epeuenn, pocfnennnx coepeuennon naykn.
2. OREMEHTB H CTPYKTYPA PERHlHH
Sneuenft n cfpykfypa pennrnn cknapteakfcn n nsuennkfcn e xope
ncfopnn. K nnu ofnocnfcn pennrnosnoe cosnanne, pennrnosnan penfensnocfs,
pennrnosnte ofnomennn, pennrnosnte oprannsaunn.
2.1. Penuruosnoe cosnanue. Penuruosnan eepa
Pennrnosnoe cosnanne - ofo cosnanne eepykmero uenoeeka. He ecnkan
eepa ecfs eepa pennrnosnan. Rocnepnnn "neef" 6naropapn nannunk oco6oro
qenouena e ncnxonornn uenoeeka. Bepa - ofo oco6oe ncnxonornueckoe cocfon-
nne yeepennocfn e pocfnennn uenn, nacfynnennn co6tfnn, e ncfnnnocfn
kakon-nn6o npen. B nen copepnfcn onpanne e ocymecfenennn enannn.
[annoe ncnxonornueckoe cocfonnne eosnnkaef e eeponfnocfnon cnfyaunn, korpa
cymecfeyef eosuonocfs pnn ycnemnoro pencfenn n ero 6naronpnnfnoro ncxopa.
Korpa co6tfne ocymecfennefcn, eepa yracaef. Bepa eosnnkaef no noeopy fex
co6tfnn, npoueccoe, npen, kofopte nuekf pnn nkpen cymecfeenno snaunutn
cutcn, n npepcfaennef co6on cnnae nnfennekfyansnoro, ouounonansnoro n
eoneeoro uouenfoe.
Penuruosnan eepa - ofo eepa: a) e cymecfeoeanne oneuenfoe, cnn,
ceoncfe, censen, etxopnmnx sa npepent pencfenfensnocfn; 6) e eosuonocfs
o6mennn c nnun, eospencfenn na nnx.
Kak npaenno, pennrnosnoe cosnanne uefko pasnnuaef o6tpennoe, pencfen-
fensnoe n cenennoe, f.e. etxopnmee sa paukn pencfenfensnoro n nuekmee
6oecfeennyk npnpopy. O6nacfs cenmennoro - ofo "etcman" peansnocfs,
kofopan uoef fonsko yrapteafscn sa o6tpennon nsnsk n unpou npnpopt.
Rocnepnne e uepnakf ceok pencfenfensnocfs n ceoe 6tfne nuenno e ofon
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etcmen, neenpnuon qnsnuecknu spenneu peansnocfn. He cnyuanno e pasenftx
pennrnosntx cncfeuax nounfakfcn cenennme 1exc1m - rnaentn ncfounnk
snannn o "etcmen" peansnocfn.
[pyrnu kounonenfou pennrnosnoro cosnannn nennefcn narnnpnan o6pas-
nocfs n ouounonansnocfs.
Harnnpntn o6pas nenocpepcfeenno censan c nepeneannnun, noofouy
pennrnosnoe cosnanne ouens ouounonansno. Penuruosnme uyec1ea - ofo
ouounonansnoe ofnomenne eepykmnx k npnsnaeaeutu nun o6ekfnentun
cymecfeau, k cenmenntu eemau, nepconau, pencfennu, ppyr k ppyry. He ecnkne
nepeneannn uono cunfafs pennrnosntun, no nnms fe, kofopte cnannt c
pennrnosntun npepcfaenennnun, npenun, unqaun n e cnny oforo npno6penn
coofeefcfeykmyk nanpaenennocfs, cutcn n snauenne.
C pennrnosntun npepcfaenennnun uoryf cnnaennfscn n nonyuafs coofeef-
cfeykmyk nanpaenennocfs caute pasnte ouounn uenoeeka - cfpax, nk6oes,
eocxnmenne, 6naroroeenne, papocfs, napepa n f.n. B ofou cnyuae nepen-
eakfcn "cfpax locnopens", "Jk6oes k Eory", "papocfs 6oroo6mennn" n npouee.
2.2. orma1. Kanon
Pennrnosnoe cosnanne nueef pea ypoenn - o6tpenntn n konuenfyansntn.
O6tpennoe pennrnosnoe cosnanne npepcfaef e enpe o6pasoe, npepcfaenennn,
cfepeofnnoe, ycfanoeok, nacfpoennn, npnetuek n fpapnunn. Ono etcfynaef ne
kak neufo uensnoe, cncfeuafnsnpoeannoe, a e qparuenfapnou enpe -
pasposnenntx npepcfaenennn, esrnnpoe. Ha ofou ypoene rnaenyk pons nrpakf
ouounn - uyecfea n nacfpoennn, narnnpno o6pasnte qoput cosnannn. Cnepyef
nopuepknyfs fake, ufo na ofou ypoene npeo6napakf fpapnunonnte cnoco6t
nepepaun npepcfaenennn, pennrnn ecerpa nenocpepcfeenno censana c
nnpnenpou, ecerpa etcfynaef e nnunon qopue.
Pennrnosnoe cosnanne na konuenfyansnou ypoene - ofo cneunansno
paspa6afteaeuan, cncfeuafnsnpyeuan coeokynnocfs nonnfnn, npen, npnnunnoe,
paccypennn, apryuenfaunn, konuenunn. Sfo porma1m eept (poruaf -
yfeeppenne etcmnu pennrnosntu nncfnfyfou nonoennn eepoyuennn e
kauecfee nenpenono ncfnnnoro), kak npaenno, oqopunennte e xanon, ceop
pennrnosntx nonoennn, nuekmnx poruafnuecknn xapakfep. B cocfae kanona
exopnf: a) 6onee nnn uenee ynopnpouennoe yuenne o Eore (6orax), unpe,
npnpope, o6mecfee, uenoeeke; 6) pnfyansnte npepnncannn.
Bepoyuenne, feonornn, 6orocnoene - konuenfyansntn ypoeens
pennrnosnocfn. Onn 6asnpykfcn na cenmenntx fekcfax n e fo e epeun
paspa6afteakf npaenna nx fonkoeannn.
Fme opnn eantn kounonenf pennrnosnoro cosnannn, kofoptn nenssn
ofnecfn nn k konuenfyansnouy ypoenk, nn k o6tpennouy - ofo pennrnosntn
ontf: uepnfaunn, okcfas, uncfnueckne enpennn, cosepuanne Eora n f.n.
2.S. Penuruosnan pen1enunoc1u
B cqepe pennrnn paseepfteaefcn coofeefcfeykman penfensnocfs. Cnepyef
pasnnuafs nepennrnosnyk n pennrnosnyk penfensnocfs pennrnosntx nkpen, rpynn,
oprannsaunn. Hepennrnosnan penfensnocfs ocymecfennefcn eo enepennrnosntx
o6nacfnx: okonounueckon, nponseopcfeennon, nonnfnueckon, xypoecfeennon,
nayunon. Ona uoef 6tfs pennrnosno okpamena, no no o6ekfnenouy copepannk,
npepuefy n pesynsfafau ofo - enepennrnosnan penfensnocfs.
Pennrnosnan penfensnocfs sannuaef ceoeo6pasnoe uecfo e cncfeue
o6mecfeennon penfensnocfn. Cymecfeykf pea ocnoentx enpa pennrnosnon
penfensnocfn - enekynsfoean n kynsfoean. Bnekynsfoean ocymecfennefcn e
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pyxoenon n npakfnueckon cqepax. [yxoenan cqepa - ofo paspa6ofka pennrnosntx
konuenunn, cncfeuafnsaunn n nnfepnpefaunn poruafoe feonornn, counnenne
6orocnoecknx nponseepennn n f.p. Pasnoenpnocfnun npakfnueckon
enekynsfoeon penfensnocfn nennkfcn nponseopcfeo cpepcfe pennrnosnoro
kynsfa, unccnonepcfeo, npenopaeanne 6orocnoecknx pncunnnnn e yue6ntx
saeepennnx, nponaranpa pennrnosntx esrnnpoe.
2.4. Penuruosnm xynu1
Penuruosnm xynu1 - ofo coeokynnocfs pennrnosntx pencfenn,
onpepenneutx kanonou n nanpaenenntx na cnyenne Eory (6orau). On nennefcn
eanenmnu enpou pennrnosnon penfensnocfn. Fro copepanne onpepennefcn
coofeefcfeykmnun pennrnosntun npepcfaenennnun, npenun, poruafaun,
npepe ecero - cenmenntun fekcfaun. Bocnponseepenne ofnx fekcfoe eo epeun
ofnpaenennn kynsfa nennefcn pnn eepykmero uenoeeka eocnponseepenneu
"etcmen" peansnocfn, cnyenneu en. B ofou cutcne kynsf uoef 6tfs
oxapakfepnsoean kak nponrpteanne pennrnosnoro unqa. B nckyccfee (nanpnuep,
e feafpe) eocnponseepenne xypoecfeennoro fekcfa, kaknu 6t fountu n
uacfepcknu ono nn 6tno, ne ycfpannef ycnoenocfs pencfenn. Teafpansnte
spnfenn snakf, ufo na cuene nponcxopnf nrpa. Bocnponseepenne e unqa e
pennrnosnou kynsfe ecerpa censano c eepon e peansnocfs onncanntx e unqe
co6tfnn, e nx pencfenfensnoe coeepmenne n e npomnou, n specs n cenuac, e
noefopneuocfs ofnx co6tfnn, e npncyfcfene unqonornuecknx nepconaen, e
nonyuenne ofeefa of etcmnx cnn, eosuonocfs o6mennn c nnun n f.n.
Hpepme1om xynu1a cfanoenfcn pasnnunte o6ekft n cnnt, ocosnaeaeute
e qopue pennrnosntx o6pasoe. B kauecfee npepuefoe kynsfa e pennrnnx,
pennrnosntx nanpaenennnx n konqeccnnx etcfynann uafepnansnte eemn,
neofnte, pacfennn, neca, ropt, pekn, Connue, Jyna n np., nnn Eor, 6orn,
ppyrne etcmne cymecfea. Pasnoenpnocfnun kynsfa nennkfcn pnfyansnte nnnckn
eokpyr nso6paennn neofntx - npepuefoe oxoft, saknnnannn pyxoe (na pannnx
cfapnnx pasenfnn pennrnn), 6orocnyennn, nponoeeps, uonnfea, pennrnosnte
npaspnnkn, nanounnuecfea (e pasenftx pennrnnx).
Cy&ex1om xynu1a uoef 6tfs pennrnosnan rpynna nnn ofpensntn
uenoeek. Mofneou yuacfnn e ofon penfensnocfn nennkfcn pennrnosnte
cfnuynt: nofpe6nocfs cnynfs "etcmen" peansnocfn n, feu cautu, yuacfeoeafs
e nen, nockonsky nuenno ofo cunfaefcn npaennsntu, ponencfeykmnu,
xopomnu, po6ptu, coofeefcfeykmnu unponopnpky, sautcny Eora n f.n. Buecfe
c feu uoef pencfeoeafs no6ypenne ypoenefeopnfs e kynsfoeon penfensnocfn
n nepennrnosnte nofpe6nocfn - ocfefnueckne, nofpe6nocfs e o6mennn n pp.
Pennrnosnan rpynna neopnopopna: e nen uono etpennfs nenocpepcfeenntx
cnynfenen kynsfa (cenmennnkoe, nacfopoe, mauanoe n f.p.) n 6onsmyk uacfs
nnu, kofopte pencfeykf kak coyuacfnnkn n ncnonnnfenn.
K cpepc1eam xynu1a npnuncnnkf uonnfeenntn pou, pennrnosnoe
nckyccfeo (apxnfekfypa, neonncs, ckynsnfypa, uystka), pasnnunte kynsfoete
npepueft (o6nauennn, yfeaps). Kynsfoeoe spanne - eanenmee cpepcfeo kynsfa.
Ronapan e kynsfoeoe spanne, uenoeek exopnf e cneunqnueckyk sony
counansnoro npocfpancfea, okasteaefcn e npnnunnnansno nnon, neo6tpennon
cnfyaunn. Bnnuanne uenoeeka cocpepofouneaefcn na npepuefax, pencfennx,
nuekmnx pennrnosntn cutcn n snauenne.
Cnoco6t kynsfoeon penfensnocfn onpepennkfcn copepanneu
pennrnosntx eepoeannn. Ha ocnoee pennrnosntx esrnnpoe, cenmenntx fekcfoe,
poruafoe n kanonoe cknapteakfcn onpepenennte noput n npepnncannn o fou,
ufo n kak nyno penafs, ufo6t eocnponseecfn, akfyannsnpoeafs "etcmyk"
peansnocfs n nocnynfs en. Sfn npepnncannn kacakfcn kak oneuenfapntx
17
kynsfoetx akfoe (noknont, napenne nnu n f.n.), fak n 6onee cnontx
(6orocnyenne, npaspnnkn, nponoeepn).
Cpepcfea kynsfa n caun kynsfoete pencfenn nuekf cnueonnueckoe
snauenne. Tak, xpau - ofo kynsfoeoe cfpoenne (pencfenfensnoe snauenne) n
pou Eora (cnueonnueckoe snauenne), cnepoeafensno, xpau - ofo cnueon
6oecfeennoro npncyfcfenn n f.p.
Pesynu1a1om xynu1a nennefcn npepe ecero ypoenefeopenne pennrnos-
ntx nofpe6nocfen, onenenne pennrnosnoro uyecfea, cosnanne etnonnennoro
ponra. B cosnannn eepykmnx c nouomsk kynsfoetx pencfenn eocnponseopnfcn
pennrnosnte o6past, cnueont, unqt, eos6ypakfcn coofeefcfeykmne ouounn.
B kynsfoeon penfensnocfn nponcxopnf peansnoe o6menne eepykmnx ppyr c
ppyrou, ona nennefcn cpepcfeou cnnouennn pennrnosnon rpynnt. Bo epeun
ofnpaenennn kynsfa ypoenefeopnkfcn n ocfefnueckne nofpe6nocfn: y6pancfeo
xpaua, necnonennn, ufenne uonnfe n f.p. - ece pocfaennef ocfefnueckoe
nacnapenne.
2.S. Penuruosnme opranusauu
B pennrnosnon cqepe fak e, kak n eo ecex npounx, cknapteakfcn
yupepennn. Onn nuekf nsnenntn (ynopnpouneakmnn penfensnocfs) n
cnueonnuecknn cutcn. Rockonsky pennrnosnte nncfnfyft o6epnnnkf nkpen
opnoro eeponcnoeepannn, opnon xonqeccuu (konqeccnn - pennrnosnan o6m-
nocfs nocnepoeafenen opnoro eeponcnoeepennn), fo nx cnueonnuecknn cutcn
- e o6mnocfn nkpen, eocnponseopnmnx "etcmyk" peansnocfs n cnyamnx en.
Bnyfpn konqeccnn, kak npaenno, uono etpennfs nncfnfyf pyxoeenc1ea
(nenocpepcfeenntx cnynfenen kynsfa) n mupnn.
B nepeo6tfnou o6mecfee pennrnosntx oprannsaunn ne 6tno. Pykoeopnnn
pennrnosntun uepeuonnnun nepeonauansno cfapenmnnt popa n nneuenn.
Rocfenenno nonennnncs coeepmnfenn kynsfa: mauant, snaxapn n pp. Cknaptea-
nncs pennrnosnte rpynnt - "fannte cokst", ne coenapakmne c ofnnuecknun
o6mnocfnun. Ro uepe pnqqepenunaunn o6mecfea, paspenennn fpypa nocfenen-
no o6pasyefcn cocnoene peuoe, a euecfe c nnu n pennrnosnte oprannsaunn.
Cfpoenne pennrnosnon oprannsaunn npepnncteaefcn fpapnunen n
o6tuaeu, ycfaeou, cenmenntun fekcfaun n f.p. Konqeccnn co eceun
oprannsaunonntun oneuenfaun npepcfaennef co6on pennrnosnoe, kynsfoeoe
o6epnnenne. Repenunon nuenkon o6epnnennn nennefcn pennrnosnan o6mnna,
nap o6mnnaun napcfpaneaefcn kounnekc seensee ennofs po etcmero seena -
uenfpa o6epnnennn. B o6epnnennn cymecfeyef n uentn pnp cocfaentx
oneuenfoe, nuekmnx cneunqnueckne oprannsaunonnte censn, no e fo e epeun
eknkuenntx e o6myk cfpykfypy (nanpnuep, uonamecfeo). Bce seensn cfanoenfcn
esanuocensanntun opranaun uenoro.
Ha ocnoee nsyuennn xpncfnancfea yuentun paspa6ofana fnnonornn
pennrnosntx oprannsaunn, konqeccnn: uepkoes, cekfa, penounnaunn.
epxoeu - cpaennfensno mnpokoe o6epnnenne, npnnapnenocfs k
kofopouy onpepennefcn, kak npaenno, fpapnunen. uakfnueckn ofcyfcfeyef
nocfonnno n cfporo konfponnpyeuoe unencfeo, nocnepoeafenn anonnunt.
Cex1a eosnnkaef kak onnosnunonnoe feuenne no ofnomennk k feu nnn
nntu pennrnosntu nanpaenennnu. [nn nee xapakfepna npefensnn na ncknkun-
fensnocfs ceoen ponn, pokfpnnt, uennocfen. Pesko etpaeno cfpeunenne k
pyxoenouy eospopennk. Jnpep xapnsuafnuecknn (f.e. cenmennan qnrypa).
Rpoueyfounoe nonoenne uepy uepkoesk n cekfon sannuakf f.n.
penomunauu.
lpannut uepy uepkoesk, cekfon n penounnaunen eecsua nopennt.
Tak, nanpnuep, npofecfanfnsu c cauoro nauana paspennncn na pnp cauocfon-
18
fensntx eeponcnoeepannn - nkfepancfeo, kansennnsu, anrnnkancfeo. Rose
eosnnkno unoecfeo penounnaunn, npofecfanfcknx cekf; ofof npouecc
npoponaefcn n e name epeun, a npenne cekft npeepafnnncs e uepken, fakne
kak 6anfncfckan, uefopncfckan nnn apeenfncfckan. O6mnn pnn pasenfnn
unpoetx pennrnn npouecc npeepamennn neunorouncnenntx pennrnosntx o6mnn
e paseefenennte pennrnosnte oprannsaunn nopopan peskyk kpnfnky y
cfoponnnkoe nnpnenpyansntx 6ypyasntx ceo6op. Tak S.upouu ofueuan, ufo
fparepnn ecex eennknx pennrnn saknkuaefcn e fou, ufo onn napymakf n nsepa-
makf npnnunnt ceo6opt, kak fonsko cfanoenfcn uaccoetun oprannsaunnun,
ynpaenneutun pennrnosnon 6kpokpafnen. Pennrnosnte oprannsaunn n nkpn,
ee npepcfaennkmne, e kakon-fo cfenenn naunnakf sannuafs uecfo ceusn,
nneuenn n rocypapcfea. Onn censteakf uenoeeka, euecfo foro ufo6t ocfaenfs
ero ceo6opntu, n uenoeek naunnaef noknonnfscn ne Eory, no rpynne, kofopan
npefenpyef na fo, ufo6t roeopnfs of ero nuenn.
S. 4YHKHH PERHlHH
S.1. Ocnoenme qynxuu penuruu
Pennrnn etnonnnef pnp qynkunn n nrpaef onpepenennyk pons e o6mecfee.
Ronnfnn "qynkunn" n "pons" censant, no ne fopecfeennt. uynkunn - ofo
cnoco6t pencfenn pennrnn e o6mecfee, pons - cyuuapntn pesynsfaf,
nocnepcfenn etnonnennn ek qynkunn.
Cnepyef etpennfs neckonsko ocnoentx qynkunn pennrnn: unpoeosspenuec-
kyk, kouuynnkafnenyk, perynnfnenyk, kynsfypofpancnnpykmyk, nernfnun-
pykmyk.
Mupoeosspenuecxan qynxun penuruu cocfonf e peannsaunn
onpepenennoro fnna esrnnpoe na uenoeeka, o6mecfeo, npnpopy. Pennrnn eknk-
uaef unpononnuanne (o6ncnenne unpa e uenou n ofpensntx nenennn e neu),
unpocosepuanne (ofpaenne unpa e omymennn n eocnpnnfnn), unpouyecfeo-
eanne (ouounonansnoe npnnnfne nnn ofeepenne), unpoofnomenne (ouenky) n
np. Pennrnosnoe unpoeosspenne sapaef npepensnte kpnfepnn, a6conkft, c
foukn spennn kofoptx ocutcnneakfcn unp, o6mecfeo, uenoeek, o6ecneuneakfcn
uenenonaranne n cutcnononaranne. Rpnpanne cutcna nannunouy 6tfnk
npepocfaennef eosuonocfs fouy, kfo eepyef, etpeafscn sa npepent
orpannuennon o6tpennocfn, noppepneaef napepy na pocfnenne "ceefnoro
6ypymero", na ns6aenenne of cfpapannn, necuacfnn, uopansnoro napennn.
Pennrnn fake o6ecneuneaef o6menne, ocymecfennn feu cautu
xommynuxa1uenym qynxum. O6menne cknapteaefcn kak e nepennrnosnon,
fak n pennrnosnon penfensnocfn n e ofnomennnx. Ono eknkuaef npouecct
o6uena nnqopuaunen, esanuopencfenn, eocnpnnfnn uenoeeka uenoeekou.
Perynn1uenan qynxun penuruu cocfonf e fou, ufo c nouomsk
onpepenenntx npen, uennocfen, ycfanoeok, cfepeofnnoe, o6tuaee, fpapnunn,
nncfnfyfoe ocymecfennefcn ynpaenenne penfensnocfsk n ofnomennnun, cosna-
nneu n noeepenneu nnpnenpoe, rpynn, o6mnn. Oco6enno 6onsmoe snauenne
nueef cncfeua nopu (pennrnosnoro npaea, uopann), o6pasuoe (unorouncnenntx
npnuepoe pnn noppaannn), konfponn, noompennn n nakasannn.
Pennrnn, nennncs cocfaenon uacfsk kynsfypt, etnonnnef kynsfypofpanc-
nnpykmyk qynkunk. Kynu1ypo1pancnupyman qynxun penuruu cocfonf e
ocymecfenennn e paukax fpapnunn nepepaun nakonnennoro kynsfypnoro
nacnepnn of nokonennn k nokonennk. Pennrnn kak uacfs kynsfypt cnoco6cfeyef
pasenfnk onpepenenntx ee cnoee - nncsuennocfn, knnroneuafannn, nckyccfea,
o6ecneuneaef coxpanenne n pasenfne uennocfen pennrnosnon kynsfypt.
Reru1umupyman qynxun penuruu osnauaef ysakonenne nekofoptx
19
o6mecfeenntx nopnpkoe, nncfnfyfoe (rocypapcfeenntx, nonnfnuecknx,
npaeoetx n pp.), ofnomennn, nopu. Pennrnn etpenraef etcmee fpe6oeanne -
uakcnuy, e coofeefcfenn c kofopon paefcn ouenka npakfnueckn ecex nenennn
n qopunpyefcn onpepenennoe ofnomenne k nnu. Makcnue npnpaefcn
o6nsafensntn n nenpenontn xapakfep.
Pesynsfaft, nocnepcfenn etnonnennn pennrnen ee qynkunn (f.e. ee pons)
6teakf pasntun. Cqopuynnpyeu nekofopte npnnunnt anannsa ponn pennrnn.
1. Pons pennrnn ouens eennka e okonounke, nonnfnke, uenaunonansntx
ofnomennnx, ceuse. Pennrnn cankunonnpyef cfnns nsnn, utcnn n pencfenn,
npnpaef nu opeon cenfocfn nnn o6nennef nx neuecfnetun. Rponcxopnf
nanoenne pennrnosntx ofnomennn na ppyrne o6mecfeennte ofnomennn.
2. Cfenens ennnnnn pennrnn censana c ee uecfou e o6mecfee, a ofo uecfo
ne nennefcn pas n naecerpa panntu, ono nsuennefcn euecfe c nsuenenneu
o6mecfeennoro cosnannn. Bnnnnne pennrnn uoef eospacfafs nnn, nao6opof,
yuensmafscn ecnepcfene cautx pasnnuntx npoueccoe enyfpn o6mecfea:
nonnfnuecknx, npeonornuecknx n np., uennkmnxcn kynsfypntx cnfyaunn.
3. Pons pennrnn paneko ne ecerpa o6meuenoeeueckan. B pennrnnx
npepcfaenent caute pasnnunte kynsfypt. [ae unpoetx pennrnn fpn, ne
roeopn ye o unoecfee napopnocfno-naunonansntx, pernonansntx n
poponneuenntx. B pennrnnx nepennefakfcn, nopon npnuypnneo, kounonenft
o6meuenoeeueckne, qopuaunonnte, ofnnueckne, rno6ansnte n nokansnte. B
konkpefntx cnfyaunnx uoryf etcfynafs na nepepnnn nnan fe nnn ppyrne;
pennrnosnte nnpept, rpynnt, utcnnfenn uoryf paneko ne opnnakoeo etpaafs
ykasannte fenpenunn. Bce ofo naxopnf etpaenne n e counansno-nonnfnuecknx
opnenfaunnx - ncfopnn nokasteaef, ufo e pennrnosntx oprannsaunnx 6tnn n
ecfs pasnte nosnunn: nporpeccnenan no ofnomennk k kakon-nn6o sapaue nnn
koncepeafnenan.
S.2. Penurun xax xynu1ypno-uc1opuuecxu qenomen
Pennrnn npepcfaennef co6on opny ns o6nacfen pyxoenon kynsfypt. B
kauecfee nnopofeopno pa6ofakmero e pennrnoeepennn npnueu cnepykmee
onpepenenne kynsfypt: ofo coeokynnocfs cnoco6oe n npneuoe ocymecfenennn
pasnonnanoeoro 6tfnn uenoeeka, kofopte peannsykfcn e xope uafepnansnon n
pyxoenon penfensnocfn n npepcfaenent e ee npopykfax, nepepaeaeutx n
oceaneaeutx noetun nokonennnun.
B kynsfype, e kakon 6t o6nacfn ona nn cospaeanacs, uafepnansnoe n
npeansnoe esanuonponnkakf ppyr e ppyra: e uafepnansnon penfensnocfn
peannsykfcn snannn, uenn, npen, nnant nkpen, a npeansnte npopykft
saneuafneeakf ceoncfea n ofnomennn uafepnansntx o6ekfoe. fo6t pencfeo-
eafs e cospannou npepmecfeykmnun nokonennnun unpe kynsfypt, npepcfaen-
fenn noetx nokonennn ponnt oenapefs yuennnun, naetkaun, kofopte
saneuafnent e uafepnansntx npepuefax-nocnfennx.
Ocosnanne nenennn kynsfypt nauanocs co cqept uafepnansnoro npons-
eopcfea n npepe ecero o6pa6ofkn seunn. He cnyuanno cnauana ynofpe6nnncn
fepunn "arpnkynsfypa" (naf. agricu|Iura - yxop sa seunen), a enocnepcfenn ye
cnoeo "kynsfypa" cfano o6osnauafs n ropopckon yknap nsnn. Jnms safeu ero
nauann ncnonssoeafs pnn o6osnauennn nenennn pyxoenoro nopnpka.
Hcfopnueckn nepeon o6nacfsk pyxoenon nsnn 6tna unqonornn, kofopan
cnnkpefnueckn o6epnnnna pasnte cnoco6t oceoennn unpa - snanne n yuennn,
noput n o6pasut, eepoeannn n pnfyant, opnauenf, necnk n nnncky n f.p.
Buecfe c ppyrnun o6nacfnun kynsfypt pennrnn nakannneana cnoco6t uafepn-
ansnoro n pyxoenoro 6tfnn uenoeeka, nepepaeana nx of nokonennn k nokonennk.
Rpn ecen cnonocfn esanuoofnomennn pennrnn, nckyccfea, naykn, qnnocoqnn
20
e ncfopnn onn esanuno ennnnn ppyr na ppyra, o6pasoeteann epnncfeo n
uenocfnocfs - ynneepcyu pyxoenon nsnn. B pasnnunte onoxn etpenranncs na
nepetn nnan, nonyuann nan6onee nnfencnenoe etpaenne n pasenfne fe nnn
nnte o6nacfn pyxoenon kynsfypt: nckyccfeo n qnnocoqnn e anfnunocfn,
pennrnn - e cpepnne eeka, qnnocoqnn - e Xvlll-XlX ee., nayka - e XX e.
Pennrnn kak uacfs kynsfypnoro ynneepcyua cnnfesnpyef enyfpn ce6n
onpepenennte nenennn nckyccfea, uopann, qnnocoqnn, naykn n feu cautu
kak 6t nacnepyef fpapnunn unqonornn. A e fe onoxn, kofopte nennkfcn pnn
pennrnn "seespntu uacou", ona pounnnpyef, oxeafteaef noufn eck o6nacfs
kynsfypt. Takan cnfyaunn, kak 6tno ckasano, cnonnacs e cpepnne eeka.
Penuruosnan xynu1ypa npepcfaennef co6on cnonoe kounnekcnoe
o6pasoeanne. Sfo coeokynnocfs ecex cnoco6oe 6tfnn uenoeeka, kofopte
peannsykfcn e pennrnosnon penfensnocfn n npepcfaenent e ee npopykfax.
Uenfpou pennrnosnon kynsfypt nennefcn kynsf, kofopouy nopunnent
nckyccfeo, apxnfekfypa, nncsuennocfs.
Hseecfno, ufo ouens unorne eennkne xyponnkn, nooft, nncafenn,
apxnfekfopt epoxnoennnncs pennrnosntun npenun n uennocfnun, o6orafne
unpoeyk kynsfypy. Rop ennnnneu pennrnn cknapteanncs n cknapteakfcn
pennrnosnan qnnocoqnn, uopans, npaeo.
Heo6xopnuo, koneuno, nuefs e enpy, ufo pennrnosnan kynsfypa ne opnnakoea
e pasntx pennrnnx n konqeccnnx n coofeefcfeenno npepcfaef kak kynsfypa
poponneuenntx pennrnn, kak nnpyncfckan, konqyunanckan, xpncfnanckan,
ncnauckan n npouan kynsfypa.
4. PAHHHE 4OPMB PERHlHO8HOlO CO8HAHHR
[nnemnncn okono 1,5 unn. nef, na npofnennn kauennoro eeka - naneonnfa,
npouecc counorenesa n cfanoenennn uenoeeka coepeuennoro fnna, uenoeeka
pasyunoro, saeepmnncn npnuepno 35-40 ftc. nef nasap. Sfo 6tn eantn py6e
e pasenfnn uenoeeuecfea, e paukax eme ero poncfopnn.
K ofouy py6ey npankpn-neanpepfansut npnmnn, oenapee ye ocnoentun
cnoco6aun o6pa6ofkn kaunn n nekofoptx ppyrnx uafepnanoe, yuen po6teafs
orons, nakonne sanac snannn, neo6xopnutx pnn co6npafenscfea n oxoft.
Banenmne counansnte pocfnennn oforo epeuenn - popoeon cfpon, nstk,
o6pnpt, neonncs. C nonenenneu popa 6nonornueckne nncfnnkft (nnmeeon n
nonoeon) 6tnn nocfaenent nop konfpons o6mecfea. enoeek cfan uenoeekou -
cymecfeou counansntu. Ofntne ero nocfynkn perynnpykfcn ne nncfnnkfaun,
a fpapnunnun - o6tuanun, co6nkpenne kofoptx penaef eosuontu coxpanenne
counansnon rpynnt. Kapoe nonennkmeecn na ceef uenoeeueckoe cymecfeo
ponno npoxopnfs pnnmnncn ropaun npouecc nayuennn nsnn e o6mecfee -
eocnnfannn, neo6xopnuoro pnn ocosnannn ceoero uecfa n o6nsannocfen e
rpynne, k kofopon ono npnnapnenf, oenapennn coofeefcfeykmnun snannnun
n naetkaun, co6nkpennn o6mero nnfepeca, nopunnennn eone konnekfnea, ero
enacfn.
4.1. To1emusm
Sneuenfapnon ncxopnon ncfopnueckon qopuon ocosnannn o6mnocfn
unenoe uenoeeueckon rpynnt copopnuen 6tn 1o1emusm - kounnekc eepoeannn
n o6pnpoe popoeoro o6mecfea, censanntx c npepcfaenennnun o popcfee uepy
rpynnaun nkpen n enpaun neofntx nnn pacfennn. Sfo fnnnunoe pnn
onpepenennoro ypoenn o6mecfeennoro pasenfnn npepcfaenenne rpynnt nkpen,
sannuakmnxcn co6npafenscfeou n oxofon, o6 nx o6meu nponcxopennn of
unqnueckoro cymecfea.
21
Tofeunsu - npepcfaenenne o popcfeennon censn ecex unenoe popa c kaknu-
fo enpou neofntx nnn pacfennn. Sfo neofnoe nnn pacfenne nennnocs
fofeuou pannon rpynnt nkpen. nent rpynnt, fofeuou kofopon 6tn, nanpnuep,
uepeeps, cunfann ce6n uepeepnun, a uepeepen - unenaun ceoen rpynnt. Taknu
o6pasou narnnpno etpaanocs epnncfeo unenoe pannoro popa n nx ofnnune of
ecex ocfansntx. Tofeu - cnueon, o6osnauenne epnncfea. Tofeunueckne
npepcfaenennn o6ycnoenneakf onpepenennte ofnomennn uepy nkpsun. Onn
pennfcn na "ceo6opntx" n "uynx", n euecfe c ofnu paspenenneu ycfanaenn-
eaefcn, ufo uono n ufo nenssn. Mnco "ceoero" fofeua nenssn ynofpe6nnfs e
nnmy, uyunnt n enmnnt opnon fofeunon rpynnt ne uoryf ecfynafs e 6pak -
ofo fa6y. Bosnnkaef npepcfaenenne o poseonennou n sanpemennou. C fofeuou
censano npepcfaenenne o cymecfeoeannn oco6tx eemen, na nnx nanaraefcn
fa6y, onn cfanoenfcn nenpnkacaeutun - cenmenntun, o6pamafscn c nnun
uono fonsko co6nkpan cfpoanmne npaenna, sa napymennn kofoptx nonaranncs
cfpamnte nakasannn.
Cunfanocs, ufo co6nkpenne ofnx npaenn o6ecneuneaef coxpanenne popa,
po6tuy nnmn. [enan nonesnoe neofnoe fofeuou, unent popa eepnnn, ufo c
nouomsk kaknx-fo pencfenn, nanpnuep noppaafensntx fanuee, uono sacfaenfs
ofo neofnoe pasunoafscn. Hepapou nemepnan neonncs fon onoxn noufn
ncknkunfensno nso6paaef neofntx.
4.2. 4e1umusm
[pyran qopua popo-nneuenntx eepoeannn nonyunna naseanne qe1umusm
(naf. IacIiIius - uarnueckn nckycntn) - kynsf neopymeenenntx npepuefoe,
napenenntx, no unennk eepykmnx, ceepxecfecfeenntun ceoncfeaun. Ona
enepete 6tna o6napyena nopfyranscknun uopnkaun e Sanapnon Aqpnke, a safeu
unorouncnennte ananorn qefnmnsua 6tnn etnenent eo unornx panonax unpa.
uefnmeu uor cfafs nk6on npepuef, noueuy-nn6o nopasnemnn eoo6paenne
uenoeeka: kauens neo6tunon qoput, kycok pepeea, sy6 neofnoro, nckycno
cpenannan qnrypka, keennpnoe nspenne. Sfouy npepuefy npnnncteanncs
ceepecfecfeennte ceoncfea (cnoco6nocfs ncuennfs, oxpannfs of eparoe,
nouorafs na oxofe n f.n.). Fcnn nocne o6pamennn k npepuefy uenoeeky ypaeanocs
pocfnus ycnexa e npakfnueckon penfensnocfn, on cunfan, ufo e ofou euy nouor
qefnm, n ocfaennn ero ce6e. Fcnn e uenoeeka nocfnrna kakan-nn6o neypaua,
fo qefnm et6pacteancn nnn sauennncn ppyrnu.
O6pamenne nepeo6tfntx nkpen c qefnmaun roeopnf o fou, ufo onn ecerpa
ofnocnnncs c ponntu noufenneu k et6pannouy nun npepuefy: sa okasannyk
nouoms ero 6naropapnnn, sa 6ecnouomnocfs nakasteann. Hnfepecen
aqpnkancknn o6tuan ncfnsannn qefnmen, npnueu ne fonsko pnn nx nakasannn,
no n pnn no6ypennn k pencfenk. Hanpnuep, npocn o ueu-nn6yps qefnm,
aqpnkanut e6neann e nero enesnte reospn, nonaran, ufo nocne oforo qefnm
nyume sanounnf o6pamennte k neuy npocs6t n o6nsafensno etnonnnf nx.
4.S. Anumusm
loeopn o nepeo6tfntx qopuax eepoeannn nenssn ne ckasafs o6 anumusme
- (naf. anima - pyma) - eepe e cymecfeoeanne pym n pyxoe. [efansntn ananns
annuncfnuecknx eepoeannn 6tn pan anrnnncknu anfpononorou S.Tannopou e
ero pa6ofe "Repeo6tfnan kynsfypa". Cornacno feopnn S.Tannopa ofn eepoeannn
paseneanncs e peyx nanpaenennnx. Repetn pnp annuncfnuecknx npepcfaenennn
eosnnk e xope pasutmnennn ppeenero uenoeeka nap faknun nenennnun kak
con, enpennn, 6onesns, cuepfs, a fake ns nepeneannn fpanca n rannkunnaunn.
"Repeo6tfnte qnnocoqt" etpa6afteakf nonnfne o pyme, naxopnmencn e fene
22
uenoeeka n noknpakmen ero epeun of epeuenn. B pansnenmeu qopunpykfcn
6onee cnonte npepcfaenennn: o cymecfeoeannn pymn nocne cuepfn fena, o
nepecenennn pym e noete fena, o sarpo6nou unpe. [nn nepeo6tfntx nkpen
ecn okpyakman pencfenfensnocfs 6tna opyxofeopena. [peennn uenoeek
paccuafpnean ece nenennn n npepueft unpa kak neufo nopo6noe ce6e, napennn
nx enannnun, eonen, uyecfeaun, utcnnun. Ofckpa eepa e ofpensno
cymecfeykmnx pyxoe rposntx cnn npnpopt, pacfennn, neofntx.
Ocnoeteancs na qakfe mnpokoro pacnpocfpanennn annunsua, Tannop
etpennyn qopuyny: "Annunsu ecfs unnnuyu onpepenennn pennrnn". Sfy
qopuyny ncnonssoeann e ceonx nocfpoennnx unorne pennrnoeept, opnako e
xope o6cypennn fannopoeckon konuenunn annunsua etnennncs n ee cna6te
cfopont. lnaentu konfpapryuenfou 6tnn apxeonornueckne n ofnorpaqnueckne
pannte, kofopte cenpefenscfeoeann, ufo pennrnosnte eepoeannn nepeo6tfntx
nkpen sauacfyk ne eknkuann e ce6n annuncfnuecknx npepcfaenennn. Takne
eepoeannn 6tnn naseant "npeannuncfnuecknun". Opnako necounenntu
nennefcn fo, ufo annuncfnueckne eepoeannn exopnf cocfaenon n eecsua
cymecfeennon uacfsk eo ece pennrnn unpa. Bepa e cauocfonfensnte pyxoente
cy6cfanunn - xapakfepnan uepfa unpoetx n unornx naunonansntx pennrnn.
4.4. Marun
Marun - o6pnpt, censannte c eepon e ceepxecfecfeennte cnoco6nocfn
uenoeeka eospencfeoeafs na nkpen n nenennn npnpopt. Marnueckne pencfenn
nuekf ceoen uensk pocfnenne konkpefnoro pesynsfafa. Sfo nonyuenne nyno-
ro pesynsfafa oco6tu, ne "npnutu" cnoco6ou. Hanpnuep, uono po6nfscn yc-
nexa na oxofe sa cuef etnocnneocfn, cuenocfn, ontfnocfn n npouero, a uono
po6nfscn ycnexa oxoft, npepeapnfensno nunfnpyn npneut, ncnonssyeute pnn
ypoan. Taknu o6pasou, eosnnkaef npepcfaenenne, ufo nekofopte uenoeeuec-
kne pencfenn nounuo o6tunoro nuekf eme coeceu nnoe snauenne, nennkfcn
konpoecknun npneuaun. Safeu nonennncs npepcfaenennn, ufo n onpepenennte
co6tfnn uoryf o6napafs oco6tu snauenneu - npepeemafs fo, ufo ponno npo-
nsonfn. Tak popaefcn rapafensnan uarnn - uanfnka. Bnnnnne na uenoeeueckne
pena npnsnaeanocs sa npepuefaun-qefnmaun (fanncuanaun, auynefaun n np.).
Repeo6tfnte eepoeannn censant c oco6tun uepeuonnnun, pu1yanamu
(pnfyan - ncfopnueckn cnonemancn qopua cnueonnueckoro noeepennn,
etpaakman kynsfoete esanuoofnomennn n uennocfn), coeepmaeutun no
noeopy eanenmnx co6tfnn e nsnn - popennn, nocenmennn (eeepennn knomn
e uncno espocntx oxofnnkoe), cuepfn. B pnfyane nocenmennn nepeo6tfntn
uenoeek ofopecfennef ce6n c neofntu - npepkou, co ceonu fofeuou,
nocpepcfeou cnontx n nepepko uyunfensntx uepeuonnn. B nemepax nanpent
ofnocnmnecn k naneonnfy cnept o6pnpa nocenmennn - cpenannte na unrkon
rnnne ofneuafkn nsypopoeanntx pyk. Rocenmenntn cnueonnueckn yunpaef,
ufo6t eospopnfscn k noeon nsnn n 6tfs cnoco6ntu etnonnnfs ceon
o6nsannocfn no ofnomennk k o6mecfey.
4.S. Muqonorun
O6pnpt, uepes kofopte ponen 6tn nponfn kaptn, conpoeopanncs
nenneu, e kofopou paeanocs fonkoeanne ofnx o6pnpoe - unqt o nponcxopennn
n pasenfnn unpa c foukn spennn fofeuncfnuecknx npepcfaenennn. Sfo 6tna
ceoero popa mkona, o6yuenne, kofopoe paeano pefansnte npepcfaenennn,
kacakmnecn unpa n foro, kak ynpaennfs nu, pononnnemee o6yuenne na npakfnke
npneuau oxoft, npnrofoenennn nnmn n f.p. O6pnp nocenmennn eknkuan
npnceoenne nuenn, ufo cunfanocs oco6enno eantu n cenmenntu kak
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ycfanoenenne censn nocenmaeuoro c fofeuou n, cnepoeafensno, co eceu
unpou. Tofeuncfnueckne unqt, censs kofoptx c pnfyanaun cunfanacs
neo6xopnuon pnn coxpanennn nsnn popa, co epeueneu cfann coepnnnfscn,
o6pasyn 6onee nnn uenee censnyk cncfeuy - muqonorum (unqonornn -
coeokynnocfs npepannn o unpocosnpakmen penfensnocfn 6oroe, repoee n
npounx ceepxecfecfeenntx cnn).
Cenpefenscfeou pasenfnn pnfyanoe n unqoe nennkfcn norpe6ennn e
naneonnfnuecknx cfonnkax. Xnete nauann sa6ofnfscn o uepfetx, kofopte n
nocne cuepfn npoponann cunfafscn unenaun popa. Ho nx eme n 6onnncs,
noofouy nocne cuepfn sactnann seunen, kaunnun nnn sa6pacteann eefkaun.
Jkpn cunfann, ufo yuepmnn npoponaef nfs, noofouy ero cna6ann nnmen,
y6neann n xoponnnn euecfe c nnu neofntx, norpe6ann ero eosne kocfpa,
ufo6t yuepmeuy 6tno fenno n f.p. Ye fakon o6tuan, kak okpamneanne fpyna
oxpon e noppaanne ueefy kpoen, roeopnf o npnuenennn uarnuecknx npneuoe.
O6 ofou cenpefenscfeyef n nemepnan neonncs, nso6paenne uenoro
kounnekca pnfyanoe - fanuee, eocnponseopnmnx ycnemnyk oxofy.
Taknu o6pasou, pannte apxeonornn noseonnkf pyuafs, ufo sapopenne
fofeunsua, uarnn, annunsua, qefnmnsua, unqonornn ofnocnfcn ko epeuenn
cymecfeoeannn nospnnx neanpepfansuee, nponcxopnf eme e kauennou eeke.
B lX-vll ftc. po n.o. e ncfopnn uenoeeuecfea nponcxopnf kpynntn nepenou,
nonyunemnn naseanne neonnfnueckon peeonkunn. Etno nso6pefeno seunepenne
- opno ns kpynnenmnx pocfnennn uenoeeuecfea, 6naropapn kofopouy ono
nepemno of npnceaneakmero xosnncfea k nponseopnmeuy. Repnop neonnfa
oxeafteaef npoueyfok epeuenn uepy nso6pefenneu seunepennn n
nonenenneu nepetx ropopoe e nauane lv ftc. po n.o., snauenykmnu co6on
nauano ncfopnn unennnsaunn.
Repexop k seunepennk npneen k nonenennk noeoro fnna o6mecfea, noeoro
ofnomennn uenoeeka k npnpope n uenoeeka k uenoeeky. Ronennocs nuymecfeo,
kofopoe napo 6tno oxpannfs n, cnepoeafensno, co6cfeennocfs, kofopan cnauana
6tna o6mnnnon, a safeu uacfnon, ufo noenekno sa co6on eosnnknoeenne
nepaeencfea. Ha nepetx nopax o6mecfeo eme coxpannno fofeuncfnueckyk
oprannsaunk, pacmnpnn n ycnonnn ee. Co epeueneu ona npefepneeana ece
6onsmne nsuenennn e nanpaenennn, eepymeu k pennrnnu ppeennx unennnsaunn.
C pasenfneu seunepennn e fofeuncfnuecknx pnfyanax, nueemnx uensk
nonyuenne ypoan, nan6onee xapakfepntun cfanoenfcn o6pnpt nnopopopnn,
etpennefcn pons enmnnt. Roppaafensnan uarnn etsteannn popn
cfanoenfcn eme opnon eanenmen uensk o6pnpoe. Rocee sepen, kofoptn
eocnpnnnuaefcn kak neo6xopnuocfs noxoponnfs, y6nfs ecxopt, ufo6t popnnacs
noean nsns, npneopnf k npee xep1eonpunomenun, pae uenoeeueckoro. B
onoxy neonnfa epfeonpnnomenne - npnnomenne 6orau, pyxau papoe c uensk
po6nfscn of nnx nouomn e kakou-nn6o pene - cfanoenfcn o6nsafensnon uacfsk
pennrnosnoro kynsfa. Ronennkfcn n cfanoenfcn ece 6onee perynnpntun eecen-
nne npaspnnkn n npaspnnkn ypoan. Bosnnkakman neo6xopnuocfs ynopnpounfs
pnfyan n uarnk, o6ecneunfs etnonnenne eanenmnx qynkunn nsnn n
ynpaenennn o6mecfeou npneopnf k nonenennk pennrnn, oprannsoeannon e
noetx uacmfa6ax o6mecfea.
4.S. peenue penuruu Boc1ounoro Cpepusemnomopun
Hpan, Erune1, peennn lpeun, peenu Pum)
u ux enunnue na paseu1ue ueunusau
Okono mecfnpecnfn eekoe nasap, e lv ftcnuenefnn po n.o. na 6eperax
Hnna, Tnrpa, Feqpafa, Hnpa eosnnknn nepete eennkne unennnsaunn. Poponne-
uennte coo6mecfea ycfynnnn uecfo rocypapcfeennouy o6epnnennk nkpen.
24
Bosnnknoeenne unennnsaunn pesko y6tcfpnno xop ncfopnn, eeepn e
pencfene rnranfckne uexannsut n feopueckne cnnt nporpecca, xofn cknapteak-
mancn cfpykfypa unennnsoeannoro o6mecfea okasanacs enyfpenne rny6oko
npofneopeuneon: ceo6opa n feopuecfeo neunornx o6ecneuneanncs
nopa6omenneu 6onsmnncfea. He cfonsko npnpopnte, ckonsko counansnte cnnt
enacfeykf feneps nap cyps6aun uenoeeka. enoeek cfan nopunnnfscn
rocypapcfeennouy ycfponcfey n sakony.
B ofon censn uennkfcn copepanne n qynkunn pennrnosntx eepoeannn.
Fcnn e nepeo6tfnou o6mecfee nnfepect n 6narononyune nnpnenpa coenapann,
cocfaennnn nepasptenoe uenoe c nnfepecaun n 6narononyuneu popa, fo feneps
nnfepect nnunocfn n o6mecfea cfann pacxopnfscn n nepecfann ofopecf-
ennfscn.
Ofntne pennrnn etnonnnef ceoncfeennte en qynkunn counansnon
nnferpaunn n perynnunn e o6mecfee, paso6mennou epapon n nepaeencfeou,
paseneakmeucn e cfonknoeennnx npofneocfonmnx cnn, 6ymykmnx counansntx
cfnxnn, knnennn nonnfnuecknx cfpacfen n 6nfe.
Bosnnkman na 6eperax Hnna unennnsaunn - opna ns cautx ppeennx. He
ypnenfensno, ufo e pennrnn ppeennx ernnfnn fak cnnsnt ennnnnn fofeunsua.
Bce 6oecfea nan6onee ppeenero nepnopa npepcfaennkfcn seeponopo6ntun
- e enpe cokona, 6tka, kopoet, komkn, suen n f.p. Eor uoef nuefs uenoeeueckoe
feno n ronoey. Rocfenenno fofeut sauennkfcn 6oecfeaun, cknapteaefcn
nanfeon (nepapxnueckoe co6panne ecex 6oroe) c eepxoentu Eorou-enaptkon.
Hepapxnn 6oroe e [peeneu Frnnfe ofpaana cymecfeykmee rocypapcfeennoe
ycfponcfeo - uenfpannsoeannyk eocfounyk pecnofnk c qapaonou eo rnaee.
Frnnfnne o6orofeopnnn Connue. uapaon cunfancn ctnou Connua. Bnacfs
e Frnnfe cunfanacs 6oecfeennon, ee nponcxopenne eenn of ceepuenoee-
uecknx cymecfe. uapaon kak 6t cfanoenncn uapeu-6orou, enacfs kofoporo
pacnpocfpannnacs ne fonsko na nkpen, no n na eck Bcenennyk. B Frnnfe,
faknu o6pasou, eosnnkna rocypapcfeennan qopua pennrnn, e kofopon qapaon
nrpan rnaeencfeykmyk pons. Cnueonou o6oecfenennn enacfn qapaona
nennkfcn snauennfte ernnefckne nnpaunpt.
Rnpaunpt cenpefenscfeykf o pasenfnn npepcfaenennn o sarpo6nou unpe,
e kofoptn nocne cuepfn uenoeeka nepecennefcn ero "peonnnk" - pyma. fo6t
o6ecneunfs en 6narononyunoe nocuepfnoe cymecfeoeanne, nyno 6tno npn
norpe6ennn etnonnnfs neo6xopnute npepnncannn. Co epeueneu y ernnfnn
oqopunnacs eepa e sarpo6noe eospannne: sa po6pte n snte pena uenoeek
6ypef ofeeuafs nepep cypou enaptkn uepfetx - 6ora Ocnpnca. Hecnpaeepnn-
eocfs n sno 6ypyf nakasant e unpe nofycfoponneu. O fou, kakne fpe6oeannn
npepnennnncs pennrnen, uono cypnfs no feu cnoeau qopuynt cauoonpaepa-
nnn, kofopte nponsnocnn yuepmnn nepep Ocnpncou: "H ne unnnn sna, n ne
kpan ..., n ne saenpoean, n ne coeepman npenk6opennnn ..., n ne nopnnuan
pyky na cna6oro ..., n ne y6nean ..., n ne ckeepnocnoenn ...". Sfo - ns "Knnrn
uepfetx", ofnocnmencn k cepepnne ll ftc. po n.o.
Cnyenne 6orau ocymecfennnn peut. Xpe - ponnocfs uenoeeka,
npoqeccnonansno sannuakmerocn ofnpaenenneu pennrnosnoro kynsfa e
[peeneu unpe, e uacfnocfn, e Frnnfe. Frnnefckne peut o6napann 6onsmon
cnnon n ennnnneu, e fou uncne n 6naropapn ceonu nosnannnu, kofopte onn
okpyann fannon. Ona eenn acfponounueckne na6nkpennn, penann uafeuafn-
ueckne pacueft, neo6xopnute pnn ycfponcfea n opomennn nonen. Ho rnaentu
nx sannfneu 6tnn uarnueckne o6pnpt n saknnnannn. Frnnfnne eepnnn, ufo 6es
nnx yuepmnn ne nonapef e 6oecfeennoe uapcfeo, seunn nepecfanef paeafs
nnopt. Xpeut fake sannuanncs ynopnpouneanneu unorouncnenntx unqoe,
cfpeunnncs censafs 6oroe popcfeenntun ofnomennnun, etcfponfs nanfeon.
Eor Ocnpnc nonyunn oco6oe snauenne c pasenfneu seunepennn. B paenne
25
epeuena ofo 6tn fofeu n nounfancn e o6pase 6apana n 6tka, nofou on
ofopecfennncn c npnpopntun nenennnun n, nakoneu, npepcfan e o6nnke
uenoeeka. Ocnpnc yunpaef n eockpecaef eepneeno, nopo6ny Connuy. On
yunpaef n eospopaefcn kak sepno, korpa ero 6pocakf e seunk n korpa ono
eecnon npopacfaef. Fro cnueonnueckan cuepfs n eockpecenne ns uepfetx -
kak 6t sapoptm npen o6 nckynnfensnon epfee (cuepfn) Eora eo nun cnacennn
nsnn, kofopan enocnepcfenn namna ceoe pasenfne e xpncfnancknx pennrnnx,
Ocnpnc 6epef ce6e e ent 6ornnk Hcnpy, kofopan eosepamaef k nsnn ceoero
cynpyra, korpa on yunpaef. Sfouy unqy, cnueonnueckn nepepakmeuy etcmnn
npnnunn unpoycfponcfea - nsns, yunpanne, eockpecenne - coofeefcfeoeann
npaspnnkn n pnfyant - kynsfoeoe eocnponseepenne ofon "etcmen" peansnocfn,
npno6menne k nen.
Hn e kakon ppyron pennrnn cuepfn n uepfetu ne nocenmeno cfonsko
sa6of, kynsfoetx npepnncannn, kak e ernnefckon. fo6t o6ecneunfs no6epy
nsnn nap cuepfsk, ernnefckan pennrnn ncnonssyef unoroo6pasnte, 6onsmen
uacfsk uarnueckne cpepcfea. Sfon uenn cnynn o6tuan 6anssaunpoeannn
nokonnnkoe; nsns e sarpo6nou unpe npepnonaraef coxpanenne fenecnoro
o6pasa. Roknonnkmnncn Ocnpncy o6pefaef napepy paspennfs ero cyps6y n
enoes eospopnfscn k nsnn nocne cuepfn.
Rpnuepno e fo e epeun, ufo n e Frnnfe, c cepepnnt lv ftc. po n.o. e
ponnne uepy Tnrpou n Feqpafou naunnaef paseneafscn ppyran unennnsaunn
- myuepoe n akkapnn. Specs cospann opocnfensnyk cncfeuy seunepennn,
nso6penn nncsuennocfs, cfann cfponfs ropopa. Onn nepepann ceonu
npeeunnkau - eaennonnnau n accnpnnuau, a uepes nnx - rpekau n eepenu napnpy
c fexnnuecknun pocfnennnun ceon npepcfaenennn o unpe, kpnpnueckne n
npaecfeennte noput, pennrnosnte unqt.
B uyuepe cymecfeoeann ponroe epeun nesaencnute ropopa-rocypapcfea -
Yp, Hnnnyp, Knm, Jarac n pp. Bnacfs e ropopax npnnapneana e ppeenenmnn
nepnop peuau xpaua, n fonsko nofou, nose, ueu e Frnnfe, ona nepemna e pykn
uapn. Xpau n peopeu uapn - pea cfonna myuepckoro o6mecfea. Bops-npaenfens
uacfo 6tn n nepeocenmennnkou, etcmnu peuou, nemnu e xpaue-peopue.
Xpau-peopeu pasnfensno etpennncn na qone ocfansntx nocfpoek
myuepckoro ropopa. Xpau 6tn o6nfannmeu 6oroe-nokpoenfenen ropoan, kaptn
xpau nocenmancn kakouy-fo opnouy 6ory. Bce ropoane, eknkuan pa6oe,
npnnapneann k onpepenennouy xpauy. Xpau 6pan na ce6n sa6ofy o cnpofax,
epoeax, nnmnx - ecex necnoco6ntx k cauocfonfensnon nsnn. Xpau etnonnnn
apunnncfpafnente qynkunn: ynpaenenne cfponfenscfeou opocnfensntx
kananoe, c6op nanoroe, cype6nte qynkunn.
B Meconofaunn, rpe nnn myuept, ne 6tno uenfpannsoeanntx pecnofnn,
rocypapcfeennte o6pasoeannn cuennnn ppyr ppyra - uyuep, Akkap, Baennonnn,
Accnpnn. Bnpnuo, noofouy e [eypeuse yneanncs ppyr c ppyrou cpaennfensno
nerko unorne 6orn c nocenmenntun nu xpauaun n o6cnyneakmnun nx
peuaun. Ha npofnennn ponrnx eekoe men npouecc ofunpannn opnnx 6oecfe
n kynsfoe n eoseennuneannn ppyrnx, o6pa6ofkn n cnnnnnn unqonornuecknx
ckefoe, nsuenennn o6nnka fex 6oroe, kofoptu npepcfonno eosetcnfscn, -
nu npnnncteann pennnn n sacnyrn fex, ufo yunpann e naunfn nokonennn.
Mnqonornn coxpannna ceepennn o myuepckou nanfeone. lnaentun
cunfanncs 6or ne6a An n 6ornnn seunn Kn, kofopte nopopnnn uorymecfeennoro
Snnnnn - 6ora eospyxa, Snkn, cofeopnemero nepetx nkpen, 6ora eop Sa, kofoptn
nepepko nso6paancn e enpe uenoeeka-pt6t. Ho eoo6me 6onsmnncfeo myuepo-
akkappo-eaennoncknx 6oroe nuenn uenoeekonopo6ntn o6nnk, nnms neunorne
necnn soouopqnte uepft, yracakmee eocnounnanne o fofeuncfnuecknx
npepcfaenennnx. Ceus rnaentx 6oroe ofopecfennnncs c nnanefaun.
Ro npepcfaenennk ppeennx myuepoe Eorn ynopnpounnn unp n enapekf
26
nu. B 6naennon cfpane [nnsuyn, rpe onn o6nfann, ne 6tno nn onacnocfen,
nn 6onesnen, nn cfapocfn. Onn cospann uenoeeka, cymecfeo nnsmee n 6ecnpae-
noe, ufo6t on ceonun epfeonpnnomennnun cnynn nu. Eorn 6eccuepfnt,
ypen e uenoeeka - 6onesnn, cfpapannn, cuepfs, a nocne cuepfn - eeunoe n
6espapocfnoe npe6teanne e uapcfee uepfetx. Rpnpopa e ofnnune of nkpen
6eccuepfna n eeropno popaef noeyk nsns, kak 6t eockpeman ee nocne
ponron snunen cnnukn. Bsanuocenss nsnn n cuepfn, yunpannn n eockpecennn
eonnomena e opnou ns rnaentx unqoe - o cuepfn n eockpecennn Tauuysa.
Baennonckan pennrnn cnonnacs e 6onee nnn uenee okonuafensnou enpe
eo ll ftc. po n.o. Ha nepeoe uecfo etpenraefcn Mappyk - 6or-nokpoenfens
Baennona. Eonsmoe pasenfne y eaennonnn nonyunnn eepoeannn, e kofoptx
pencfeoeann unorouncnennte nnsmne snte pyxn, peuont, ennoennkn 6onesnen
n necuacfnn. Baennonckan peuononornn okasana ennnnne na 6onee nospnne
pennrnn n ofo ennnnne 6tno eme eecsua omyfnutu e cpepneeekoeon Fepone.
8opoac1pusm - pennrnn [peenero Hpana - sauefno ofnnuaefcn of
pennrnosntx cncfeu Meconofaunn n Frnnfa. On ofnocnfcn k 6onee nospneuy
fnny npopouecknx pennrnn. Fro ocnoeafens - npancknn npopok Sopoacfp
(Sapafymfpa), nemnn e vlll-vll ee. po n.o., 6tn eepoyunfeneu, peqopunpoeae-
mnu fpapnunonnte eepoeannn ppeennx npanuee. Sopoacfpnsu, necuofpn na
fo, ufo on eosnnk e ppeenen unennnsaunn, fpypno ofnecfn k pannnu qopuau
pennrnosnoro cosnannn. Hepapou on coxpannncn po nacfonmero epeuenn e
enpe naunonansnon pennrnn napcoe e Hnpnn n re6poe e Hpane.
Ocnoet sopoacfpnsua saqnkcnpoeant e ppeenenmen cenmennon knnre
sopoacfpnnuee - Aeecfe. Cornacno yuennk Sopoacfpa unpy po6pa, ceefa n
cnpaeepnneocfn, kofoptn onnuefeopnef Axypa-Maspa (rpeuecknn Opuysp)
npofneocfonf unp sna n fsut, ero onnuefeopnef Anxpa-Mansk (rpeuecknn
Apnuan). Mepy ofnun peyun nauanaun npef 6ops6a ne na nsns, a na cuepfs.
Axypa-Maspe nouorakf e ofon 6ops6e pyxn uncfoft n po6pa, Anxpa-Mansk -
cnnt sna, paspymennn.
Sopoacfpnsu npnnapnenf k uncny ye pasenftx pennrnn, on qnnocoqckn
ocutcnneaef unp na ocnoee pyanncfnuecknx npen o nenpnunpnuocfn n
nocfonnnon 6ops6e ceefa n fsut, po6pa n sna. B sopoacfpnsue uarnueckan
pennrnn sauennefcn ofnueckon: na nepetn nnan etcfynakf npaecfeennte
fpe6oeannn. Rpn6nnsnfensno e ofo e epeun n nose ece npoune naunonansnte
n unpoete pennrnn cfanoenfcn faknun.
enoeek ponen 6tfs na cfopone po6pa, cfafs nyume, ne anefs cnn pnn
6ops6t co snou n cnnaun fsut, ecnkon neuncfsk. On ponen 6tfs po6poena-
fensntu, yuepenntu e noutcnax n cfpacfnx, nouorafs 6nnneuy. enoeek -
feopeu ceoero cuacfsn, of nero saencnf ero cyps6a. [nn 6ops6t co snou uenoeek
npepe ecero ponen ouncfnfscn n ne fonsko pyxou n noutcnou, no n fenou.
unsnueckon uncfofe sopoacfpnsu npnpaean pnfyansnoe snauenne. Tpynt
nokonnnkoe - cnueon neuncfn, onn ne ponnt conpnkacafscn c uncftun cfnxnn-
un - seunen, eopon, orneu. Ofckpa - oco6tn o6pnp saxoponennn: e ofkptfte
6amnn cneunansnte cnynfenn cnocnnn fena yuepmnx, rpe nx ckneeteann
xnmnte rpnqt, a kocfn c6pacteanncs na pno etptforo e 6amne, o6nnuoeannoro
kauneu konopua. Heuncftu cunfanncs 6onsnte, enmnnt nocne popoe n unoroe
ppyroe. Onn ponnt 6tnn npoxopnfs oco6tn o6pnp ounmennn. lnaenyk pons e
o6pnpax ounmennn nrpan orons. Pnfyant e uecfs Axypa-Maspt coeepmanncs ne
e xpauax, a na ofkptftx uecfax, c nenneu, ennou n o6nsafensno orneu. Ofckpa
eme opno naseanne cfoponnnkoe sopoacfpnsua - ornenoknonnnkn.
B unqonornk sopoacfpnsu npnenec npek o cymecfeoeannn nounuo Seunn
n He6a oco6on ceefonocnon cqept, Pan. Repeoro uenoeeka, Hnuy Axypa-Maspa
etnypen 6tn nsrnafs ns pan n nnmnfs 6eccuepfnn sa nponenennoe
nenocnymanne. Tak nauanacs nocne panckon npnnnnn 6ops6a po6pa co snou.
27
Konuenunn rpexa, napennn uenoeeka, 6oecfeennoro nakasannn ecfpeuaefcn e
sopoacfpnsue epea nn ne enepete. Rocuepfnan cyps6a uenoeeka saencnf of
et6opa ero eonn - e nonssy po6pa nnn sna. H eme opno noemecfeo - yuenne o
konue unpa, Cfpamnou cype n npnmecfenn ueccnn, cnacnfenn unpa - Caomsnnfa,
- ouncfnfenn unpa of ckeepnt e konue ero cymecfeoeannn. Hecounenno, ufo
ofn npen okasann ennnnne n na 6onee nospnne pennrnosnte npepcfaenennn.
Sopoacfpnnckoe 6orocnyenne eknkuano noefopenne sa peuou
onpepenenntx cnoe - uonnfe (monu1ea - cnoeecno oqopunennoe o6menne c
Eorou nnn nntun ceepxecfecfeenntun cnnaun), o6pnpt peuoe y cenmennoro
ornn e uefannnueckon uame; 6onsmoe snauenne npnpaeanocs o6pnpy nnnunaunn.
B nacfonmee epeun sopoacfpnsu coxpannefcn y napcoe Hnpnn, 6eaemnx
ns Hpana nocne uycynsuancknx saeoeeannn n y ppyrnx napcoe, paccennno
neymnx no eceuy ceefy.
4.7. An1uunan ueunusaun
[pyran eennkan unennnsaunn Bocfounoro Cpepnseunouopsn - unennnsaunn
anfnunan. Anfnunocfs o6epnnnef [peenkk lpeunk n [peennn Pnu.
Pennrnn rpekoe porouepoeckoro nepnopa eocnpnnnuaef okpyakmee kak
neufo opymeenennoe, kak nacenennoe cnentun peuonnuecknun cnnaun, kofopte
eonnoment e cenmenntx npepuefax n nenennnx. [euonnueckne cnnt nonyuakf
n nepconansnoe eonnomenne e 6ecuncnennte peuonnuecknx cymecfeax,
o6nfakmnx e nemepax, ropax, ncfounnkax, pepeesnx n f.p. Cnnen - peuon
ncfounnkoe n e fo e epeun, kak cafnp, on nennefcn peuonou nnopopopnn.
lepuec, kofoptn e 6onee nospnee epeun sannuaef ceoe uecfo e nanfeone
rnaentx rpeuecknx 6oroe, neymnx na rope Onnun, nepeonauansno, kak o6 ofou
roeopnf ero nun (pocnoeno: rpypa kaunen), 6tn peuonou kaunn. [orouepoeckan
pennrnn apxanuecknx rpekoe (po lX-vll ee. po n.o.) npnensana k seune, ns kofopon
ece nponcfekaef, kofopan ece nopopaef, eknkuan ne6o. Seunn kak nopopak-
man ocnoea ecero cymero npepcfaenena e npepannnx nerenpapnoro rpeueckoro
unqockasafenn louepa.
Korpa eo ll ftc. po n.o. rpekn efoprnncs e Snnapy, onn namnn specs
etcokopasenfyk kynsfypy, nseecfnyk kak kpnfo-unkenckan kynsfypa. Hs ofon
kynsfypt, ee pennrnn rpekn eocnpnnnnn unorne uofnet, nepemepmne e nx
pennrnk. Hs necfporo unpa peuonnuecknx cnn, 6oecfeenntx o6pasoe
(rpeuecknx n kpnfo-unkencknx), cqopunpoeancn unp rouepoecknx 6oroe, o
kofoptx ut ysnaeu ns "Hnnapt" n "Opnccen". B ofou unpe nkpn copasuepnt c
6oraun. Sfo nkpn-repon, nemne e "sonofon eek", korpa onn uornn conepnnuafs
cnnon n cnaeon c 6oraun.
B rpeuecknx 6orax eonnoment eeunte npen, nponnsteakmne rpeueckyk
na6onocfs, - cyps6a, uepa, nopnpok n f.p. B rpeuecknx unqax npekpacnoe,
eonnomancs e 6orax, nennefcn npnnunnou kocunueckon nsnn.
lnaea rpeueckoro nanfeona - Seec - npnnapnenf k fpefseuy nokonennk
6oroe, ceeprmnx efopoe nokonenne - fnfanoe. Repeoe nokonenne 6oroe - Ypan
(He6o) n len (Seunn). Tnfant - onnuefeopenne cfnxnn n cnn npnpopt. Tnfant
eo rnaee c Kponocou ceeprnn ceoero ofua - Ypana, e ceok ouepeps Kponoca
nncnpoeepr ero ctn Seec.
Seec, yfeeppnemncs na rope Onnun euecfe c ppyrnun 6oraun - enon
lepon, 6ornnen nckyccfe n fananfoe - Aqnnon, 6orou foproenn, kynuoe n npn6tnn
- lepuecou, 6ornnen cyps6t - Tnxe, 6ornnen nk6en - Aqpopnfon, 6orou uopen
- Rocenponou, 6orou ornn - leqecfou, 6orou eonnt - Apecou n np., - nocfenenno
npeo6pasyef unp, enocn e ofof unp nopnpok, naykn, nckyccfea, sakon. B fo e
epeun Seec - rposnan kapakman cnna. On neckonsko pas ynnufoaef uenoeeuec-
knn pop, ntfancs cospafs coeepmennoro uenoeeka.
28
Heo6xopnuo, opnako, yuecfs, ufo rouepoeckan cncfeuafnsaunn unqoe ne
okasana cymecfeennoro ennnnnn na pennrnosnte eepoeannn ofpensntx
rpeuecknx nneuen n o6mnn, kofopte ufnnn ceonx 6oroe n repoee. O6merpeuec-
koe snauenne nuenn nnms cenfnnnma e [ensqax n Onnunnn.
locnopcfeykmen pennrnen Pnua e knaccnuecknn nepnop ero ncfopnn cfan
kynsf nonncntx 6oroe, e nepeyk ouepeps Knnfepa.
Pnunnnau 6tn npncym npakfnuecknn cknap yua. H e pennrnn onn
pykoeopcfeoeanncs uenecoo6pasnocfsk, o6ecneunean npakfnueckne naunnannn
c nouomsk uarnueckon kynsfoeon npakfnkn. Hx 6orn uame ecero cnyaf
o6osnauennnun neknx a6cfpakfntx nauan. Pnunnne nounfann fakne 6oecfea
kak Mnp, Hapepa, [o6necfs, Cnpaeepnneocfs, kofopte ne o6napann netun
uepfaun nnunocfen. B uecfs faknx 6oroe cfponnncs xpaut, npnnocnnncs epfet.
C lv e. po n.o. naunnaefcn npouecc rpeunsaunn pnuckon pennrnn nyfeu
etfecnennn nckonntx 6oroe rpeuecknun. Pnuckan fponua 6oroe - Knnfep,
Knona, Mnnepea 6tna ofopecfenena c rpeuecknun 6oraun - Seecou, lepon,
Aqnnon. B nopo6ntx ncfonkoeannnx Mepkypnn cfan coofeefcfeoeafs rpeueckouy
lepuecy, uopfyna - Tnxe, Benepa - Aqpopnfe, Henfyn - Rocenpony, Bynkan -
leqecfy, Cafypn - Xponocy, Mapc - Apecy.
4.S. Honu1eusm. Hepexop x mono1eusmy
[peenne unennnsaunn eosnnknn n paseneanncs ne fonsko e Bocfounou
Cpepnseunouopse. Hseecfnt eennkne unennnsaunn Jafnnckon Auepnkn, ponnnt
Hnpa (seunn coepeuennon Hnpnn), 6accenna pekn Xyanxo (coepeuenntn Knfan).
Pennrnosnte eepoeannn napopoe ofnx unennnsaunn npn eceu ceoeo6pasnn
nuekf unoro o6mnx uepf. [ee rnaentx: fnn pennrnn uoef 6tfs onpepenen
kak uarnuecknn, e npofneonononocfs 6onee nospnee - ofnueckouy, n ece ofn
pennrnn nonnfencfnunt |nonu1eusm - unoro6one].
Marnueckne pennrnn y ecex napopoe no uepe nx pasenfnn cuennkfcn
ofnuecknun. Bce naunonansnne n unpoete pennrnn, o kofoptx peus nonpef
nne, - ye ofnueckne, f.e. ofnueckne noput pennrnosnon npakfnkn pounnnpykf
nap co6cfeenno uarnuecknun npneuaun, xofn ofn nocnepnne nnorpa
coxpannkfcn, no ye ne nuekf onpepennkmen cnnt.
Ronnfensu e cuennefcn mono1eusmom (uonofensu - pennrnn, npnsnak-
man Eora epnntu) ne y ecex napopoe, a fonsko y fex, usn pennrnosnte cncfeut
etpacfakf na nouee ppeenerpeueckon uonofencfnueckon pennrnn. [peene-
eepencknn uonofensu - epnncfeennan pnn ceoero nonnfencfnueckoro epeuenn,
epeuenn pannnx qopu pennrnosnoro cosnannn, pennrnosnan eepa, npnsnakman
Eora epnntu n penakman epnncfeo Eora rnaentu pennrnosntu npnnunnou.
Repexop k uonofensuy nponcxopnn nocfenenno, no uepe eosnnknoeennn
n pacnpocfpanennn nypansua, xpncfnancfea n ncnaua - fpex cfporo uonofencfn-
uecknx pennrnn. Onn cuennkf pannne qoput pennrnosnoro cosnannn unornx
napopoe, uarnueckne pennrnn, kofopte feneps o6nennkfcn nstuecknun
|nsmuec1eo - nonnfencfnueckne eepoeannn [peenero unpa]. [peenne eepoea-
nnn rpekoe n pnunnn, ernnfnn n apa6oe yunpakf c npnnnfneu ofnun napopaun
xpncfnancfea n ncnaua. Pennrnn eennknx unennnsaunn Jafnnckon Auepnkn
ncuesnn euecfe c napopaun ofnx unennnsaunn, kak n pennrnosnte eepoeannn
myuepoe, eaennonnn n npounx. [o namnx pnen ponn fonsko sopoacfpnsu n
pennrnosnte eepoeannn ppeennx nnpnnuee n knfanuee, kofopte eomnn
cocfaenon uacfsk e nx 6onee nospnne naunonansnte pennrnn.
29
S. HAHOHARBHBE PERHlHH
B coepeuennou unpe cymecfeykf naunonansnte n unpoete pennrnn.
lnaenoe nx ofnnune - konnuecfeo npneepenuee n apeant pacnpocfpanennn.
Hauonanunme penuruu - ofo fe pennrnn, nocnepoeafenn kofoptx
npnnapneaf npenuymecfeenno k opnon naunonansnocfn nnn opnouy rocy-
papcfey. Haunonansnte pennrnn cknapteakfcn no uepe qopunpoeannn naunn
n napopnocfen, rocypapcfe. B ocnoee naunonansntx pennrnn, kak npaenno,
neaf ppeenenmne uarnueckne eepoeannn, kofopte nocfenenno ycfynakf uecfo
ofnuecknu nopuau n fpe6oeannnu. B nacfonmee epeun uarnueckne qoput
pennrnosnoro cosnannn coxpannkfcn y ofpensntx nneuen, ypoeens
counansnoro pasenfnn kofoptx coofeefcfeyef popoeouy cfpok.
S.1. Penuruu Hnpuu u c1pan anunero Boc1oxa.
Hpoucxoxpenue, noc1yna1m, mopanuno-o1uuecxue nopmm.
Bnunnue na eosnuxnoeenue ppyrux penuru
S.1.1. Hnpyusm
Hnpyusm - nonnfencfnueckan pennrnosnan cncfeua cfpan Bocfoka n,
npepe ecero, Hnpnn. Rocnepoeafenen nnpynsua nacunfteaefcn e unpe 6onee
700 unn. uenoeek.
Rpouecc kynsfypnoro cnnfesa, e pesynsfafe kofoporo eosnnkna 6orafan n
pasnoo6pasnan kynsfypa coepeuennon Hnpnn, nauancn fpn ftcnun nef nasap.
Ocnoeon, na kofopon cnonnacs ofa kynsfypa, cfana kynsfypa ppeennx apsee
(apnee), kofopan, e ceok ouepeps, nanonnacs na kynsfypy nnpnnckon
unennnsaunn. Apsn - ofo nnpoeeponenckne napopt, akfneno paccennemnecn ns
ceoen npapopnnt (Rpnuepnouopse n Rpnkacnnn) eo ll - nepeon nonoenne l ftc.
po n.o. Apsn paccennnncs e Hpan (nocnepoeafenn sopoacfpnsua - foe
nnpoeeponenut), lpeunk, Hnpnk.
B Hnpnk, kak n e Hpan, lpeunk, Bocfounyk Fepony apsn npnnecnn eepoea-
nnn, cnonemnecn eme na nx npapopnne e lll ftc. po n.o. Sfn eepoeannn saqnkcn-
poeant e Bepax n nonyunnn naseanne eepnueckon pennrnn, 6nnskon k uarnuecknu
pennrnnu ppyrnx ppeennx unennnsaunn. Bept - ppeenenmnn naunfnnk nnpnnckon
pennrnosnon nnfepafypt, cknapteaemnncn na npofnennn unornx eekoe (koneu
ll - nauano l ftc. po n.o.). Bept cocfonf ns ueftpex c6opnnkoe: Pnreepa -
co6panne rnunoe unqonornueckoro n kocuonornueckoro copepannn; Cauaeepa
- c6opnnk necnonennn, noefopnkmnn fekcft Pnreept n pononnnkmnn nx
pnfyansno-o6pnpoetun nncfpykunnun; Hpypeepa - onncanne eepnuecknx
pnfyanoe; Afxapeaeepa - c6opnnk uarnuecknx saknnnannn.
Pennrnn apsee 6tna nonnfencfnueckon. B Bepax ynounnakfcn pecnfkn n
cofnn 6oroe. [ee rpynnt 6oroe npofneocfonf ppyr ppyry - acypt n poet. K
uncny acypoe ofnocnfcn Bapyna (e nekofoptx fekcfax on - eepxoentn 6or),
Mnfpa - conneuntn 6or n Bnmny, samnfnnk nkpen. Eonsmnncfeo eepnuecknx
6oroe ymno e npomnoe, nnms neunorne coxpannnncs e naunfn napopa, a Bnmny
cfan eanenmnu pennrnosntu nepconaeu nnpynsua.
B Bepax nef ynounnannn o cenfnnnmax n xpauax, nso6paennnx 6oroe,
npoqeccnonansnou peuecfee. Sfa 6tna opna ns "npnunfnentx" poponneuen-
ntx pennrnn.
Bfopon nepnop e ncfopnn nnpnnckon pennrnn - 6paxuancknn. On npnxopnf
na cueny eepnueckouy e l ftc. po n.o., korpa e ponnnax Hnpa n lanra eosnnkakf
pecnofnueckne rocypapcfea n cknapteaefcn ocnoea kacfoeoro cfpon. Kacf -
ueftpe. Sfo cocnoenn, npnueu fonsko nepete fpn - cocnoenn pnfyansno
nonnouenntx nkpen, nx nasteakf peapt popenntun. Sfo - nocnepoeafenn
30
ncfnnnon pennrnn: 6paxuant (nacnepcfeennoe peuecfeo), kmafpnn (eonnt),
eanmsn (seunepensut). efeepfan kacfa - myppt - cnyrn, 6ecnpaenan kacfa
pa6oe, e pennrnosnou cutcne nanuenee uennan.
Kacfoean cncfeua feopefnueckn ocnoeteaefcn na nonnfnn o 6oecfeennou
epnnou nauane n peyx fenpenunnx, npncymnx nsnn: penenne of epnnoro k pas-
noo6pasnk coeepmaefcn e kpyroeopofe popennn; popenne e uenoeeueckou unpe
ecerpa coeepmaefcn e onpepenennou kacfoetu cfpoeu uecfe n cau ofof cfpon
npnnapnenf k nopopaeuouy Fpnntu nauanou unoroo6pasnk qopu. Rpnnap-
nenocfs k fon nnn nnon kacfe - ne ecfs peno cnyuan, ofo nponenenne neofepafn-
uon neo6xopnuocfn, kaput. Kapma - opno ns ocnoentx nonnfnn nnpynsua. Sfo
o6man cyuua ecex coeepmenntx netu cymecfeou nocfynkoe n nx nocnepcfenn.
enoeeueckoe cymecfeoeanne - ofo cymecfeoeanne e kacfe. Kacfa - nsnennoe
npocfpancfeo, e kofopou cymecfeyef nnpnenp, ppyroro - nef. Hcknkuenntn ns
ceoen kacft uenoeek okasteaefcn ene sakona. Kacfa onpepennef uecfo uenoeeka
e nnpnnckou o6mecfee, ero npaea, noeepenne, enemnnn o6nnk. Cutcn cymecfeo-
eannn kacfoetx orpannuennn n pasrpannuennn - e noppepannn, coxpanennn eeu-
noro nopnpka n, feu cautu, cnyennn euy. enoeek, neymnn e rapuonnn c un-
poetu uentu, nueef manc etpeafscn ns kapunueckoro kpyra n pocfnus nnpeant,
fo ecfs fakoro cocfonnnn nokon, ofcyfcfenn enannn, a6conkfnon ofpemennocfn
of okoe uafepnansnoro 6tfnn, e kofopou nnunocfs yracaef n ns kofoporo ye nef
eosepafa k noeouy popennk. Hnpynsu yunf, ufo unoecfeennocfs qopu nsnn,
e fou uncne konkpefnon uenoeeueckon nsnn co eceun ee cfpapannnun n papoc-
fnun, - nnnksnn, o6uan, n6o ecfs opna Xnsns, opna Cymnocfs n opna Uens -
nosnafs Bcenennyk e ce6e cauou n ce6n eo eceu.
Bnauane 6paxuannsu 6tn pennrnen, e kofopon uenfpansnoe uecfo sannuan
o6pnp. [ansnenmee pasenfne 6paxuannsua mno of o6pnpa k snannk.
Cknapteaefcn yuenne o kapue, kofopoe cfanoenfcn kpaeyronsntu kauneu
nnpynsua. Sakon kaput - sakon eospannnn n eosuespnn, ceonu noeepenneu
kaptn npeppemaef ceok cyps6y e nocnepykmeu eonnomennn. B 6paxuancknn
nepnop nonennefcn pennrnosno-qnnocoqckan nnfepafypa - Ynannmapt. B
Ynannmapax o6ocnoeteaefcn eepa e nepeeonnomenne n yuenne o eosuespnn
sa coeepmennoe.
Rocfenenno ppeennn 6paxuanckan pennrnn epfeonpnnomennn cfanoenfcn
feu nnpynsuou, kofoptn c nekofoptun nsuenennnun cymecfeyef n e namn
pnn. Ocnoey ofon pennrnn cocfaennef utcns o fou, ufo unp - ne cnyuannoe,
xaofnunoe couefanne eemen n nenennn, a ynopnpouennoe uenoe. Bceo6mnn n
eeuntn nopnpok, ypepneakmnn Bcenennyk, nasteaefcn pxapua. [xapua - ne
cnueon Eora, ona naxopnfcn e caunx eemax n nenennnx. Ona eonnomaef e
ce6e nekyk 6espasnnunyk sakonouepnocfs Bcenennon kak epnnoro uenoro. Fcnn
pencfene uenoeeka coofeefcfeyef pxapue, fo ono xopomee n eepef k nopnpky,
ecnn pencfene npofneopeunf nopnpky, ono nnoxoe n eepef no sakony kaput k
cfpapannnu e ofou n cnepykmnx nepepopennnx.
Te, kfo cnepyef pxapue, cfpeunfcn ne k qnsnuecknu nacnapennnu, a
nmyf eeunyk nsns, a6conkfnyk peansnocfs. Hx uens - pocfnus nnpeant -
oceo6opennn pymn of fenecnon o6onoukn n of nepepopennn. Coeokynnocfs
cpepcfe, c nouomsk kofoptx uono nocfnus peansnocfs n pocfnus oceo6ope-
nnn, - nora, pyxoenan npakfnka uonnfe, uepnfaunn, ptxafensntx ynpanennn,
nouorakmnx cocpepofounfs ece utcnn na Fpnnou, ofpemnfscn of qnsnueckoro
nnnksopnoro unpa. [ocfnus nnpeant - snaunf nosnafs Fpnnoe, cnnfscn c nnu
e cocfonnnn fpanca, okcfasa.
Fcnn e uenoeeky nepocfynen ofof ypoeens nosnannn n uepnfaunn, on ponen
npocfo cnepoeafs uopansntu n pnfyansntu npepnncannnu, cfporo co6nkpafs
nx. B fakou cnyuae on nosnaef Fpnnoe e enpe onpepenennoro 6ora, nso6paennoro
e xpaue, yuacfeyef e o6pnpax n npaspnnkax. Sfo foe nyfs nnpynsua.
31
O6pnpnocfs nnpynsua cfponfcn na konuenunn fpnuypfn - nnpyncfckon
fponut: Epaxuan - unea - Bnmny, paspennemnx uepy co6on ocnoente qynkunn
eepxoenoro 6ora - cosnpafensnyk, paspymnfensnyk, oxpannfensnyk. Kynsf
Epaxuana ne nueef onpepennkmero snauennn. Hnpyncft noknonnkfcn
npenuymecfeenno unee n Bnmny, e saencnuocfn of o6ekfa noknonennn onn
pennfcn na mneancfoe n enmnyncfoe. B kynsfe unet na nepeoe uecfo etmen
cosnpafensntn uouenf - kynsf nsnennon cnnt n uyckoro nauana. Ha n6y
unet - fpefnn rnas, eceenpnmnn n rneentn.
Bnmny - 6or 6nnsknn nkpnu, unrknn, oxpannkmnn. Fro ofnomennn c enon
Jakmun - onnuefeopenne nenon cauoofeepennon nk6en. Y Bnmny - 6eckoneu-
noe unoecfeo seuntx eonnomennn, aeafap. Han6onee nk6nute e Hnpnn -
Paua, repon ppeenero onoca "Pauannt", n Kpnmna, kofoptn e onoce
"Maxa6xapafe" etcfynaef kak o6mennpnnckoe 6oecfeo. Ocnoet nnpynsua
nsnoent e "Exaraeaprnfe", qnnocoqckou fpakfafe, kofoptn ne 6es ocnoeannn
nasteakf noetu saeefou nnpynsua.
Mnorouncnennte xpaut o6cnyneakf 6paxuant - peut nnpynsua.
Aefopnfef 6paxuana e Hnpnn 6ecnpekocnoeen. Hs nx uncna etxopnnn nan6onee
aefopnfefnte pennrnosnte yunfenn - rypy, o6yuakmne uyppocfn nnpynsua.
B nnpynsue coxpannnncs uarnueckne npneut, fanfpt, n cnonncn oco6tn
enp pennrnosnon npakfnkn - fanfpnsu. Ha ocnoee fanfp e nnpynsue eosnnknn
qopuynt - uanfpt - cenmennte saknnnannn, kofoptu npnnncteanacs eonme6nan
cnna. Cenmennte cnoea fnna "Ou" n uente cnoeocouefannn, uacfo 6eccensnte,
e nnpynsue npeepafnnncs e saknnnannn, c nouomsk kofoptx uono pocfnus
enaeuoro nnn eonfn e cocfonnne fpanca.
Cauo naseanne nnpynsu, o6epnnnemee ne nuekmne epnnon uepkoenon
oprannsaunn cekft, nanpaenennn, pasnnunte fonkoeannn pennrnosntx nonoe-
nnn, oneuenft nepeo6tfntx eepoeannn n ppyrne nponenennn pasnoo6pasnon
nnpnnckon pennrnosnon kynsfypt, nonennocs e vlll e., korpa e Hnpnn pacnpocfpa-
nnncn ncnau n nnpycaun ("xnnpy") cfann nasteafs fex, kfo ero ne npnnnn.
B nacfonmee epeun nnpynsu ncnoeepyef 83 % nacenennn Hnpnn, on
pacnpocfpanen fake e Henane, upn Janke, Eanrnapem n ppyrnx cfpanax, rpe
nponeakf etxoput ns Hnpnn.
S.1.2. xanusm
xanusm - ppyran pennrnn Hnpnn, ropaspo uenee pacnpocfpanennan.
Cospafeneu noeon eept cunfaefcn kmafpnn Bappxauana, nemnn e vl e. po
n.o. na feppnfopnn coepeuennoro nnpnnckoro mfafa Enxap. [annnsu eosnnk
euecfe c 6paxuannsuou na ocnoee fon e eepnueckon pennrnn, noofouy y
nnpynsua n pannnsua unoro o6mnx uepf.
[o 30 nef Bappxauana een nsns unpnnnna, no safeu, paspapne ece ceoe
nuymecfeo, ymen ns unpa n unorne ropt cfpancfeoean. epes 12 nef nopennnk
n ackef pocfnr "etcmero snannn" n cfan [nnon - "no6epnfeneu" (fnfyn,
npnceaneaeutn nan6onee nounfaeutu pennrnosntu yunfennu). Fme fpn
pecnfka nef [nna, on e Maxaenpa ("eennknn repon"), nponoeepoean noeyk
eepy, o6pafnn e nee unoecfeo yuennkoe n, nakoneu, pocfnr "koneunoro
oceo6opennn", nnpeant. [annt cunfakf, ufo Maxaenpa 6tn opnnu ns 24
eennknx yunfenen uenoeeuecfea, nepetn ns kofoptx nn eme e fe epeuena,
korpa nkpn ne yuenn unfafs, cunfafs, rofoenfs nnmy. Huenno nepetn eennknn
yunfens nayunn nx eceuy ofouy n sanonn ocnoet 6ypymen pennrnn, kofopyk
nponoeepoean Maxaenpa.
Opnako pennrnosnan pannckan nnfepafypa ofnocnfcn k nepnopy 6onee
nospneuy, ueu epeun nsnn nepetx eepoyunfenen. H nepete pafnpoeannte
ceepennn o pannax n nepetn eapnanf nncanoro kanona nonennncs e lll e. po
32
n.o. Caua e pennrnosno-qnnocoqckan cncfeua pannnsua cnonnacs e
cepepnne l ftcnuenefnn po n.o. B ofof nepnop e Hnpnn eosnnkna nofpe6nocfs
kpnfnueckoro ocutcnennn Bep n eepnueckon pennrnn (nnpyncfckne Ynannmapt
- cnepcfene foro e npouecca). Ha 6ase eosnnkmero kounnekca npen, peqopun-
poeaemnx pennrnosno-qnnocoqckoe copepanne eepnncko-6paxuannnckon
fpapnunn n cknapteanacs pennrnosnan cncfeua pannnsua.
Banenmne fekcft pannckoro kanona, eknkuakmero 45 counnennn,
npnnncteakfcn cauouy Maxaenpe. Opnako npn nontfke cospannn na ocnoee
fekcfoe, nsycfno nepepaeaemnxcn nocne ero cuepfn e neckonsknx nokonennnx,
eapnanfa nncanoro kanona nponsomen packon e pannckon o6mnne na pea
nanpaenennn. Sfof kanon nonyunn npnsnanne meefau6apoe ("opeftx e 6enoe").
Rocnepoeafenn ppyron opnenfaunn - pnrau6apoe ("opeftx npocfpancfeou") -
coxpannnn 6nsmyk npneepennocfs ncxopnouy pannnsuy. [nrau6apt
cunfakf, ufo ppeennn ncfnnntn kanon pannnsua yfpauen; onn nuekf co6cfeen-
nte cenmennte fekcft n ofpnuakf pnp nonoennn ns kanona meefau6apoe.
Opnako no ocnoentu eonpocau eepoyuennn coxpannefcn cornacne.
Cfepens eepoyuennn pannnsua, kak n nnpynsua, - konuenunn kaput n
nnpeant. Ocnoenon akuenf pannnsu penaef na cauocoeepmencfeoeannn pymn.
Eoroe e pannnsue nef. [annt noknonnkfcn ceonu nonyunqnuecknu
npopokau kak 6oecfeau. He npnsnaean cymecfeoeannn Eora-feopua, pannt
cunfakf pymy eeunon cy6cfanunen, a unp nsnauansntu. [yma nnpnenpa kak
uacfs o6men pymn uoef, coeepmencfeyncs, pocfnus oceo6opennn of sakona
kaput n eeunoro 6naencfea. Ho pocfnus nnpeant uoef nnms ackef, nonnocfsk
ofpemnemnncn of unpa, a ne unpnnnn. Roofouy e pannnsue orpounoe snauenne
npnpaefcn ackefnueckon npakfnke.
[annnsu ne snaef npofneonocfaenennn uafepnansnoro n pyxoenoro. [yma
npncyfcfeyef e kapou pacfennn, nk6on eemn. Ofckpa rnaentn e pannckon
ofnke npnnunn axnuct - nenanecennn epepa netu cymecfeau. Han6onee
peenocfnte pannt nskf fonsko npoueennyk eopy, ufo6t ne npornofnfs
cnyuanno uenkoe nacekouoe, xopnf c noenskon na pfy n nopuefakf nepep co6on
popory, ufo6t ne nacfynnfs na koro-nn6yps. [annt ne epnf pt6t n unca n
pae kny6nen, kopnen n nnopoe, copepamnx unoro ceunn.
[annnsu enpnf ocnoenyk ceok sapauy e paspa6ofke nopu n npepnncannn,
nouorakmnx uenoeeky pocfnus oceo6opennn, f.e. e nonckax "nyfn". Maxaenpa
onpepennn ofof nyfs kak cnepoeanne "fpeu pparouennocfnu": "coeepmennouy
eosspennk" (f.e. enpennk unpa e coofeefcfenn c yuenneu pannnsua),
"coeepmennouy snannk" (f.e. nosnannk yuennn o cymnocfn n pyme unpa),
"coeepmennouy noeepennk" (f.e. npeoponennk enannn n co6nkpennk
pennrnosntx npaenn").
Bce unent pannckon o6mnnt (n uonaxn, n unpnne, uorymne e nk6on
uouenf cfafs uonaxaun) npnnnuakf nnfs ocnoentx o6efoe: ne npnunnnfs epepa
neouy, ne kpacfs, ne npenk6opencfeoeafs, ne cfnafs, 6tfs nckpennnu n
6naropopntu.
[annnsu ne cospan co6cfeennon 6tfoeon o6pnpnocfn, n pannt npn6era-
kf e pnpe cnyuaee k ycnyrau 6paxuanoe. Kacfoeoe penenne e pannckon o6mnne
nrpaef ropaspo uensmyk pons, ueu y nnpyncfoe.
Bosnnknye e Enxape, pannnsu namen neuano npneepenuee na kre n
sanape Hnpnn, opnako, c nepetx eekoe noeon opt neno o6osnaunncn ynapok
pannckon o6mnnt. B nacfonmee epeun pannckan o6mnna cocfaennef uenee
1% nacenennn Hnpnn, xofn n nrpaef sauefnyk pons e okonounueckon nsnn
cfpant, fak kak pannt fpapnunonno akfneno sannuakfcn qnnancoeon n
npepnpnnnuafensckon penfensnocfsk.
33
S.1.S. Konqyuanc1eo
Konqyuanc1eo - ckopee ne pennrnn, a ofnko-qnnocoqckoe yuenne c
oneuenfaun pennrnn. Bosnnknye e Knfae, ono eomno e pennrnosntn kounnekc
ne fonsko Knfan, no n Kopen, Hnonnn n nekofoptx ppyrnx cfpan.
Ocnoeafens konqyunancfea - Kyn-ust (Konqyunn) nn e 551-479 rr. po
n.o. On 6tn xopomo snakou c nepeo6tfntun eepoeannnun knfanuee: kynsfou
yuepmnx npepkoe, kynsfou Seunn n nounfanneu eepxoenoro 6oecfea n
nerenpapnoro nepeonpepka uan-pn; n unoroe ns nnx sanucfeoean npn paspa6ofke
ceoero yuennn.
Kynsf uan-pn enocnepcfenn cfan accounnpoeafscn c He6ou kak etcmen
6oecfeennon 6esnnunon cnnon, sakonou n xpannfeneu Seunn n unpospannn.
lenefnueckan censs Knfan c He6ou no Konqyunk sakopnpoeana e cauou
naseannn cfpant -"Ropne6ecnan" n e fnfyne ee npaenfenn - "Ctn He6a",
coxpannemeucn po XX e.
Konqyunn - e knfanckon fpapnunn xpannfens uyppocfn "sonoforo eeka" -
nn e onoxy kpynntx counansno-nonnfnuecknx nofpncennn. Btcfynne npofne
uapnemero xaoca, qnnocoq etpennyn npek counansnon rapuonnn, onnpancn
na aefopnfef uyppeuoe n npaenfenen rny6okon ppeenocfn.
Hcfounnk konqyunancfea n ero cenmennan knnra - "Jynskn" ("Eecept n
cypennn") nanncana nocnepoeafennun Konqyunn n cunfaefcn sanncnun ero
6ecep c yuennkaun. B "Jynske" nsnoena konuenunn coeepmennoro uenoeeka -
uyppeua, neymero e rapuonnn c He6ou, pana nporpauua coeepmencfeoeannn
uenoeeka c uensk pocfnennn napa c Kocuocou. Enaropopntn uy - npean
npaecfeennocfn pnn ecero o6mecfea. Fuy npncyme uyecfeo rapuonnn n
oprannuecknn pap nfs e npnpopnou pnfue. Myppeu pencfeyef npnpopo-
coo6pasno, fak kak nosnan "sonofyk cepepnny", nopnpok e uyecfeax, utcnnx n
pencfennx. Hasnauenne uyppeua - ynopnpouneafs counyu n oxpannfs ece neoe,
eocnnfteafs napop e pyxe yeaennn cymecfeykmnx nopnpkoe, e pyxe
co6nkpennn sakona ("ens"), nncnocnannoro He6ou. [nn yceoennn oforo sakona
uenoeek ponen co6nkpafs "nn" - noput o6mecfeennoro noeepennn, fpapnun-
onnte o6pnpt, uepeuonnn, nocfynafs cornacno ceoeuy o6mecfeennouy nonoe-
nnk - ctna, ofua, noppannoro, ppyra, 6pafa, uya. Mecfo e counyue kak npone-
nenne sakona He6a eepneeno onpepennef nsns npaeepnoro konqyunanua.
Bocnnftean ofn kauecfea, uyppeut etcfpaneann nepapxnk e o6mecfee.
B konfekcfe konqyunanckon ofnkn nonoenne nnecfonmero nnkorpa ne
eocnpnnnuanocs kak ynnsnfensnoe: npepnonaranocs, ufo e ofeef na nocnymanne,
cunpenne on nonyunf ofknnk, ero ypoenefeopnkmnn. Rpno6menne kaporo k
co6nkpennk uept o6ecneuneano coxpanenne e o6mecfee uopansntx uennoc-
fen. Ycfonuneocfs knfanckoro counyua n rocypapcfea, nnfaemancn nsnecno-
co6nocfsk knfanckon kynsfypt, eo unorou 6tna o6nsana pnfyany.
C npeepamenneu konqyunancfea e pennrnk Konqyunn 6tn o6oecfenen.
Konqyunancfeo ofnnuaefcn of unornx pennrnn ofcyfcfeneu peuecfea, uncfn-
uecknx oneuenfoe n ceopnfcn k cfporouy etnonnennk o6pnpoe n npepnncannn.
Ocnoenoe copepanne kynsfa konqyunancfea - nounfanne npepkoe: kapan
ceusn, pop nuekf ceon xpau, rpe pasuement cnueonnsnpykmne npepkoe
fa6nnukn, nepep kofoptun coeepmakfcn epfeonpnnomennn.
Hpen Konqyunn no-ceoeuy nepeunfteanncs kaptu noetu nokonenneu.
Tak, Mon-ust (372-289 po n.o.) sanoeo ocutcnnn nan6onee eantn fesnc yunfenn
o cymnocfn po6popefensnoro npaenennn. On enpen pocfnenne uenoeekou
rapuonnn c He6ou e pocfnennn rapuonnn e rocypapcfee uepy npaenfeneu n
noppanntun.
Ha py6ee noeon opt e konqyunancfee o6napyneakfcn noete fenpenunn:
k pnfyany npn6aennefcn nncfnfyf sakona; pnfyan uono npnuennfs no ofnome-
34
nnk k npoceemenntu eepxau o6mecfea, napopou e nyno ynpaennfs c
nouomsk sakona n nakasannn.
Bo ll e. po n.o. konqyunaneu [yn ynmy npnpan konqyunancfey xapakfep
rocypapcfeennon npeonornn. On ceen fpapnunonnoe yuenne o peyx nauanax
unpospannn - "nns" (enckoe nauano, accounnpoeaemeecn c Jynon, feunoe n
cna6oe) n "nn" (cnnsnoe, conneunoe, uyckoe, akfnenoe nauano), cnonemeecn
eme po konqyunancfea n saqnkcnpoeannoe e "Knnre nepeuen" - nnfn nepeoone-
uenfax (eopa, uefann, pepeeo, nouea, orons) cocfaennkmnx ece cymee, e epnnyk
cncfeuy. Sfa cncfeua feneps oxeafteana eecs ynneepcyu n paeana
kocuonornueckyk nnfepnpefaunk konqyunanckon konuenunn o6mecfeennoro
ycfponcfea.
B Cpepnne eeka e Knfae konqyunancfeo nepeneaef uopnqnkaunk e
censn c pacnpocfpanenneu 6yppnsua. Etna cocfaenena noean pepakunn
kanonnuecknx fekcfoe, nepefonkoeant ppeenne knaccnkn. Sfo penenne
nonyunno naseanne "neokonqyunancfea" nnn "uycnancfea" no nuenn
qnnocoqa y Cn (1133-1200 rr.).
Kynsf o6oecfenennoro neckonsko panee Konqyunn noenek sa co6on ece
6onsmee o6oecfenenne nunepafopa. Ctn He6a cunfaefcn etcmnu peuou n
coeepmencfeou nnms nofouy, ufo eenuaef counansnyk nnpaunpy o6mecfea.
Bonn nunepafopa eoseopnfcn e nenpenontn sakon.
Rocne 1949 r. n eo epeun "kynsfypnon peeonkunn" yuenne Konqyunn 6tno
nonnocfsk of6pomeno. Opnako n nacfonmee epeun fpapnunonnte noput n
nncfnfyft mnpoko pacnpocfpanent e Knfae, na Taneane n cpepn ofnnuecknx
knfanuee. Popcfeennnkn Konqyunn e 67-u nokonennn nonssykfcn 6onsmnu
yeaenneu.
S.1.4. aocusm
aocusm - eme opna knfanckan pennrnn, founee, pennrnosno-qnnocoqckoe
yuenne. [aocnsu eosnnk e lv - lll ee. po n.o. na ocnoee fpapnunonntx eepoeannn:
eceo6mero npnnunna - nns n nn, yuennn o nnfn nepeooneuenfax n rapuonnn
ecero cymero.
[aocnsu e kauecfee knaccnueckoro kanonnueckoro counnennn ncnonssoean
fpakfaf Jao-ust (ppeen. nase. "[ao po usnn"). lnaenan kaferopnn paocnsua -
ao - cymnocfs n nepeonpnunna unpa, ncfounnk ero unoroo6pasnn, "uafs ecex
eemen", 6esnnuntn sakon npnpopt. Bce cymee nponsomno of [ao, ufo6t safeu,
coeepmne kpyroo6opof, onnfs e nero eepnyfscn. [ao - ne fonsko nepeonpnunna,
no n koneunan uens n saeepmenne 6tfnn. Sfo fake "ecfecfeenntn nyfs", no
kofopouy ponen cnepoeafs okpyakmnn unp n ece nkpn, ofo rapuonnn nns n
nn n nnfn nepeooneuenfoe. Rocfnenne [ao nepocfynno pnn opranoe uyecfe.
[ao nosnaefcn fonsko e cosepuannn, o6tunou sannfnn ofmensnnka-paoca. [ao
fake nponennefcn e po (po6popefenn) n pnfyane. Sapaua nopennnka - nosnafs
[ao, ecfafs na nyfs ecfecfeennocfn, nop kofopon nueefcn e enpy rapuonnn
unpa: cnnnnne uenoeeka c npnpopon.
[pyrnu eantu nonnfneu paocnsua etcfynaef nepennne - ofpnuanne
uenenanpaenennon penfensnocfn, npymen epaspes c ecfecfeenntu unponopnp-
kou. Cnepyn npnnunny nepennnn uypptn npaenfens ynopnpouneaef Ropne6ec-
nyk, ynpaennef rocypapcfeou, npepofepamaef cuyfy.
Opnn ns ocnoeafenen paocnsua yan-ust (ok.369-286 po n.o.) nanncan
fpakfaf, nanpaenenntn npofne yuennn Konqyunn. Ro "yan-ust", nsns n
cuepfs nnms cfynenn eceo6men uefauopqost, enoeek-unkpokocu, kak n
ynneepcyu-uakpokocu, eeuen: co cuepfsk ero qnsnueckoro fena pyx
pacfeopnefcn e unpoeon nneeue.
Eeccuepfne pocfnraefcn nyfeu cnnnnnn c [ao kak ncfounnkou nsnn c
35
nouomsk pennrnosnoro cosepuannn, ptxafensntx n rnunacfnuecknx ynpane-
nnn, cekcyansnon rnrnent, anxnunn, uarnn.
B paocnsue ecfecfeennte npouecct nonyuakf uncfnueckoe ncfonkoeanne,
cknapteaefcn 6oecfeenntn nanfeon, eosrnaenneutn fponuen - uan-pn
(Hmuoetn enaptka), Jao-ust n feopuou unpa Rans ly. Pennrnosnan oprannsaunn
cfponfcn no nepapxnueckouy npnnunny. Banyk pons e nen nrpakf peut n
uonaxn. B nauane v e. oqopunnkfcn eepoyuenne n pnfyan paocnsua. [aocnsu
cfanoenfcn rocypapcfeennon pennrnen. Opnako e ero neppax eosnnkaef uno-
ecfeo cekf, ofnnuakmnxcn cauocfonfensnon nnfepnpefaunen feonornuecknx
npo6neu, poruafnkn, pnfyanoe, pasnnuntun esrnnpaun na o6nsannocfn
eepykmnx. Cpepn nocnepoeafenen paocnsua 6tnn cypoete ackeft, a napnpy c
nnun - nkpn, eoece ne cunfaemne ofkas of nsnenntx 6nar ycnoeneu pocfnennn
etcmero 6naencfea.
[aocnsu eomen cocfaenon uacfsk e knfancknn kounnekc "fpex yuennn"
napnpy c konqyunancfeou n 6yppnsuou; pnn nero xapakfepno couefanne oneuen-
foe ecex ofnx pennrnosntx cncfeu, 6tfoetx cyeeepnn, ppyrnx uncfnuecknx
npepcfaenennn.
Ofmensnnkn-paoct eepyf yepnnenntn o6pas nsnn na npnpope, cfpeuncs
cnnfscn c nek e rapuonnn. [ocfnennk 6eccuepfnn npepmecfeyef pocfnenne
ponronefnn: npaennsnoe "nnfanne pyxa" n "nnfanne fena". Rnfanne pyxa, f.e.
snanne n po6popefenn yunfteakf pyxn na ne6e, kofopte cnepnf sa co6nkpenneu
sanoeepen, ponra n, ncxopn ns oforo, onpepennkf cpok nsnn uenoeeka. Rnfanne
fena - co6nkpenne cfpoanmen pneft (npeansno pnn paoccknx uyppeuoe -
nnfafscn co6cfeennon cnknon n eptxafs oqnp poct) n ptxafensnan rnunacfnka.
[aocnsu, etnpn ns napopntx eepoeannn, oco6enno e cpepnne eeka 6tn
nepaspteno censan co eceun acnekfaun 6tfa n kynsfypt knfanuee. [aoct
eepnnn e uapcfeo peuonoe, rpe uyunnncs pymn rpemnnkoe, n nacenennte
6oecfeaun ne6eca, yrofoeannte pnn npaeepnnkoe. B cpepnne eeka yuenne o
6eccuepfnn o6epnynocs kynsfou unoropefnocfn, 6orafcfea. Ranfeon paocnsua
eknkunn e nepapxnk 6oecfe nerenpapntx npaenfenen, unqnuecknx repoee n
uyppeuoe, pasnnuntx ncfopnuecknx penfenen. Han6onsmen nonynnpnocfsk
nonssoeanacs eocsuepka uyppeuoe, napenenntx uepfaun nkpen n eonme6nnkoe.
[aocnsu okasan cnnsnoe ennnnne na kynsfypy, na fpapnunonnte qoput
snannn. Sannfnn anxnunen cnoco6cfeoeann nakonnennk 6oraforo uafepnana e
o6nacfn xnunn, uepnunnt - nrnofepannn, qapuakonornn. [aocckne counnennn
coxpannnn peuenft fpaeoneuennn, onncanne ceoncfe uefannoe n unnepanoe.
B name epeun paocnsu nonynnpen e Knfae, na Taneane n cpepn knfancknx
ounrpanfoe. Akfneno pencfeykmne xpaut 6oecfe knfanckoro nanfeona
o6cnyneakf mauant-uepnyut, roueonaft, xnpouanft, qnsnornouncft.
[aocckne xpaut, uonacftpn n cenfte uecfa nocemakf cofnn ftcnu eepykmnx.
S.1.S. Cun1ousm
Cun1ousm - nonnfencfnueckan pennrnosnan cncfeua Hnonnn. Tepunn
"cnnfo" (nyfs 6oroe) nonenncn e cpepneeekoese. Mnqonornueckan fpapnunn,
copepamancn e nepetx nnoncknx nncsuenntx naunfnnkax, ofpasnna cnontn
nyfs qopunpoeannn cncfeut cnnfoncfcknx kynsfoe, e kofopyk eomnn 6oecfea
nneuen, npnmepmnx na nnonckyk seunk, n a6opnrennoro nacenennn.
Mecfnte 6orn 6tnn nofecnent, eepxoentu 6oecfeou cfana conneunan
6ornnn Auafopacy, cospaeman nnonckne ocfpoea n ofnpaeneman na seunk ceoero
uya Hnnnrn, nononemero nauano 6oecfeennon nunepafopckon pnnacfnn.
Repeocfenennoe snauenne pnn ppeenero nnonua nuenn popoete 6oecfea
- "ypsnraun". B qynkunn ypsnraun exopnno oxpanenne popa, nokpoenfenscfeo
nsnn n pasnoo6pasnon penfensnocfn ero unenoe. Rounuo popoetx 6oecfe
36
6onsmoe snauenne nuenn 6oecfea - noeennfenn npnpopntx cfnxnn:
seunefpncennn, yparanoe, popn n cnera, a fake unorouncnennte nanpmaqfnte
6oecfea, kofoptun nnoneu nacennn eecs okpyakmnn unp. Jk6an ropa, xonu,
nec, peka, eoponap nuenn ceoero kaun - 6ora-oxpannfenn, cnna pencfenn
kofoporo pacnpocfpannnacs nuenno na ofof panon.
B kynsfe 6ornnn Auafopacy fpn 6oecfeennte perannn - sepkano, ueu n
nmuoete nopeeckn. Cornacno unqonornueckon fpapnunn 6ornnn Connua
nepepana nx 6ory Hnnnrn, ofnpaennn ero na seunk c nacfaenenneu - ocenmafs
nun eecs unp n npaenfs nu. Bosnnkna fake npncnoco6nennan k nsnennon
npakfnke fpakfoeka pennrnn, kak cnueonoe eanenmnx po6popefenen: sepkano
- cnueon uecfnocfn, nmuoete nopeeckn - cocfpapannn, ueu - uyppocfn.
Hanetcmee eonnomenne ofnx kauecfe npnnncteanocs nnunocfn nunepafopa.
lnaentu cnnfoncfcknu xpauoetu kounnekcou cfano cenfnnnme e Hco - Hco
psnnry (ocnoeano e konue vll e.). Sfo cenfnnnme Auafopacy, rpe ofnpaennefcn
ee kynsf kak eepxoenoro 6oecfea n 6oecfea-npapopnfenn nunepafopckoro
poua, a uepes nero n ecex nnonuee.
Cnnfonsu cknapteancn e panneqeopansnyk onoxy (vl-vll ee.). Sfof npouecc
coenan c ykopenenneu na nnonckon nouee 6yppnsua, n nocne nepnopa
conepnnuecfea pyxoeencfeo o6enx pennrnn etpa6ofano npnnunn unpnoro
cocymecfeoeannn, fak nasteaeutn pe6y-cnnfo - "nyfs 6yppnsua n cnnfo", no
kofopouy 6orn cnnfonsua npnsnakfcn eonnomennnun (e nepepopennnx)
pasnnuntx nepconaen 6yppnsua. B nacfonmee epeun 6onee nonoennt nacene-
nnn Hnonnn qopuansno ncnoeepyef o6e pennrnn, ofnpaennn o6pnpt nsnennoro
unkna (6narocnoeenne noeopopenntx, 6pak) e cnnfoncfcknx xpauax, a
noxoponno-nounnansnte o6pnpt - e 6yppnncknx. B cepepnne XlX e. cnnfonsu
cfanoenfcn rocypapcfeenntu kynsfou. On cocfonf ns cnepykmnx cnoee:
pnnacfnnntn cnnfonsu, kynsf kofoporo ofnpaennefcn e nunepafopckon ceuse;
fennonsu, o6oecfennkmnn nunepafopa; xpauoetn cnnfonsu c kynsfou
uecfntx n o6mennoncknx 6oroe; pouamnnn cnnfonsu c kynsfou ne eomepmnx e
rocypapcfeennyk cncfeuy nokansntx 6oecfe n pyxoe, ofnpaennkmnncn y
npnpopntx o6ekfoe. C 1946 r. cnnfonsu ofpenen of rocypapcfea, xpauoetn
cnnfonsu oprannsaunonno pasppo6nen uepy xpauaun n nx accounaunnun.
Y ecex naunonansntx pennrnn [ansnero Bocfoka unoro o6mnx uepf, npepe
ecero - ofo pennrnn nonnfencfnueckne, ne nounfakmne epnnoro Eora-feopua.
B ofou ofnomennn k nnu npnutkaef opna ns fpex unpoetx pennrnn - 6yppnsu.
[ee ppyrne unpoete pennrnn cfporo uonofencfnunt n nuekf ceonu ncfokou
epnncfeennyk uonofencfnueckyk pennrnk [peenero unpa - pennrnk ppeennx
eepeee, kofopan enocnepcfenn pasennacs e pennrnosnyk cncfeuy nypansua.
S.2. Hypausm
Tepunn uypausm", o6osnauakmnn uonofencfnueckyk pennrnk ppeennx n
coepeuenntx eepeee, nponcxopnf of naseannn eepenckoro nneuennoro
o6epnnennn Hypt, cunfaemerocn no 6n6nenckouy noeecfeoeannk cautu
unorouncnenntu ns 12 eepencknx konen. Btxopueu ns popa Hypt 6tn uaps
[aenp (koneu Xl e. - ok. 977 r. po n.o.), npn kofopou Hspannscko-Hypenckoe
uapcfeo e konue Xl e. po n.o. pocfnrno nanetcmero uorymecfea. Sfo o6cfon-
fenscfeo nopuepknyno npnennernpoeannoe nonoenne nypenckoro popa e
ppeeneeepenckou rocypapcfee, a fake fof qakf, ufo fepunn "nypen" cfan
ncnonssoeafscn kak okeneanenfntn cnoey "eepen". B yskou cutcne nop nypansuou
noppasyueeaefcn pennrnn, eosnnkman na py6ee ll - l ftcnuenefnn po n.o. cpepn
eepencknx nneuen; e 6onee mnpokou cutcne nypansu - ofo kounnekc npaeoetx,
uopansno-ofnuecknx, qnnocoqcknx n, koneuno, pennrnosntx npepcfaenennn,
onpepennkmnn na npofnennn eof ye ueftpex ftcnuenefnn yknap nsnn eepeee.
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Hypansu eosnnk eo ll ftcnuenefnn po n.o. na ocnoee nonnfnuecknx
eepoeannn n o6pnpoe koueetx eepencknx nneuen Ceeepnon Apaenn, a nocne
saeoeeannn nun e Xlll e. po n.o. Ranecfnnt ennfan e ce6n pennrnosnte
npepcfaenennn uecfntx seunepensuecknx napopoe. Kynsf Hxee, Eora nneuenn
Hypt, kofoptn nounfancn kak Fpnntn nnuntn Eor, npeepafnncn e
o6merocypapcfeenntn kynsf.
Ye na pannen cfapnn pasenfnn cfpykfypa nypansua npnnnna pocfafouno
paseefenenntn xapakfep n eknkunna e ce6n no uensmen uepe ceus ocnoentx
oneuenfoe: 1) yuenne o Eore, cymnocfn Bcenennon n uenoeeke; 2) konuenunk
6orons6pannocfn napopa Hspannn (Hspanns - nun, kofopoe, no npepannk, nonyunn
opnn ns nafpnapxoe ppeennx eepeee - Hakoe - of Eora e snak 6orons6pannocfn);
3) Cenmennoe Rncanne; 4) Ceop pennrnosntx sakonoe; 5) nopnpok pennrnosnoro
pnfyana; 6) cncfeuy pennrnosntx nncfnfyfoe; 7) kopekc uopansno-npaecfeenntx
ofnomennn.
Cenmennoe Rncanne (cenmennan knnra) nypansua nseecfno e ppeeneee-
penckon a66peenafype kak Tanax; e nero exopnf; Topa (Yuenne), nnn Rnfnknnne,
aefopcfeo kofoporo npnnncteaefcn ocnoeafenk nypansua - npopoxy (npopok -
uenoeek, poeopnmnn po ceepennn ceoero napopa etcmyk ncfnny) Moucem; Haennu
(Rpopokn) - 21 knnra pennrnosno-nonnfnueckoro n ncfopnko-xpononornueckoro
xapakfepa; Kofyenu (Rncannn) - 13 knnr pasnoo6pasnoro pennrnosnoro anpa. Cauan
ppeennn uacfs Tanaxa pafnpyefcn X e. po n.o. Pa6ofa no cocfaenennk
kanonnsnpoeannoro eapnanfa Tanaxa 6tna saeepmena e lll-ll ee. po n.o. Torpa e
saeepmnncn ppeennn nepnop ncfopnn nypansua. Bfopon nepnop nypansua pnnncn
po nauana XlX e. n uoef 6tfs onpepenen kak paeenncko-fanuypnuecknn. B ofof
nepnop paeennaun (sakonoyunfennun) na ocnoee fonkoeannn Topt npnuennfensno
k noetu ycnoennu nsnn eepeee e cpepneeekoeou unpe 6tno saeepmeno
cocfaenenne efoporo nocne Tanaxa (xpncfnanckon En6nnn) no snauennk ncfounnka
nypenckoro eepoyuennn n cenmennon knnrn - Tanmypa (lll-v ee. n.o.). Cnepykmnn
ofan pasenfnn nypansua - of nauana XlX e. po namnx pnen.
Uenfpansnan pokfpnna nypansua - eepa e Fpnnoro nnunoro Eora, kofoptn
6eccuepfen, eeuen, eceuorym, eespecym, 6esrpannuen n nennefcn feopuou
ecero cymero. enoeek cornacno nypansuy cospan no o6pasy n nopo6nk Eora,
ero pyma kak nopo6ne eeunoro Eora 6eccuepfna. Bepykmnn ponen noppepn-
eafs censs c Eorou uepes uonnfey, a Eosn eonn ofkpteaefcn uenoeeky uepes
Tanax.
Cornacno Tanaxy Eor nocnepoeafensno ofkptean ce6n eepenckouy napopy
(nafpnapxau), kofoptn cfan nocnfeneu ncfnnt, 6orons6panntu napopou (eeps
korpa npoune napopt noknonnnncs unoecfey 6oroe, eepencknn napop
noknonnncn epnnouy ncfnnnouy Eory).
enoeek, cospanntn Eorou, naxopnncn e pak, rpe ne snan cuepfn,
cfpapannn, nepocfafkoe, a fonsko cosepuan Eora. Ofnae of Eora ns-sa et6opa
ceoen ceo6opnon eonn, f.e. coeepmne rpex, napymenne 6oecfeennon eonn,
uenoeek o6pek cau ce6n na 6eckoneunte cfpapannn qnsnueckoro unpa. Boccfa-
noenfs yfpauenntn pan npnsean ueccnn, uncfnueckan qnrypa, nouasannnk
Eonn, kofoptn npnpef k eepntu Eory, ufo6t ycfanoenfs cnpaeepnnetn n
yropntn Eory nopnpok. Konuenunn ueccnn 6nnska konuenunn C1pamnoro cypa,
f.e. nocnepnero Eosero cypa nepep ycfanoenenneu noeoro yropnoro Eory
nopnpka na seune pnn npaeepntx n nakasanneu pnn rpemnnkoe.
[peeneeepenckne nafpnapxn - Aepaau, Hcaak, Hakoe, kofoptu Eor ofkptn
ncfnny o ce6e, 6oponncs c nonnfensuou, cfpeuncs o6pafnfs napop ceoero
popa e ncfnnnyk eepy. Rneuennon coks (saeef) c Eorou namen ceoe etpaenne
e pecnfn sanoeepnx, papoeanntx cornacno Tanaxy, npopoky Moncek na
Cnnanckon rope. "[ecnfs Sanoeepen" o6nsteann eepeee co6nkpafs eecsua
npocfte n poxopunete npaeoete n uopansno-ofnueckne noput (pa ne 6ypef y
38
fe6n ppyrnx Eoroe, ne y6nean, ne kpapn, ne npenk6opencfeyn, nounfan ofua n
uafs n pp.).
Repeonauansno Hxee ne nuen xpauoe, pnn nero eoseopnncn mafep (cknnnn),
rpe pasuemancn Koeuer saeefa, cnueonnsnpoeaemnn seunoe uecfonaxopenne
Eora. Jnms c o6pasoeanneu uenfpannsoeannoro Hypenckoro rocypapcfea npn
uape [aenpe e 1004 r. po n.o. Koeuer saeefa 6tn nepenecen e Hepycannu, a e
945 r. po n.o. ctnou [aenpa uapeu Conouonou 6tn eoseepen xpau e uecfs
Hxee. Xpau o6cnyneancn cocnoeneu cenmennnkoe n nx nouomnnkoe.
Rocne saxeafa Hypen eonckaun Haeyxoponocopa e 586 r. po n.o.
naunnaefcn pacceneanne eepeee no ppyrnu cfpanau, rpe eosnnkakf eepenckne
kononnn, pnacnopa. Paspymenntn xpau enocnepcfenn 6tn eoccfanoenen, no e
70 r. n.o. paspymen enoes. C fex nop eepen ne nuekf xpaua, coeepman
ofnpaenenne kynsfa e unorouncnenntx uonnfeenntx pouax-cnnarorax, kofopte
o6cnyneakf cenmennocnynfenn-paeennt.
K v e. n.o. paeennt saeepmnnn pa6ofy nap Tanuypou. B Tanuype namnn
ofpaenne noete pennrnosnte npen: eepa e sarpo6ntn unp, nocuepfnoe
eospannne, eockpecenne uepfetx. Tanuyp sakpennn cncfeuy pennrnosnon
o6pnpnocfn, kofopan censteaef noeepenne eepykmero 613 npepnncannnun. B
ofof nepnop cknapteaefcn fa qopua nypansua, kofopan cunfaefcn fpapnunon-
non, opfopokcansnon. Bckope nonennefcn uopepnncfckoe nanpaenenne
nypansua, cfpeunmeecn npncnoco6nfs nypansu k konkpefno-ncfopnuecknu
ycnoennu. B Xll-Xlll ee. pacnpocfpannefcn cncfeua pennrnosno-qnnocoqcknx
esrnnpoe Ka66ant (npepannn), kofopan ofuacfn nopopnna uncfnueckoe feuenne
e nypansue - xacnpnsu, eosnnkmee e Xvlll e.
Tpefnn nepnop pasenfnn nypansua, coepeuenntn, xapakfepnsyefcn
nonenenneu peqopuafopckoro nypansua, of6pocnemnu unorne o6pnpoete
npepnncannn. C nauana XX e. npno6pefaef ennnnne cnonnsu - nonnfnsnpoeanntn
nypansu. B ocnoee cnonnsua nenf npen eospopennn eepenckoro rocypapcfea
(eckope ono 6tno o6pasoeano) n cocpepofouennn ecex paccennntx no unpy
eepeee na seune Eora - e Hspanne.
B nacfonmee epeun nypansu pacnpocfpanen cpepn eepeee pnacnopt n
rpapan Hspannn. Xofn nypansu e Hspanne oqnunansno ne npnsnan rocypapcf-
eennon pennrnen, ero nncfnfyft qnnancnpykfcn ns rocypapcfeennoro 6kpefa.
Bepxoentn paeennaf ne fonsko konfponnpyef pennrnosnte yupepennn, no n
akfneno efopraefcn e ceefckne o6nacfn. B pecnfn ropopax cfpant pencfeykf
24 paeennafcknx cypa.
S. MHPOBBE PERHlHH
Mupoeme penuruu - ofo nan6onee pacnpocfpanennte pennrnn, nocnepo-
eafenn kofoptx npnnapneaf k pasntu naunonansnocfnu, nennkfcn rpapanaun
unornx rocypapcfe. Sfof fepunn npnuennefcn no ofnomennk k xpncfnancfey,
ncnauy, 6yppnsuy. Mnpoetu pennrnnu ceoncfeenna nponaranpncfckan
akfnenocfs, nx nponoeeps nocnf ueofnnuecknn n kocuononnfnuecknn xapakfep,
xofn e konkpefno-ncfopnuecknx ycnoennx pasnnunte nanpaenennn unpoetx
pennrnn npno6penn ofnnueckyk okpacky.
S.1. Xpuc1uanc1eo. Ero eosnuxnoeenue u paseu1ue
Xpuc1uanc1eo eosnnkno e Ranecfnne e l e. n.o. nepeonauansno kak pennrnn
nfenen pnuckon npoennunn, onpaemnx ckoporo npnxopa ueccnn n konua ceefa.
Sfn nacfpoennn, e uacfnocfn, 6tnn pacnpocfpanent e nypenckon o6mnne ecceee
n cpepn npounx nypeee. Bosnnknoeenne xpncfnancfea nenocpepcfeenno censano
c yunfensckon n nponoeepnnueckon penfensnocfsk Hncyca ns Hasapefa - Hucyca
39
Xpuc1a ("Xpncfoc" - rpeu. nepeeop ppeeneeepenckoro "uamnax", ueccnn,
nouasannnk). Fro yuennkoe n nocnepoeafenen cfann nasteafs xpncfnanaun.
Coeokynnocfs eepoyunfensntx fekcfoe xpncfnancfea - ofo Rncanne
(cenmennte knnrn) n Rpepanne (aefopnfefnte knnrn). Rncanne - ofo En6nnn
(rpeu. - knnrn). Bunun pennfcn na Be1xu 8aee1 n Hoem 8aee1. Bcero c
nekanonnuecknun knnraun Befxoro Saeefa En6nnn nacunfteaef 77 knnr. Befxnn
Saeef - ofo eepencknn Tanax, kofoptn xpncfnanckne eepoyunfenn eknkunnn e
Cenmennoe Rncanne kak ncfounnk, packpteakmnn n o6ocnoeteakmnn
uonofensu. Befxnu Saeefou kak saeefou Eora c eepencknu napopou on cfan
nasteafscn e npofneonononocfs Hoeouy Saeefy, saknkuennouy Eorou c
napopaun unpa uepes Hncyca Xpncfa. Hoetn Saeef cocfonf ns 27 knnr: 4
Feanrennn (eeanrenne - rpeu. - 6naran eecfs), cenpefenscfeykmnx o unccnn
Hncyca Xpncfa n nanncanntx, no npepannk, ero yuennkaun - anocfonaun, [ennnn
anocfonoe, 21 Rocnannn, Ofkpoeennn Hoanna (Anokannncnc).
Hs Feanrennn cnepyef, ufo Hncyc Xpncfoc 6tn Ctnou Eosnu, popnncn
of peecfeennnut Mapnn, o6pyuennon c nnofnnkou Hocnqou. Mapnn sauana
uypecntu o6pasou of [yxa Cenforo. Hocnq n Mapnn 6eann e Frnnef of npecne-
poeannn uapn Hpopa; safeu onn eepnynncs e lannnek. Hncyc Xpncfoc 6tn
kpemen Hoannou Kpecfnfeneu. Cornacno En6nnn nocne kpemennn "Hncyc 6tn
eoseepen [yxou e nycftnk pnn nckymennn of pnaeona". Btpepae ece ncntfa-
nnn, Hncyc nauan cee cnyenne. Rponoeepyn ceoe yuenne, Xpncfoc npnsean
nepetx yuennkoe, feopnn uypeca. On co6pan eokpyr ce6n 12 yuennkoe -
anocfonoe. Hncyc o6nnuan qapnceee |qapncen - npepcfaenfenn o6mecfeenno-
pennrnosnoro feuennn e Hypee eo ll e. po n.o. - l e. n.o. B eeanrennnx qapncen
naseant nnueuepaun. Ofckpa nepenocnoe snauenne cnoea - nnueuep, xana].
B Hepycannue on 6tn etpan opnnu ns ceonx yuennkoe - Hypon - sa 30 cpe6pen-
nnkoe enacfnu. Hypencknn cyp, o6ennne ero e fou, ufo on npoeosrnaman ce6n
uapeu Hypencknu, npnroeopnn ero k cuepfnon kasnn. Pnucknn nauecfnnk
Ronfnn Rnnaf yfeeppnn ofof npnroeop, n Hncyc Xpncfoc 6tn pacnnf na kpecfe,
a safeu noxoponen. Ro cenpefenscfeau oueenpuee, na fpefnn pens on eockpec
n nenncn ceonu yuennkau, kofopte c fex nop caun nauann nponoeepnnueckyk
penfensnocfs, c feu ufo6t o6pafnfs e xpncfnancfeo kak uono 6onsme napopoe.
Xpncfnane eepnf, ufo nacfynnf pens efoporo npnmecfenn Hncyca Xpncfa n
Cfpamntn cyp, na kofopou npaeepnnkn - ncfnnnte xpncfnane - 6ypyf ofpenent
of rpemnnkoe. Rocnepnnu cypeno eeuno ropefs e apy.
S.2. Ocnoem eepoyuenun. Xpuc1uancxu xynu1.
Mopanuno-o1uuecxue nopmm xpuc1uanc1ea
Cnauana nocnepoeafenen Hncyca Xpncfa 6tno cpaennfensno neunoro, n
onn ne 6tnn oprannsoeant. Pannne xpncfnanckne o6mnnt eme ne snann
poruafnkn n kynsfa nospnenmero xpncfnancfea. O6mnnt ne nuenn cneunansntx
uecf pnn npoeepennn 6orocnyennn, ne snann fanncfe. O6mnu pnn ecex o6mnn
ye forpa 6tno: eepa e unccnk Hncyca Xpncfa, e fo, ufo ero po6poeonsnan
nckynnfensnan epfea - cuepfs na kpecfe - ofuennna rpex nepeouenoeeka Apaua
n, feu cautu, ofkptna nepep uenoeeuecfeou n kaptu uenoeekou eosuonocfs
cnacennn n eockpecennn nocne Cfpamnoro cypa pnn nsnn eeunon.
Hpen nepeopopnoro rpexa (ofnapennn nkpen of Eora) - nypenckan npen -
cfanoenfcn rnaenon n e xpncfnancfee. Ho specs ona pononnnefcn npeen
6orouenoeeka-Cnacnfenn, kofoptn nckynnn rpexn uenoeeuecfea n cnac ero,
f.e. yuenneu o fou, ufo Meccnn ye npnmen (forpa kak nypen npoponakf
pafs ero). Xpncfnancfeo yunno enpefs e nkpnx ne 6oraftx n 6epntx, ceo6opntx
n pa6oe, onnnnoe n nypeee, a fonsko eepykmnx n neeepykmnx. Ono o6nenno
nopokaun 6orafcfeo, cnny, apnocfs, nycfyk o6pasoeannocfs, roppocfs, a
40
po6popefennun - 6epnocfs, cunpenne, nk6oes k 6nnneuy. Xpncfnane eepnnn,
ufo cnpaeepnneocfs, nepocnraeuan na ofou ceefe, eocfopecfeyef e Uapcfenn
He6ecnou, kofopoe eoseecfnn Ctn Eora, Cnacnfens - Xpncfoc. Yeepoeaemne
eo Xpncfa nkpn ofkasteanncs of ceoero nuymecfea, cfpeunnncs eecfn
npaeepnyk nsns, coeuecfno fpypncs n npepaeancs 6narouecfnetu sannfnnu.
[onroe epeun cymecfeoeann pasposnennte xpncfnanckne o6mnnt, e
kofoptx etpennnncs nponoeepnnkn, ne nueemne ponnocfnoro nonoennn.
Safeu nonennkfcn ponnocfn psnkona, eepakmero fekymnun penaun o6mnnt,
ennckona - saeepykmero pensraun n nuymecfeou.
Rpecenfept o6mnn (cfapenmnnt) cfanoenfcn nx cenmennnkaun. Ronennkf-
cn unfpononnft - pykoeopnfenn uepkoentx o6nacfen, nafpnapxn - nepeocen-
fnfenn kpynntx pernonansntx uepkoentx o6epnnennn. Kpynnte nepapxn
ponnt 6tnn nuefs anocfonsckoe npeeucfeo, npymee of rnaet nepeon nepyca-
nnuckon o6mnnt xpncfnan - anocfona Refpa, nasnauennoro rnaeon uepken caunu
Hncycou.
[o lv e. xpncfnancfeo 6tno ronnuon pennrnen. B lv e. npn pnuckou
nunepafope Koncfanfnne xpncfnancfeo cfano rocypapcfeennon pennrnen
Pnuckon nunepnn; ofo 6tno ysakoneno nunepafopcknu opnkfou of 324 r. epes
rop e 325 r. nop npepcepafenscfeou Koncfanfnna co6pancn e r. Hnkee nepetn
Bcenencknn co6op xpncfnancknx uepkeen, ctrpaemnn eanyk pons e yfeeppe-
nnn xpncfnanckoro eepoyuennn.
B xpncfnancknx o6mnnax nepetx eekoe cymecfeoeano unoecfeo feuennn -
cekf, epecen. B 6ops6e uepy nnun qopunpoeanocs oqnunansno opo6pennoe n
npnnnfoe uepkoesk eepoyuenne n cncfeua o6pnpoe. lnaenoe uecfo cpepn nnx
sannuakf 1aunc1ea (fanncfea - rnaente kynsfoete pencfenn xpncfnancfea,
nanpaenennte na cfnanne 6oecfeennon 6naropafn). Repetun fanncfeaun 6tnn
kpemenne eopon, cuteakmen c eepykmero nepeopopntn rpex, n npnuamenne, e
kofopou nop enpou xne6a n enna eepykmne ekymakf nnofs n kpoes Xpncfoey.
Kak po, fak n nocne Hnkenckoro co6opa uepy pasnnuntun uepkeaun,
o6mnnaun n rpynnnpoekaun eenncs ocfpte poruafnueckne cnopt. Eops6a
ckonuenfpnpoeanacs eokpyr fonkoeannn fpex rnaentx poruafoe: fpnepnncfea
Eora (Tpoum), eonnomennn n nckynnennn.
Hnkencknn co6op ocypnn yuenne anekcanppnnckoro npecenfepa Apnn,
yfeeppaemero, ufo Eor Ctn ne epnnocymen Eory Ofuy. Co6op ycfanoenn
nonnuanne poruafa, e coofeefcfenn c kofoptu Eor cymecfeyef kak epnncfeo
fpex nnu (nnocfacen), rpe Ctn, npepeeuno popaeutn of Ofua, epnnocymntn
Ofuy ecfs ncfnnntn Eor n cauocfonfensnan nnunocfs. Bnocnepcfenn ckpa
po6aennocs yuenne o Cenfou [yxe, fpefsen nnocfacn 6oecfeennon Tponut.
Ha efopou - Koncfanfnnononsckou - co6ope (381) 6tnn npepant npoknnfnk
ne fonsko apnane, no n ppyrne unorouncnennte epecn, kofopte ne paspennnn
Hnkenckoro cnueona eept.
B nauane v e. oco6enno ocfptn cnop pasropencn eokpyr poruafa 6oroeonno-
mennn. acfs pyxoeencfea, eosrnaenneuan koncfanfnnononscknu nafpnapxou
Hecfopneu, ofeeprna cnonemeecn npepcfaenenne o popennn Xpncfa of
Eoropopnut. Xenmnna, yfeeppann necfopnane, popnna uenoeeka, a ne Eora.
H fonsko no nanfnk Cenforo [yxa e nero ecennnocs 6oecfeo n on cfan opypneu
cnacennn. Ha fpefseu - Sqqecckou - ecenenckou co6ope (431) 6tno yfeeppeno
6 npaenn samnft poruafa 6oroeonnomennn, cornacno kofopouy e Hncyce Xpncfe
cnnnncs pee npnpopt - 6oecfeennan n uenoeeueckan. efeepftn -
Xanknponcknn co6op yfeeppnn poruaf eonnomennn, cornacno kofopouy Xpncfoc
ponen paccuafpneafscn kak ncfnnntn Eor n ncfnnntn uenoeek; eeuno popancs
of Ofua no 6oecfey, on popnncn of Mapnn, peet no uenoeeuecfey.
Tonsko e cepepnne vl e. pemnncn cnop o fou, kak nso6paafs Hncyca
Xpncfa. Ha nnfou - Koncfanfnnononsckou - ecenenckou co6ope (553) 6tno
41
pemeno nso6paafs Ctna Eosero e uenoeeueckou o6nnke, a ne e enpe arnua.
K vlll-lX ee. ofnocnfcn cnopt nkono6opuee n nkononounfafenen, nocne kofoptx
yfeeppnnocs nounfanne nkon.
Bnocnepcfenn k nepetu peyu fanncfeau xpncfnancfea po6aennncs eme
nnfs: unponouasanne, cenmencfeo, nokannne (ncnoeeps), 6pak, eneocenmenne.
Xpncfnancfeo ne npepcfaennno co6on epnnoro pennrnosnoro feuennn.
Pacnpocfpannncs no unorouncnenntu npoennunnu Pnuckon nunepnn, ono
npncnoca6nneanocs k ycnoennu kapon cfpant, k cnonemnucn counansntu
ofnomennnu n uecfntu fpapnunnu.
Cnepcfeneu peuenfpannsaunn Pnuckoro rocypapcfea 6tno eosnnknoeenne
nepetx ueftpex aefokeqansntx (cauocfonfensntx) uepkeen: Koncfanfnnononsc-
kon, Anfnoxnnckon, Anekcanppnnckon, Hepycannuckon. Bckope of Anfnoxnnckon
uepken ofpennnncs Knnpckan n lpysnnckan uepken. Bo rnaee ofnx cauocfonfens-
ntx npaeocnaentx uepkeen cfonnn nafpnapxn c anocfonscknu npeeucfeou.
Rpaeocnaentun uepkeaun nepeonauansno nasteanacs eocfounan eefes
xpncfnancknx o6mnn, o6oco6nennk kofopon of sanapnon eefen cnoco6cfeoeano
paspenenne Pnuckon nunepnn na Bocfounyk n Sanapnyk e 395 r. Mepy sanapnon
(eo rnaee c pnucknu ennckonou - pumcxum nano) epnnon uenfpannsoeannon
uepkoesk n eocfountun uepkeaun (kafonnueckon n npaeocnaenon) paseepnynacs
6ops6a sa ennnnne, kofopan saeepmnnacs nx qopuansntu paspteou e 1054 r. n
okonuafensntu paspenenneu xpncfnancfea na npaeocnaeue n xa1onuusm.
S.S. Hpaeocnaeue u xa1onuusm - nanpaenenun xpuc1uanc1ea.
Cpaenenue ocoennoc1e eepoyuenun u xynu1a
B nacfonmee epeun npaeocnaene npepcfaeneno pnpou aefokeqansntx
(cauocfonfensntx) uepkeen: Koncfanfnnononsckan, Anekcanppnnckan, Anfno-
xnnckan, Hepycannuckan, Pycckan, lpysnnckan, Cep6ckan, Eonrapckan, Knnpckan,
Snnapckan, Ronsckan, Pyutnckan, emckan, Cnoeaukan, Auepnkanckan n ppyrne.
[nn ecex npaeocnaentx uepkeen o6mnun nennkfcn eepoyuenne, kynsf,
kanonnueckan penfensnocfs.
O6pasoeanne npaeocnaentx uepkeen nauanocs eme e nepete eeka eosnnk-
noeennn xpncfnancfea n rocnopcfeoeano e eocfounon uacfn Pnuckon nunepnn
- Bnsanfnn. B konue X e. npaeocnaene npnnnuaef Pycs. C 1589 r. na Pycn
ns6npaefcn ceon nafpnapx n pycckan uepkoes cfanoenfcn nesaencnuon of Bnsan-
fnn. B nacfonmee epeun - ofo nan6onee kpynnan ns npaeocnaentx uepkeen.
Rpaeocnaenan uepkoes yfeeppaef, ufo xpncfnancfeo, e ofnnune of ecex
ocfansntx pennrnn, npepcfaennef co6on 6oecfeennoe ofkpoeenne, kofopoe n
cocfaennef ocnoey npaeocnaenon eept. Ono onnpaefcn na coeokynnocfs poruafoe
6oecfeennoro ofkpoeennn: Tponua, 6oroeonnomenne, nckynnenne. Sfo saqnkcn-
poeano e Cnueone eept, kofoptn kaptn npaeocnaentn o6nsan snafs nansycfs.
Ofnnunfensnon oco6ennocfsk npaeocnaenn nennefcn fo, ufo ono co
epeuenn nepetx ceun ecenencknx co6opoe ne po6aenno nn opnoro poruafa k
ceoeuy eepoyuennk e ofnnune of kafonnunsua n ne ofkasanocs nn of opnoro,
kak ofo nueno uecfo e npo1ec1an1usme (npofecfanfnsu - feuenne e xpncfnancf-
ee, onnosnunonnoe kafonnunsuy n npaeocnaenk). Huenno ofo npaeocnaenan
uepkoes cunfaef rnaenon ns ceonx sacnyr.
O6pnpt n cnueont cocfaennkf copepanne ecen 6orocnye6non npakfnkn
n kynsfa. Hyno etnonnnfs pnp pnfyanoe: nponsnocnfs uonnfet, coeepmafs
nponoeepn. Rpaeocnaentn ponen perynnpno ncnoeepoeafscn n npnuamafscn,
co6nkpafs nocft, enafensno nocemafs cenfte uecfa, uonacftpn.
Opnnu ns eanenmnx oneuenfoe npaeocnaenoro kynsfa nennkfcn npaspnn-
kn. Rounuo cauoro eennkoro npaspnnka - Racxn - ofueuakfcn Tponua, Popecfeo
Xpncfoeo, Cpefenne locnopne, Bxop locnopens e Hepycannu n pp.
42
Kafonnunsu nennefcn cautu kpynntu nanpaenenneu e xpncfnancfee. On
pacnpocfpanen npenuymecfeenno e Sanapnon Fepone, Jafnnckon Auepnke n
CuA, Rpn6anfnke.
Kafonnunsu nueef epnnyk uepkoenyk oprannsaunk eo rnaee c nanon
pnucknu, oqnunansno npnsnanntu nenorpemnutu.
Kafonnunsu, kak n npaeocnaene, npnsnaef ceus fanncfe, no nekofopte ns
nnx coeepmakfcn nnaue, ueu e npaeocnaenn.
[pyroe ofnnune of npaeocnaenn - po6aenenne k Cnueony eept, enecennoe
na Tonepckou co6ope e 589 r., o6 ncxopennn Cenforo [yxa ne fonsko of Eora
Ofua, no n of Eora Ctna (Ii|ioque - naf. "n of ctna").
Rounuo o6mero pnn xpncfnancknx feuennn npnsnannn cymecfeoeannn pan
n apa kafonnueckan uepkoes cqopuynnpoeana yuenne o uncfnnnme -
npoueyfounou uecfe, rpe ounmakfcn pymn rpemnnkoe.
[nn kafonnunsua xapakfepno eosetmennoe nounfanne Eoropopnut - [eet
Mapnn, e cepepnne XlX e. 6tn npnnnf poruaf o ee nenopounou sauafnn. B
kafonnunsue fake npoeopnfcn ne fonsko kanonnsaunn, kak e npaeocnaenn
(eoseepenne e nnk cenftx), no n 6eafnqnkaunn (npnuncnenne k nnky 6naenntx).
S.4. Hpo1ec1an1usm xax nanpaenenue xpuc1uanc1ea u ero
eupm: nm1epanc1eo, xanueunusm, anrnuxanc1eo u ppyrue
Rpofecfanfnsu eosnnk e Xvl e. e pesynsfafe uomnoro anfnqeopansnoro n
anfnkafonnueckoro penennn e pnpe eeponencknx cfpan. B cnny foro, ufo
rocnopcfeykmen npeonornen cpepneeekoeon Fepont 6tn kafonnunsu,
ecfecfeenno, ufo ncfopnueckoe penenne, ocnoenoe copepanne kofoporo
cocfaennn nepexop of qeopannsua k kannfannsuy, nens6eno ponno 6tno
npnnnfs pennrnosnyk okpacky. Kafonnueckoe yuenne onpaepteano n
6narocnoennno qeopansnte nopnpkn, ecnkoe nocnrafenscfeo na nnx ouenneano
kak nocnrafenscfeo na eonk Eora n ero sanoeepn. Eypyasnn ponna 6tna
ecfynnfs e 6ops6y c nanckon uepkoesk kak rnaenon npeonornueckon onopon
qeopansntx nopnpkoe. Pemakmyk pons e ofof nepenountn nepnop eeponenckon
ncfopnn ctrpann pea 6onsmnx feuennn o6mecfeennon utcnn - ryuannsu onoxn
Bospopennn n npofecfanfckan Peqopuaunn.
B ryuannsue Bospopennn noeoe unpoeosspenne npepcfano e ceefckou
o6nnke. Peqopuaunn npneena k nonenennk npofecfanfnsua kak noeon
pasnoenpnocfn xpncfnancfea, npncnoco6nennon k sapopakmnucn 6ypyasntu
ofnomennnu, e npofneonononocfs kafonnunsuy kak cneunqnueckn qeopansnon
pasnoenpnocfn pennrnn. Ha npouecc qopunpoeannn noeon npeonornn orpounoe
eospencfene okasano fake 6ypnoe pasenfne ecfecfeosnannn, paemee fonuok
pasenfnk uafepnanncfnueckon qnnocoqnn.
O6mnu nosynrou onoxn qopunpoeannn kannfannsua cfano fpe6oeanne
ceo6opt nnunocfn, ufo n ofpasnnocs e ryuanncfnuecknx uennocfnx onoxn
Bospopennn. lyuanncft yfeeppann, ufo uenoeek - ofo nnpnenpyansnocfs,
o6napakman cauocfonfensnon uennocfsk, npaeou na cauoyfeeppenne e
seunon nsnn. Xpncfnanckouy cpepneeekoeouy ackefnsuy npofneonocfa-
ennnocs yfeeppenne seuntx ycfpeunennn n uenoeeuecknx cfpacfen. Cauo
o6naennoe uenoeeueckoe feno e nso6paennn eennknx uacfepoe Bospopennn
cfano npepuefou papocfnoro eocxnmennn, a ne feu "cocypou rpexa", kofoporo
napo onacafscn n cftpnfscn. B cafnpnuecknx nponseepennnx Eokkauuo, Pa6ne,
Monfenn etcueneanocs xaneckoe ofnomenne k uenoeeky n eceuy uenoeeuec-
kouy, nacapaemeecn kafonnueckon uepkoesk. Cfpeunenne eo eceu oftckafs
seunyk ocnoey npneopnno ryuanncfoe n nonnfnkoe noeoro fnna k eteopy, ufo
rocypapcfeennan enacfs ncxopnf ne of Eora n ne of uepken. Ofckpa penanocs
saknkuenne, ufo uepkoes ne ponna ntfafscn npnceaneafs ceefckyk enacfs n
43
ncnonssoeafs ee e ceonx uennx. Btpenranocs fpe6oeanne eepofepnnuocfn
kak noput o6mecfeennon nsnn, a fake ceo6opt coeecfn.
lnaenan sapaua Peqopuaunn cocfonna e fou, ufo6t cqopuynnpoeafs
pennrnosnyk konuenunk, kofopan 6tna 6t nsnenno eanon n counansno
snaunuon e nsuennemnxcn o6mecfeenntx ycnoennx.
B 1517 r. 6eseecfntn enffen6eprcknn uonax M.Jkfep (1483-1546) etcfy-
nnn co ceonun snauennftun "95 fesncaun" npofne npopan nnpynsrenunn n
ppyrnx snoynofpe6nennn kafonnueckon uepken. [enenne Jkfepa, oxeafnemee
eckope eck lepuannk, nopopnno noeyk npeonornk, cfaemyk n noeon pennrnen
- nkfepancfeo.
Hpeonorn n eopn Peqopuaunn o6ennnnn kafonnueckyk uepkoes e nckae-
nnn xpncfnancfea n nofpe6oeann eosepamennn k ncfnnnon eepe nepetx
xpncfnan. Rpofecfanfckan feonornn e yuennn Jkfepa ofeeprna aefopnfef
uepkoenon nepapxnn, aefopnfef "cenmennoro npepannn" (aefopnfefntx fekcfoe
cenftx ofuoe) n npoeosrnacnna epnncfeenntu aefopnfefou e eonpocax eept
Cenmennoe Rncanne (En6nnk). Repeeepennan Jkfepou na neueuknn nstk
En6nnn cfana nacfonsnon knnron npofecfanfoe. Rpaeo nnfepnpefnpoeafs
En6nnk npepocfaennnocs kapouy eepykmeuy. Btpenranocs fpe6oeanne
ycfpannfs cenmennnkoe - nocpepnnkoe uepy Eorou n uenoeekou. Cornacno
yuennk Jkfepa pyma kaporo nenocpepcfeenno npepcfonf nepep Eorou n e
pyme kaporo eepykmero seyunf ronoc 6onn. enoeek uoef cnacfnfs fonsko
npn nouomn eept, kofopan papyefcn nenocpepcfeenno Eorou. Rpofecfanfnsu
ofkasancn of cenmennnkoe-knnpnkoe, nokonunn c nnpynsrenunnun, nounfanneu
uomen, nanounnuecfeaun, uonacftpnun n npounu. Bce ofo mno epaspes c
yuenneu kafonnueckon feonornn o fou, ufo ene uepken nef cenfocfn n ufo
uenoeek uoef cnacfncs n pae o6pecfn cauy eepy fonsko npn nouomn uepken.
Rpofecfanfckne npepcfaenennn o 6naropafn, o uepkoenon nepapxnn, o6
onpaepannn eepon n eceo6meu cenmencfee nennncs ofpaenneu noeoro nonoennn
nnunocfn, oceo6opennon of nnunon saencnuocfn e 6ypyasnou o6mecfee -
o6mecfee ceo6opnoro npepnpnnnuafenscfea. B nkfepoeckou yuennn o eepe kak
nenocpepcfeennon censn uenoeeka c Eorou eepykmnn uenoeek cfanoenfcn
ofeefcfeennon sa ce6n xpncfnanckon nnunocfsk e fou cutcne, ufo on "cau uoef
enpefs n cnpocnfs ceok coeecfs, eo ufo euy eepnfs n ufo penafs". Jkfep etcfynnn,
faknu o6pasou, npofne npncymero kafonnunsuy cfpeunennn npnenfs uenoeeky
cosnanne nonnoro nnufoecfea ceoen nnunocfn, uyecfea 6eccnnnn, feonornuecknu
etpaenneu kofoporo 6tn fesnc o neeosuonocfn cnacfncs 6es nouomn uepken.
Rpofecfanfnsu npepcfaenn feonornueckoe etpaenne 6ypyasnoro nnpnenpya-
nnsua, ufo nueno, necounenno, orpounoe nporpeccnenoe snauenne.
B nepeon nonoenne Xvl e. npofecfanfnsu naunnaef pacnpocfpannfscn n
sa npepenaun lepuannn. Bopeu Peqopuaunn e ueenuapnn cfan X.Kansenn
(1509-1564), no nuenn kofoporo 6tno naseano cauocfonfensnoe eeponcnoeepa-
nne e npofecfanfnsue - kansennnsu. Kansennnsu ropaspo 6onee nocnepoeafens-
no, ueu nkfepancfeo, etpasnn 6ypyasnyk cymnocfs nsuenennn, nponcxopne-
mnx e pennrnosnou cosnannn n uepken. Opnnu ns rnaentx n cneunqnuecknx
pnn kansennnsua poruafoe cfan poruaf o6 "a6conkfnou npeponpepenennn".
Cornacno yuennk Kansenna Eor npeponpepennn cyps6y nkpen, opnnu npepna-
uepfae apckne uykn, a ppyrnu - panckoe 6naencfeo. Hnkakne ycnnnn nkpen ne
uoryf nsuennfs eonk Eosk. Sfof fesnc nennncn pasenfneu nkfepoeckon npen
o6 "onpaepannn eepon", a ne "po6ptun penaun" e nonssy uepken.
Kansennncfckoe nonnuanne "a6conkfnoro npeponpepenennn" packpteaef-
cn e yuennn o unpckou npnseannn n unpckou ackefnsue. Xofn npepnauepfannn
Eora nkpnu nenseecfnt, opnako onn uoryf porapteafscn o6 onpakmen nx
yuacfn no fouy, kak cknapteaefcn nx nsns: ycnex e penax cnynf npnsnakou
npepts6pannocfn k cnacennk. Eypyasnoe nakonnenne eoseopnfcn e panr
44
cnyennn locnopy. Kansennncf ponen na nepetn nnan cfaenfs "peno",
ofkasafscn of nacnapennn n kouqopfa, ns6erafs pacfounfensnocfn, eecfn
npocfon n po6popefensntn o6pas nsnn.
C cauoro nauana npofecfanfnsu paspennncn na pnp cauocfonfensntx
eeponcnoeepannn - nkfepancfeo, kansennnsu, anrnnkancfeo n ppyrne. Rose
eosnnkno unoecfeo cekf, penounnaunn. Rpouecc ofof npoponaefcn n e name
epeun, a unorne cekft npeepafnnncs e uepken, fakne, kak 6anfncfckan,
uefopncfckan nnn apeenfncfckan. O6mee pnn ecex nanpaenennn - ynpomenne
kynsfa, ofpnuanne knnpa n uonamecfea, uomen n npounx cenftns. Cnacenne
nenssn cornacno npofecfanfnsuy sacnynfs nnn kynnfs, ono uoef npnnfn kak
neonpannan 6naropafs. Ocnoea npofecfanfcknx 6orocnyennn - ufenne En6nnn,
nponoeeps, nenne rnunoe (ncanuoe).
Jkfepancfeo - uepkoes ceeeponeueuknx knnecfe - cenuac pacnpocfpa-
neno mnpoko e Fepone n CuA. Rpnsnaef aefopnfef Hnkenckoro cnueona eept.
Coxpannef ennckonaf, oco6oe nocenmenne e pyxoentn can n pea fanncfea:
kpemenne n npnuamenne.
Kansennnsu - e nacfonmee epeun meenuapckan peqopuafopckan uepkoes.
B kansennnsue nef o6meo6nsafensnoro cnueona eept, epnncfeenntn ncfou-
nnk eepoyuennn - En6nnn. Kpemenne n npnuamenne - ne fanncfea, a cnueonn-
ueckne o6pnpt.
Anrnnkancfeo - npofecfanfckan uepkoes Anrnnn. Fe rnaeon 6tn o6nenen
anrnnncknn kopons. Bckope 6tna yfeeppena anrnnkanckan nnfyprnn n ceon cnueon
eept ("39 cfafen"). Anrnnkancfeo ofpnuaef fanncfea. Cenmennocnynfenn uoryf
cocfonfs e 6pake, e nocnepnee epeun k cenmencfey ponyckakfcn n enmnnt.
[pyrne kpynnte npofecfanfckne feuennn - 6anfnsu, apeenfnsu, keakept,
uefopncft, uennonnft, nnfnpecnfnnkn.
S.S. Hcnam. Bepoyuenue u xynu1.
Kopan - cenennan xnura mycynuman
Hcnam (e nepeeope c apa6ckoro "nokopnocfs", "npepanne ce6n Eory") -
opna ns nan6onee pacnpocfpanenntx pennrnn unpa. Mycynsuanckne o6mnnt
nuekfcn 6onee ueu e 120 cfpanax. B 28 cfpanax ncnau npnsnan rocypapcfeen-
non nnn oqnunansnon pennrnen.
Hcnau eosnnk e vll e. n.o. na Apaennckou nonyocfpoee cpepn apa6cknx
nneuen, ncnoeepoeaemnx nonnfencfnueckne popo-nneuennte eepoeannn.
Han6onee ennnfensntu 6tno nneun kypenmnfoe, euy npnnapneano nan6onee
ppeenee cenfnnnme Kaa6a, cfaemee enocnepcfenn o6meuycynsuancknu. Ono
naxopnnocs e Mekke.
Bosnnknoeenne uycynsuancfea censano c penfensnocfsk npopoka
Myxammepa (ok. 570-632 rr.). B npofneonononocfs nonnfensuy nstuecknx
pennrnn Myxauuep npoeosrnacnn, ufo cymecfeyef nnms opnn eennknn Eor -
Annax (ans-Hnnax - panee nneuennon Eor uekkancknx kypenmnfoe) n ufo ece
ponnt 6tfs nokopnt ero eone. Sfo 6tn npnste k cnnouennk apa6oe. Bce
npaeoeepnte ponnt cnnofnfscn eokpyr yuennn cenforo npopoka, na ocnoee
kynsfa epnnoro Annaxa. Myxauuep npnsean apa6oe eepnfs e epnnoro Eora n
cnynfs euy e onpannn konua unpa, cypnoro pnn n ycfanoenennn uapcfea
Eonn - uapcfea cnpaeepnneocfn n unpa pnn npaeepntx. Myxauuep 6tn snakou,
kak n ppyrne npoceemennte apa6t, c pasntun napopaun n pennrnnun, e fou
uncne c nypansuou n xpncfnancfeou. He ypnenfensno, ufo unoroe e yuennn
Myxauuepa okasanocs sanucfeoeanntu ns Befxoro n Hoeoro Saeefoe.
Cenmennan knnra uycynsuan - Kopan. Cornacno npepannk fekcf Kopana 6tn
nepepan npopoky caunu Annaxou uepes nocpepnnuecfeo anrena [e6panna
(6n6nenckoro laepnnna). Mycynsuanckne 6orocnoet o6ncnnkf unorouncnennte
45
coenapennn fekcfoe En6nnn n Kopana feu, ufo Annax n pansme nepepaean ceon
cenmennte sanoeepn npopokau, no ofn sanoeepn 6tnn nckaent nypenun n
xpncfnanaun. Tonsko Myxauuep cuor nepepafs nx e nopnnnnou n ncfnnnou enpe.
Cauo cnoeo Kopan osnauaef "ufenne ecnyx". Repete nponoeepn Myxauuepa
6tnn sanncant ero cekpefapnun-nncuaun n nernn e ocnoey Kopana. On cocfonf
ns 114 cyp (rnae), e kofoptx roeopnfcn o6o ecex cfoponax nsnn, eknkuan
npaeocypne, uopans, o6pnpoete npepnncannn.
B ncnaue uonofensu npoeepen nan6onee nocnepoeafensno. Annax - Eor
epnncfeenntn, 6esnnknn, etcmnn n eceuorymnn, uypptn, feopeu ecero cymero
n ero eepxoentn cypsn. Hap Eorou nef nnkakoro npaecfeennoro sakona, e
coofeefcfenn c kofoptu on uoef pencfeoeafs. Annax - a6conkfnan eonn.
Pnpou c nnu nef nn ppyrnx 6oroe, nn kaknx 6t fo nn 6tno cauocfonfensntx
cymecfe. Annax e nk6on uouenf uoef nsuennfs unp, kak saxouef.
Copepanne foro, ufo Annax fpe6yef of nkpen, nsnoeno e sakone, pannou
e ero ofkpoeennn. Hcnau - pennrnn knnrn n sakona, ecn nsns eepykmnx
nonnocfsk nopunnena sakony.
Cymecfeykf, kpoue anrenoe, kak 6t eonnomakmnx npek po6pa (eo rnaee c
[e6pannou, Mnxannou, Hcpaqannou n Aspannou), peuont n pnnt, snte
pyxn eo rnaee c psneonou H6nncou, kofoporo npoknnn Annax.
B ncnaue ecfs yuenne o pae n ape, o eospannnn uenoeeky e sarpo6nou
unpe sa ero pena. Ha Cfpamnou cype cau Annax 6ypef ponpamneafs netx n
uepfetx, n onn, c knnron, e kofopon sanncant nx pena, e cfpaxe 6ypyf pafs
ero pemennn. Heeepnte nonapyf e ap, npaeepnte - e pan, sacfynnnuecfeo
Myxauuepa uoef cunrunfs yuacfs rpemnnkoe.
Ocnoentun o6nsannocfnun uycynsuannna nennkfcn cnepykmne nnfs
cfonnoe eept:
1. Hcnoeepanne: "Hef Eora, kpoue Annaxa, n Myxauuep - npopok ero".
fo6t cfafs uycynsuannnou, pocfafouno fopecfeenno nponsnecfn ofy qpasy
n etnonnnfs ocfansnte o6nsannocfn.
2. Monnfea. O6nsafensntn kapopneentn nnfnkpafntn pnfyan. Te, kfo ne
uonnfcn nnfs pas e pens, - neeepnte. Ro nnfnnuau n e npaspnnunte pnn
coeepmakfcn fopecfeennte 6orocnyennn, kofoptun pykoeopnf nuaut.
Repep uonnfeon npaeoeepntn o6nsan coeepmnfs ouoeenne, o6pnp ounmennn
(uanoro - utfse pyk, nor n nnua, n 6onsmoro, e cnyuae cepsesnon neuncfoft, -
nonnoe ouoeenne ecero fena). Fcnn nef eopt, ee sauennef necok.
3. Rocf. lnaentn - Pauasan (Pauapan), on pnnfcn uecnu, e feuenne kofoporo
of pacceefa po sakafa npaeoeepnte ne nuekf npaea nn ecfs, nn nnfs, nn kypnfs.
4. Mnnocftnn. O6nsafensnan unnocftnn - saknf (sakaf) - eocnpnnnuaefcn
kak ouncfnfensntn pnfyan pnn nuymnx (neckonsko npouenfoe ropoeoro poxopa)
n pononnnfensnan - capaka - po6poeonsnoe nopannne.
5. Xap. Ranounnuecfeo. Fme opnn ns cfonnoe eept, pnn unornx
fpypnoncnonnnutn. Cunfaefcn, ufo kaptn spopoetn uycynsuannn ponen pas e
nsnn nocefnfs cenfte uecfa e Mekke n noknonnfscn Kaa6e. Feropno neckonsko
pecnfkoe ftcnu npaeoeepntx npn6teakf e Mekky e pnn eennkoro epfeonpnnomennn
Annaxy. Coeepmnemne o6pnp nanounnkn nonyuakf nouefnoe nanuenoeanne - xopa.
K ofnu nnfn nepepko po6aennkf eme opnn, mecfon, cfonn eept -
cenmennyk eonny npofne neeepntx (pnxap nnn rasaeaf). Hnorpa eonna npofne
neeepntx paccuafpneaefcn kak cenmennan sanoeeps. Yuacfne e nen oceo6opaef
of ecex rpexoe n o6ecneuneaef naemeuy na none 6on uecfo e pak.
Mecfo 6orocnyennn, nponoeepen n uonnfe - ueuefs. Sfo fake uecfo
co6pannn npaeoeepntx eo ecex eantx cnyuanx nsnn, ceoero popa kynsfypntn
uenfp. Specs pemakfcn fekymne pena, npoeopnfcn c6op unnocftnn n
noepfeoeannn n f.p. Banan qynkunn ueuefn - oprannsaunn o6yuennn pefen.
O6pasoeanne e ncnaucknx cfpanax - pennrnosnoe.
46
S.S.1. uapua1
Hcnau xapakfepnsyef 6esycnoenan nokopnocfs pennrnosnouy sakony,
kofoptn cankunonnpyef ece o6nacfn nsnn uycynsuannna. Cncfeua
uycynsuanckoro npaea - mapua1 (apa6. mapna - npnuon, npaennsntn nyfs) - ofo
ceepennte e epnnyk cncfeuy sakont, perynnpykmne o6mecfeennyk n nnunyk
nsns uycynsuannna. uapnaf nauan oqopunnfscn e vlll e. n eknkunn fakne
noput, kofopte perynnpykf rocypapcfeennte, nuymecfeennte, ceuenno-
6paunte, rpapanckne, 6tfoete n npoune esanuoofnomennn uycynsuan.
Cnauana ece pencfenn uycynsuan paspennnncs na pea enpa - sanpefnoe n
opo6pennoe. K uouenfy okonuafensnoro qopunpoeannn mapnafa ece pencfenn
6tnn paspenent na nnfs kaferopnn:
- qaps - pencfenn, etnonnenne kofoptx cunfanocs o6nsafensntu;
- cynnaf - etnonnenne enafensno;
- uyxo6 - po6poeonsnte pencfenn;
- uakpyk - neenafensnte pencfenn;
- xapou - cfporo sanpemennte enpt pencfenn.
Ro mapnafy ycfanaenneakfcn nnmeete noput, sanpemaefcn nrpa na
uystkansntx nncfpyuenfax, ykpamenne poua xypoecfeenntun kapfnnaun,
ecfynnenne e 6pak c nnoeepuaun, ecnn nocnepnne ne npnnnuakf ncnau n f.n.
Ro mapnafy uycynsuancknun npaspnnkaun nennkfcn npaspnnk "np ans-
apxa" (kyp6an-6anpau) n "np ans-qnfpa" (ypasa-6anpau): eennknn npaspnnk
epfeonpnnomennn n uantn npaspnnk pasroeennn. Ofueuakfcn fake uaenkp
(uaynnp) (pens popennn Myxauuepa), unpap (eosnecenne Myxauuepa na ne6o)
n nnfnnua (pens o6mecfeennon uonnfet).
S.S.2. Cynnusm u muusm
B pesynsfafe enyfpennnx npofneopeunn e ncnaue eo 2-n nonoenne vll e.
eosnnknn fpn nanpaenennn: xapnpnft, cynnu1m n muu1m. [ea nocnepnnx -
rnaente nanpaenennn e ncnaue n po cero pnn.
Cynnnsu nennefcn cautu kpynntu nanpaenenneu e ncnaue, noufn 90%
uycynsuan ofnocnfcn k cynnnfau. B ofnnune of ppyrnx nanpaenennn e cynnnsue
ne eosnnknn oco6te feuennn nnn cekft. Tonsko e noeoe epeun kak pennrnosno-
nonnfnueckoe penenne nonennncs eaxxa6nft.
Paspenenne ncnaua na cynnnsu n mnnsu nponsomno e pesynsfafe nonnfn-
ueckon 6ops6t sa npecfon apa6ckoro xannqafa. Cynnnsu, kofoptn onnpaefcn
na Kopan n Cynny (Cynna - cenmennoe npepanne ncnaua, nsnoennoe e pacckasax
- xapncax - o nocfynkax n nspeuennnx npopoka Myxauuepa), 6tn oqnunansnon
pennrnen xannqafa. Rocnepoeafenn cynnnsua npnsnaeann sakonnocfs enacfn
nepetx ueftpex xannqoe, a mnnft cunfann epnncfeenntu sakonntu rnaeon
uycynsuan uefeepforo xannqa - Ann (yu. 661 r.), peokpopnoro 6pafa n snfn
Myxauuepa. Josynrou mnnfoe 6tn npnnunn nacnepcfeennon pyxoenon enacfn,
f.e. npepocfaenenne fpona xannqoe nofoukau Ann (nuauaf).
Rocnepoeafenn mnnsua nuaunft npnsnakf 12 nuauoe ns uncna npnutx
nofoukoe Ann. Cornacno yuennk nuaunfoe, e konue lX e. peenapuaftn no cuefy
nuau - Myxauuep 6en ans-Xacan - fanncfeenno ncues. unnft noknonnkfcn
ofouy "ckptfouy nuauy". Kak n cynnnft, onn npnsnakf cenfocfs Kopana, a e
Cynne npnsnakf nnms fe xapnct, aefopaun kofoptx nennkfcn Ann n ero
nocnepoeafenn. Buecfe c feu mnnft nuekf co6cfeennte cenmennte nncannn
- ax6apt, kypa exopnf xapnct, censannte c nueneu Ann.
B vll-lX ee. mnnsu pacnancn na neckonsko ofeefenennn: kancannfoe,
senpnfoe, nuaunfoe.
B cynnnsue cymecfeykf 4 mkont pennrnosno-kpnpnueckoro fonka (uasxa6)
n uncfnueckoe feuenne - cyqnsu.
47
S.S.S. Byppusm
Byppusm - cauan ppeennn unpoean pennrnn. On eosnnk e cepepnne l
ftcnuenefnn po n.o. e Hnpnn, no, nepene fau pacueef, sakpennncn e cosnannn
n npakfnke napopoe nekofoptx pernonoe: Asnn ([ansnero Bocfoka, ppyrnx
o6nacfen). Cenuac eo eceu unpe - ouens 6onsmoe uncno nocnepoeafenen
6yppnsua.
Eyppnsu eosnnk e Hnpnn e npofneoeec kacfoeouy 6paxuannsuy. Fro
ocnoeafens - Byppa uaksnuynn 6tn ctnou knnsn ns nneuenn maksn. Rocne
6ecneunon nsnn eo peopue uonopon uapeenu Cnppxapfxa layfaua ocfpo omyfnn
6pennocfs n 6estcxopnocfs nsnn, yac nepep 6eckoneunon uepepon
nepeeonnomennn pymn. Sfnueckoe ncfonkoeanne cenmenntx fekcfoe, a fake
fpapnunonnoe 6paxuanckoe utmnenne ne ypoenefeopnnn ero, nockonsky ne
paeann eosuonocfs nonnfs cutcn uenoeeueckoro 6tfnn n npnunpnfscn c
npeen kaput. Rpnmepmee k layfaue osapenne noseonnno euy cfafs Eyppon
(Rpoceefnenntu). Huenno Eyppe ypanocs pocfynno n y6epnfensno etpasnfs
onpannn o6mecfea: nsns ecfs cfpapanne, of cfpapannn uono cnacfncs,
ecfs nyfs cnacennn. Sfof nyfs namen n onncan Eyppa.
Cau Eyppa, a safeu ero yuennkn n nocnepoeafenn nonssoeanncs fmafensno
paspa6ofanntun e cenmenntx fekcfax 6paxuannsua nonnfnnntu annapafou n
nstkou - canckpnfou. Hx pasutmnennn e o6meu enncteanncs e npenntn qon
6paxuannsua c ero yuenneu o kapue, nnpeane n f.p. Opnako akuenf nepeuemancn
of konnekfnenoro k nnpnenpyansnouy: uenoeek uor etpeafscn ns kpyra
nepepopennn nnpnenpyansntu ycnnneu, ocosnae n cqopuynnpoeae ceon,
nnuntn npaeepntn nyfs, n, noennne na cyps6y, nsuennfs kapuy.
B eosuonocfn npnnnfs yuenne Eyppt n ns6pafs nyfs k cnacennk ece nkpn
okasanncs paent. Cocnoente, ofnnueckne, kacfoete pasnnunn o6ncnnnncs kak
efopnunte n coofeefcfeenno uornn 6tfs nsuenent e npouecce npaecfeennoro
coeepmencfeoeannn. lnaenan e uens 6yppncfa - etpeafscn ns uenn nepepopennn.
Hpen nepeonauansnoro 6yppnsua cnoco6cfeoeann ero pacnpocfpanennk.
B lll e. po n.o. Amoka, kpynnenmnn npaenfens Hnpnn, o6nenn ce6n nokpoenfeneu
6yppnnckoro uonamecfea - canrxn - n samnfnnkou ofnuecknx nopu 6yppnsua -
pxaput n feu cautu ykpennn ceok enacfs n 6yppnsu. Ha npoeepennou nop
konfponeu rocypapcfea Co6ope e Rafannnyfpe nauancn npouecc kanonnsaunn
yuennn. Yfeeppnnocs npepcfaenenne o "fpex pparouennocfnx" 6yppnsua:
yunfene - Eyppe, yuennn - pxapue, xpannfene ncfnnt - canrxn. Huenno canrxa
cfanoenfcn feu nncfnfyfou, kofoptn ykasteaef n o6neruaef nyfs k nnpeane,
fonkyef yuenne. Knkueeon cfanoenfcn pons yunfenn, nacfaennka - 6opxncaffet.
Ofnocnfensnoe 6espasnnune pannero 6yppnsua k o6pnpnocfn o6neruano
npncnoco6nenne k uecfntu ycnoennu, oceoenne uecfntx kynsfoe.
Yuenne 6yppnsua nsnoeno e pnpe kanonnuecknx c6opnnkoe, uenfpansnoe
uecfo cpepn kofoptx sannuaef 6yppncfcknn kanon - "Tnnnfaka" (na nstke nann),
nnn Tpunu1axa" (na canckpnfe), ufo osnauaef "Tpn kopsnnt".
Ro 6yppnsuy nsns eo ecex ee nponenennnx - ofo etpaenne pasnnuntx
kou6nnaunn nnn nofokoe neuafepnansntx uacfnu - pxapu. Couefannn pxapu
onpepennkf 6tfne foro nnn nnoro uenoeeka, neofnoro, pacfennn, kaunn n
f.p. Rocne pacnapennn coofeefcfeykmero couefannn nacfynaef cuepfs, no
pxaput ne ncuesakf 6eccnepno,a o6pasykf noeyk kou6nnaunk; ofnu
o6ncnnefcn nepepopenne nnpnenpa e coofeefcfenn c sakonou kaput -
eospannnn e saencnuocfn of noeepennn e npeptpymen nsnn. Eeckoneunan
uens nepepopennn uoef 6tfs npepeana, k ofouy ponen cfpeunfscn kaptn.
Rpekpamenne nepepopennn osnauaef pocfnenne nnpeant - cocfonnnn nokon,
6naencfea, cnnnnne c Eyppon, c A6conkfou. Ho pocfnenne nnpeant
eosuono fonsko npn ouens po6popefensnon nsnn.
48
Ocnoey yuennn cocfaennkf "ueftpe eennkne ncfnnt", kofopte ofkptnncs
Eyppe e uouenf npoceefnennn:
1. Xnsns ecfs cfpapanne.
2. Rpnunna ecex cfpapannn - enannn.
3. Cfpapannn uono noracnfs nyfeu ns6aenennn of enannn, pnn uero nyno:
4. eecfn po6popefensnyk nsns no sakonau "npaennsnoro noeepennn" n
"npaennsnoro snannn".
"Rpaennsnoe noeepenne" - ofo nsns e coofeefcfenn co cnepykmnun
npnnunnaun: ne y6nn n ne npnunnnn nnkouy epepa, ne ykpapn, ne nrn, ne
npenk6opencfeyn n f.n. [nn uonamecfea neo6xopnu ackefnsu. "Rpaennsnoe
snanne" noppasyueeaef cauoyrny6nenne n enyfpennee cosepuanne - uepnfaunk.
Eyppnncknn nanfeon o6epnnnef unoecfeo 6oroe kak nnpnnckoro
nponcxopennn, fak n npnmepmnx ns eepoeannn nennpnncknx napopoe,
npnnnemnx 6yppnsu. Eoronounfanne ne nrpaef e 6yppnsue 6onsmon ponn.
Ocnoet qnnocoqnn 6yppnsua - xnnanna n uaxanna.
[ee fenpenunn pannero 6yppnsua, oeonkunonnpyn e xope ero
pacnpocfpanennn, oqopunnncs k nauany namen opt e pea nanpaenennn: "ysknn"
nyfs cnacennn - xunanna n "mnpoknn" nyfs cnacennn - maxanna". Xnnanna
6nne panneuy 6yppnsuy. B nen nyfs k cnacennk nponeran uepes unencfeo e
canrxe, uepes uonameckoe cocfonnne, eennka 6tna pons yunfenen n uana pons
o6pnpnocfn, uenee snaunu n cnoen nanfeon. Maxanna 6onee noxoa na
o6tunyk pennrnk: ona penaef nonnfne nnpeant pocfynntu ne yskouy kpyry
uonaxoe, a o6tpennouy pennrnosnouy cosnannk, ofxopnf of ncknkunfensno
nerafnenoro ofnomennn k unpy nepepopennn. Ha konecnnue cnacennn uoryf
yuecfnfscn feneps unorne. Eonsmyk pons e uaxanne nrpakf 6oecfea, nu
uono uonnfscn, npocn nouomn n sacfynnnuecfea. Hapnpy c eennknu Eyppon
nonennncs n unorne ppyrne 6yppt, cfaemne o6ekfaun kynsfa, eosnnknn nx
nso6paennn. Ronennocs npepcfaenenne o pae n ape.
Fcnn e lll-l ee. po n.o. 6yppnsu pacnpocfpannncn sa npepenaun Hnpnn
fonsko e qopue xnnannt e knou n kro-eocfounou nanpaenennn, fo c py6ea
namen opt naunnaefcn ero penenne na ceeep, ceeepo-sanap n ceeepo-eocfok
e qopue uaxannt. Eyppnsu nponnk n na [ansnnn Bocfok, rpe o6pen efopyk
nsns.
S.S.4. Ramausm
Haseanne oforo oco6oro nanpaenennn 6yppnsua nponsomno of cnoea "naua"
- naseannn uonaxa nnn peua - ocnoenon qnrypt e fn6efckou eapnanfe
6yppnsua. Sfof eapnanf 6yppnsua cnonncn e vll-Xlv ee. n.o. e Tn6efe na ocnoee
uaxannt n fanfpnsua - rapafensnon npakfnkn uecfntx nneuen. Ramausm
nennefcn po nacfonmero epeuenn ocnoenon pennrnen fn6efuee, paspennncs
na pnp cekf nnn mkon. K Xvll e. pacnpocfpannncn cpepn uonronoe, 6ypnf,
fyennuee n kanutkoe.
B nauansue, npnsnakmeu ece ocnoente poruaft 6yppnsua, oco6an pons
e cnacennn npnnncteaefcn nauau, 6es nouomn kofoptx pnpoeon eepykmnn ne
uoef nn pocfnus nnpeant, nn nonacfs e pan. Kanonnueckyk ocnoey nauansua
cocfaennkf c6opnnkn cenftx fekcfoe - lanpyp n [anpyp. [nn nauansua
xapakfepnt ntmnoe 6orocnyenne n feafpannsoeannte uncfepnn, unoecfeo
6tfoetx o6pnpoe, uarnuecknx npneuoe n saknnnannn, nanpaenenntx npofne
sntx cnn n pyxoe. lnaenan po6popefens - 6esycnoenoe nopunnenne nauau.
"[ecnfs uepntx rpexoe" - y6nncfeo, kpaa, npenk6opennne, nos, kneeefa,
snocnoene, nycfocnoene, apnocfs, sno6a, nonte eosspennn.
Uenfpansnoe pyxoenoe ynpaenenne nauancfaun namen cfpant
ocymecfennef xau6o-naua ns ceoen pesnpenunn na feppnfopnn Eypnfnn.
49
S.S.S. sen-yppusm
sen-yppusm - knfanckan qopua uaxannt (pannero 6yppnsua), pacnpo-
cfpannemancn e Knfae c l e. n.o. B vl-vll ee. nponcxopnf pacnap psen nnn uans -
(knf. "uans" of canckpnfckoro "pxnna" - uepnfaunn) 6yppnsua na ceeepnyk n
knyk eefen. Ceeepnan eckope nonnocfsk sarnoxnef, a knan n cocfaenf
ocnoey knfanckoro (uans) n nnonckoro (psen) 6yppnsua.
Bocnpnnne e kauecfee uenfpansntx kaferopnn fakne nonnfnn 6yppnnckon
qnnocoqnn kak nnpeana, kapua, nepepopennn, ocnoenon ynop nocnepoeafenn
psen penann na enenornueckne cpepcfea (uefop enesannoro osapennn - cafopn).
[nn oforo, kpoue co6cfeenno uepnfaunn, akfneno ncnonssoeanncs napapokcans-
nte sapaun, pnanorn, ptxafensnte n rnunacfnueckne ynpanennn. Rpoceefne-
nnn, kak cunfanocs, uono 6tno pocfnus fake nenopuansntu (nepocfonntu)
noeepenneu: rpouknu xoxofou, pesknu oknnkou n f.p. B psen-6yppnsue
qakfnueckn ofeeprakfcn kanonnueckne 6yppnnckne uennocfn: fak, nnpeant,
osapennn uono pocfnus nnms forpa, korpa uenoeek neef 6es uenn n 6es
nanpaenennn penfensnocfn. Specs psen cxopnfcn c paocnsuou.
B nacfonmee epeun psen-6yppnsu pacnpocfpanen e Kopee, Bsefnaue,
Hnonnn, y napopoe ppyrnx cfpan.
S.S. Cpaenenue xapax1epuc1ux ocnoenmx noc1yna1oe eepyux
mupoemx penuru
Bce unpoete pennrnn o6epnnnef kocuononnfnsu, nx eepymnn npnnunn.
Repep nnuou Eora nnn unpoeoro sakona ece paent. lnaenoe pnn eepykmero -
ofo ne ero counansntn cfafyc nnn ofnnueckan npnnapnenocfs, a
cauoofeepennoe cnyenne Eory nnn unpoeon neo6xopnuocfn. Eyppnsu,
xpncfnancfeo n ncnau ofo cnyenne nonnuakf npakfnueckn opnnakoeo, kak
co6nkpenne sanoeepen. Rocnepnne fake ouens noxon: ne y6nn, ne ykpapn,
ne npenk6opencfeyn, ne nrn, ne snocnoes n f.p. Bce unpoete pennrnn uensk
co6nkpennn sanoeepen n cnyennn Eory (e 6yppnsue - unpoeon neo6xopnuocfn)
npnsnakf 6eccuepfne n eeunoe 6naencfeo pyxoenon cy6cfanunn nnpnenpa.
Sfo eoccfanoenenne yfpauennoro cakpansnoro epnncfea uenoeeka n "etcmen
peansnocfn", kofopoe npepcfaef cutcnou uenoeeueckoro cymecfeoeannn.
B coepeuennou unpe nonennocs unoro fak nasteaeutx ne1papuuonnmx
penuru, ansfepnafnentx pennrnosntx feuennn, kofopte kak pas n penakf
akuenf na ynneepcansnocfs n enyfpennee epnncfeo ecex, e fou uncne n
unpoetx, pennrnn. [nn nnx xapakfepnt cnnkpefnsu xpncfnanckon npeonornn
c oneuenfaun 6yppnsua n ppyrnx eocfountx kynsfoe, nponoeeps ynneepcans-
noro Kocunueckoro pasyua n ero epnnon pennrnn, uncfnueckoro nyfn
oceo6opennn.
Han6onee nseecfnte n kpynnte nefpapnunonnte kynsft - "O6mecfeo
cosnannn Kpnmnt", Ayu Cnnpnke, Uepkoes Ynnqnkaunn, Canenfonornn,
Cenpefenn Heroet. "Pennrnn XX e.", kak npaenno, ecfko oprannsoeant e
"fofannfapnte cekft", nuekf cfporyk nepapxnueckyk cfpykfypy eo rnaee c
xapnsuafnuecknu nnpepou, ofnnuakfcn okcfpaearanfnocfsk kynsfa. Kynsf e
ofnx noetx o6mnnax npepnoufnfensno konnekfnentn, ncnonssyefcn fexnnka
ncnxonornueckoro uannnynnpoeannn, ncnxofepannn. Oprannsaunn pennrnn
"Hoeoro eeka" pencfeykf kak uomnte uenaunonansnte kopnopaunn, sannuakfcn
kpynntu 6nsnecou eo unornx cfpanax unpa.
50
7. HYTH H HAHPABREHHR PA8BHTHR
MEXKOH4ECCHOHARBHOlO HAROlA
7.1. Konqeccuu. Oxymenuuecxoe peuxenue
B coepeuennou unpe npenuymecfeenno no nnnunafnee npofecfanfcknx
uepkeen mnpoko pacnpocfpannefcn oxymenuuecxoe peuxenue - penfensnocfs
xpncfnan no o6epnnennk ecex xpncfnancknx uepkeen. Skyuennueckouy
penennk conyfcfeyef eme opno noeon eennne epeuenn - akfnentn
mexxonqeccuonanunm puanor - esanuopencfene npepcfaenfenen pasntx
konqeccnn c uensk etpa6ofkn o6mnx npnnunnoe unpnoro cocymecfeoeannn.
Bceunpnan unccnonepckan konqepenunn e Jonpone e 1910 r. nononna
nauano okyuennueckouy penennk, uens kofoporo - npeoponefs poruafnueckne
n kanonnueckne pasnnunn e xpncfnancfee n censafs ero c counansntun npo6ne-
uaun coepeuennocfn. Cocfonemancn e Aucfeppaue Bceunpnan accau6nen
uepkeen o6pasoeana pykoeopnmnn opran okyuennueckoro penennn - Bceunpntn
coeef uepkeen (BCU) c pesnpenunen e Xeneee. Opnako npofecfanfckne uepken
sannuakf e ofou penennn pasnnunte counansno-nonnfnueckne nosnunn.
Rpaeocnaenan n kafonnueckan uepken fake noppepneakf ofo penenne.
Rpaeocnaenan pycckan uepkoes npncoepnnnnacs k penennk e 1950 r.,
kafonnueckan - e 1965 ("[ekpef o6 okyuennsue").
7.2. Cexynnpusaun
Pennrnn, xofn ona n nan6onee koncepeafnenan uacfs kynsfypt, foe nsue-
nnefcn eo epeuenn. Ye e npomnou 6tno ofueueno, ufo nsuenennn, nponcxopn-
mne e pennrnn na npofnennn Hoeon ncfopnn, naunnan c Xv-Xvl ee., etpaakf
o6myk fenpenunk yuensmennn ennnnnn pennrnn na o6mecfeo n na nsns ofpens-
noro uenoeeka. Pennrnn cfanoenfcn kak 6t uenee nynon. B ofeef ona cfpeunfcn
npncnoco6nfscn k noeon kynsfypnon cnfyaunn. [nn o6osnauennn nenennn fakoro
popa npnuennkfcn pea nonnfnn - cekynnpnsaunn (nsuenenne eo esanuoofnomenn-
nx pennrnn c o6mecfeou) n uopepnnsaunn (nsuenenne cauon pennrnn).
Cexynnpusaun - oceo6openne o6mecfeennoro n nnpnenpyansnoro
cosnannn of ennnnnn uepken, f.e. osnauaef o6unpmenne: fo, ufo 6tno npnnap-
nenocfsk eept n uepken, cfanoenfcn co epeueneu of nnx nesaencnutu,
ceefcknu. Sfof npouecc oco6enno akfneno naunnaef nponcxopnfs eo epeun
eeponenckoro Rpoceemennn e Xvlll e., kofopoe npofneonocfaenno pennrnn
cauocfonfensntn n nesaencnutn of nee uenoeeuecknn pasyu. Rpoceemenne n
e feopnn, n na npakfnke noppteano ennnnne pennrnn, yfeeppan cauocfonfens-
nocfs unpa: uenoeek ne nypaefcn e oneke co cfopont pennrnn n uepken.
unpoko pacnpocfpannncn a1eusm - nonnoe ofpnuanne cymecfeoeannn ceepxec-
fecfeennoro. upanuysckan 6ypyasnan peeonkunn qakfnueckn ocymecfenna
npnnunn ceoopm coeec1u (cornacno ofouy npnnunny uenoeek uoef
ceo6opno ncnoeepoeafs pennrnosnte n npoune y6epennn). Teu cautu 6tn
6pomen etsoe xpncfnancknu uepkenu, cfpeunemnucn coxpannfs ceon nosnunn.
Cekynnpnsaunn 6tna opnon ns rnaentx cnn, kofopte cqopunpoeann
coepeuennyk kynsfypy n o6mecfeo. Ona yfeeppana fof ceefcknn pyx, kofoptn
npncym coepeuennouy uenoeeky. Ceropnn ut neeu e cekynnpnou o6mecfee.
Ronnfnn ceefckoro rocypapcfea, ceefckon mkont ofpaakf fof qakf, ufo ofnome-
nnn uepy nkpsun e o6mecfee nepecfakf 6tfs pennrnosno o6ycnoenenntun.
7.S. Bosmoxnoc1u mexxonqeccuonanunoro puanora
B nacfonmee epeun uepken npnxopnf k eteopy o neo6xopnuocfn uekon-
qeccnonansnoro pnanora, o6neruakmero esanuononnuanne n esanuopencfene
51
nkpen e eek rno6ansntx kouuynnkaunn. Opnako uekonqeccnonansntn pnanor
npepcfaennef nseecfnte fpypnocfn, eeps kapan pennrnn npefenpyef na
ncknkunfensnoe o6napanne ncfnnon. K fouy e pennrnn - ouens koncepeafnentn
nncfnfyf, ufo safpypnnef uopepnnsaunk cnonemnxcn nopu, npepcfaenennn,
poruafoe. Hecuofpn na ofo, uekonqeccnonansntn pnanor nponcxopnf kak
enyfpn xpncfnancfea (okyuennueckoe penenne), fak n uepy npounun
pennrnnun. K fouy e coepeuennoe cekynnpnoe o6mecfeo sauacfyk etnypaef
pennrnk pnckyfnpoeafs o eepe c nepennrnosntu n afencfnuecknu unpoeos-
spenneu, c nayuntu cnoco6ou nocfnennn unpa.
7.4. uanor penuruosnoro u nepenuruosnoro
qunocoqcxoro u nayunoro) mupoeosspenu o xap1une mupa
Ryfn naykn n pennrnn e ncfopnn unorokpafno nepecekanncs, ecntxneann
konqnnkft, korpa pennrnn ntfanacs npnceonfs ce6e uonononsnoe npaeo
o6ncnnfs unp. B ofon 6ops6e c feonornen nayka o6pena cauocfonfensnocfs.
B nosnannn unpa ona pencfeyef ceonun uefopaun, o6pamancs k ecfecfeenntu
npnunnau nenennn n cnepyn npnnunny nayunoro utmnennn, cornacno kofopouy
unp ponen 6tfs o6ncnen ns nero cauoro. B nacfonmee epeun nponsomno
pasueeeanne o6nacfen pennrnosnon eept n nayunoro nosnannn. Pennrnn
ckonuenfpnpoeanacs na fak nasteaeutx norpannuntx eonpocax - cutcna 6tfnn
n uenn uenoeeueckon nsnn. Bonpoct ofnocnfensno foro, kak ycfpoen unp,
ona nonnocfsk nepepoeepnna nayke.
Sfof cnop pemaefcn ne fonsko e feopnn, no n e ncfopnn - e npakfnke
oceoennn uenoeekou unpa. B XX e. pons naykn neyknonno eospacfaef. Hayunoe
snanne pacmnpnno ropnsonft enpennn unpa, cqopunpoeano noetn fnn
ofnomennn k unpy, npn kofopou uenoeek, kasanocs 6t, ne nypaefcn e nonnfnn
Eora pnn o6ncnennn unpa n opnenfaunn e neu. Ho npn ofou ne nponsomno
foro, ufo onpann npoceefnfenn npomnoro: pasenfne naykn ne npneeno k
aefouafnueckouy etfecnennk pennrnn. Bce okasanocs cnonee. Pasenfne naykn
6tno conpneno ne fonsko c saeoeeannnun, no n c nofepnun. Pemenne opnnx
npo6neu (fexnnuecknx) etpenrano ppyrne (uopansnte, okonornueckne n f.p.),
cospaean nopuac ppauafnueckne cnfyaunn n npepnennn cnpoc ne fonsko na
nayunoe snanne, no n na npaecfeennyk ouenky uenoeeuecknx pencfenn e o6nacfn
okonounkn, fexnonornn, nonnfnkn. Kak ofnocnfscn, nanpnuep, k knonnpoeannk
uenoeeka? B ofon cnfyaunn pennrnn npoponaef nrpafs sauefnyk pons e nsnn
o6mecfea kak kpnfnueckan pyxoenan nncfanunn no ofnomennk k 6tcfpo n
npofneopeuneo paseneakmencn uafepnansno-fexnnueckon ocnoee unennnsaunn.
Ropnnnntn pyxoentn nporpecc ne nepeuepkneaef saeoeeannn pennrnosnon
uopann, no cfpeunfcn coeuecfnfs pennrnosnyk ofnky, onnpakmykcn na eepy
e Eora, n ceefcknn ryuannsu, uepnakmnn ceoe copepanne ne ns Rncannn n
Rpepannn, a ns coeecfn. Huenno ceefcknn ryuannsu na noeou enfke ncfopnn
npoponaef cfpeunenne k oceo6opennk feopuecknx cnn uenoeeka.
S. PERHlHR H COBPEMEHHOCTB
S.1. Ponu penuruu e coepemennom oec1ee.
Ho1penoc1u e penuruu e coepemennom oec1ee
Hecuofpn na npouecct cekynnpnsaunn, pons pennrnn e coepeuennou
o6mecfee npoponaef ocfaeafscn cepsesnon. Hayka, pemne unorne npo6neut
nosnannn unpa n oenapennn uenoeekou cnnaun npnpopt, etnypne pennrnk
ecfafs na pnckoeanntn pnn nee nyfs uopepnnsaunn, ofopennyna rpannuy
nosnannn k eme 6onee cnontu, ueu panee, npo6neuau, 6onee cnontu no
52
qnnocoqckon rny6nne. B noetx o6nacfnx nosnannn yfpafnnn snauenne unorne
npnetunte nonnfnn, n ofo nponsomno npepe ecero nofouy, ufo ceropnn nayka
etmna paneko sa npepent uyecfeenno pocfynnoro uenoeeky narnnpnoro unpa.
Bosnnkakmne "nonnut" uepy o6tpenntu n nayuntu enpenneu unpa,
omymenne conpnkocnoeennn c rny6nnaun nenosnannoro n ocfakmerocn pnn
uenoeeueckoro pasyua "fannon" - ece ofo paef noetn manc pnn pennrnosnoro
unpoeocnpnnfnn, ne roeopn ye o fou, ufo caua rnranfckn eospocman uoms
uenoeeueckoro pennnn cfaenf nac feneps nepep npo6neuon nocnepcfenn nayuno-
fexnnueckoro nporpecca n, cfano 6tfs, ero npaecfeennon cocfonfensnocfn.
S.2. Coepemennm esrnnp pasnuunmx xonqeccu na
oeuenoeeuecxue nponemm: eonm u mupa, o1nomenun
x enac1u, x rocypapc1eennoc1u, esrnnp na npaea uenoeexa,
esaumoo1nomenue nonoe, o1nomenue x nonu1uxe
B nam eek pennrnn ecfynnnn c rpysou fpapnunn conpofnenennn noetu
snannnu n penennnu sa o6noenenne o6mecfea. locnopcfeykmne uepken
nonssoeanncs noppepkon rocypapcfea n oqnunansntu npnsnanneu,
pemnfensno etcfynan npofne peuokpafnuecknx penennn. Roofouy e mnpoknx
cnonx nacenennn unornx cfpan 6tno pacnpocfpaneno y6epenne, ufo pennrnn
ne nouoraef yrnefenntu n okcnnyafnpyeutu e 6ops6e sa nyumne ycnoenn
cymecfeoeannn, a uacfo npennfcfeyef nx ycnnnnu.
B fo epeun, korpa counansnte eonnennn n cfpeunenne k peuokpafnsaunn
o6mecfea oxeafnnn eecs unp, pennrnn ocfaeanacs onnofou fex cnn, kofopte
npofnennncs nk6tu nepeuenau, cfpeunnncs coxpannfs cfapte nopnpkn. Ha
ofou qone ykpennnocs ennnnne uapkcnsua c ero kpnfnkon pennrnn.
Repean unpoean eonna, ynecman 10 unn. nsnen, nopopeana pennrnosnyk
eepy, poeepne k uepkoentu enacfnu, onpaepteakmnu "ceon npaenfenscfea" n
nx yuacfne e eonne. Uepken - n npepe ecero pnucko-kafonnueckan - pnckpepnfn-
poeann ce6n noppepkon opnosntx n anfnnapopntx penuoe e pasntx cfpanax.
Opnako ye e 20-30-e rr. n, oco6enno e ropt Bfopon unpoeon eonnt,
ecfynnnn e pencfene qakfopt, cnoco6cfeoeaemne ykpennennk nosnunn
pennrnn, pocfy ee ennnnnn.
Tnroft n nnmennn eonnt cospaeann 6naronpnnfnyk nouey pnn uaccoeoro
pacnpocfpanennn faknx uyecfe n nepeneannn, kak cfpax sa ce6n n ceonx
6nnsknx, opnnouecfeo, ofuannne. [ae e CCCP, rpe afensu akfneno nponaranpn-
poeancn e feuenne 20 nef, napop nofnnyncn k pennrnn. Tpypno ouennfs nosnunk
uepken e ropt eonnt opnosnauno. C opnon cfopont, uepkoes uacfo etcfynana
pyxoenon onopon Conpofnenennn, c ppyron cfopont, fpypno o6onfn ennuanneu
fakon qakf, ufo e ropt eonnt pnucko-kafonnueckan uepkoes e nnue nant
pnuckoro npoponana akfneno cofpypnnuafs c qamncfckon lepuannen n ne
etcfynnna npofne uaccoeoro ncfpe6nennn eepeee eo ecex okkynnpoeanntx
cfpanax, e fou uncne e Hfannn.
Rocne okonuannn Bfopon unpoeon eonnt pennrnn 6onee akfneno, ueu
korpa 6t fo nn 6tno, ecfynakf e pnanor c "unpou". Kafonnueckan n npaeocnaenan
uepken ocypnnn uapkcnsu, sannnn 6onee rn6kyk nosnunk, nopeae c fpapnunnun
xonopnon eonnt: uepkoes ponna cnynfs nnfepecau uenoeeka, a ne fon nnn
nnon cncfeut. Bfopon Bafnkancknn co6op ofpasnn fenpenunk c6nnennn
uepken c "unpou", nocfaene sapauy noeepnyfs uepkoes nnuou k coepeuennouy
unpy, ero sa6ofau n nypau. B nacfonmee epeun pennrnosnte oprannsaunn
o6pamakfcn k eonpocau okonounueckon nsnn, nonnfnkn, peuorpaqnn, no, e
nepeyk ouepeps, k npo6neue npepofepamennn npepnon eonnt. Rpakfnueckn
ece konqeccnn n uepken etckasanncs ceropnn no eonpocau ry6nfensnocfn
eonn, neo6xopnuocfn pemennn okonornuecknx npo6neu, uennocfn ceusn n
53
ceuenntx ofnomennn, 6esnpaecfeennocfn 6ecnopnpountx nonoetx censen
("cekcyansnon peeonkunn"), ynofpe6nennn napkofnkoe.
S.S. C1a1uc1uuecxue u couonoruuecxue pannme o
pacnpoc1panenuu penuru, uucno eepymux u ux couanunm
coc1ae, ux ponu e oec1eenno xusnu pasnuunmx c1pan.
Apean pacnpoc1panenun penuru
Ro cfafncfnuecknu panntu cepepnnt 80-x rr. XX e. 6onsmyk uacfs noufn
6-unnnnappnoro nacenennn Seunn cocfaennnn eepykmne (pnc. 1): xpncfnane -
1 unpp. 400 unn., ns nnx kafonnkn - okono 800 unn., npofecfanft - okono 400
unn., npaeocnaente - okono 200 unn.; 6yppncft - okono 300 unn., nnpyncft -
okono 600 unn., uycynsuane - okono 800 unn., npneepenut konqyunancfea -
okono 300 unn. Sfo paneko ne ece ns uncna fpapnunonntx pennrnn, a nounuo
nnx "pennrnosntn ptnok" npepnaraef ceropnn cofnn kynsfoe n pennrnn.
Fcnn cypnfs o cocfonnnn pennrnosnocfn ceropnn no konnuecfey eepykmnx
e Eora nkpen, fo kapfnna nonyuaefcn eneuafnnkman. Opnako uncno eepykmnx -
xofn n eantn, no ne epnncfeenntn n, noanyn, ne rnaentn nokasafens
pencfenfensnoro ypoenn pennrnosnocfn. Rpoeepennte e 80-x rr. e CuA onpoct
nokasann, ufo fonsko 6% ofpnuakf cymecfeoeanne Eora, a 80% eepnf e Eora,
"kak onn ero nonnuakf". Ho npn ofou okasanocs, ufo 6onsman uacfs ns nnx -
"neuepkoeno pennrnosnan". Heepxoenan penuruosnoc1u" - cncfeua esrnnpoe
nnpnenpa, nonnuakmero Eora no-ceoeuy, ne fak, kak yunf uepkoes (ne kak
nnunocfs, kofopan uoef ofeeuafs na o6pamennte k nen uonnfet, a kak nekoe
po6po, ryuannocfs, pasyu, Bcenennyk n f.p.). Heuepkoeno pennrnosnte nkpn
ne yuacfeykf e kynsfoeon nsnn uepken n uano sa6ofnfcn o co6nkpennn
uepkoentx nopu, o6pnpoe, kynsfoetx npepnncannn; fakne nkpn uoryf ofpnuafs
ece ceepxecfecfeennoe n 6tfs, no cymecfey, nkpsun eoece ne pennrnosntun.
Auepnkanckne counonorn fake npneopnf pannte, cornacno kofoptu nop
ennnnneu naykn n o6pasoeannn ponn eepykmnx e Eora kak nnunocfs ynana sa
nocnepnne 300 nef npnuepno na opny fpefs.
Ronoenne pennrnn e coepeuennou o6mecfee pocfafouno npofneopeuneo
n ouennfs ee pons, eosuonocfn n nepcnekfnet ckonsko-nn6yps opnosnauno
nonpocfy neeosuono. Onpepenenno uono ckasafs, ufo xapakfepntu n
sakonouepntu pnn coepeuennocfn npoueccou nennefcn pasenfne cekynnpn-
saunn o6mecfeennoro cosnannn. Opnako cekynnpnsaunn onpepennef o6myk
fenpenunk, kofopan ne ncknkuaef eosuonoro ycnnennn nosnunn pennrnn nop
ennnnneu 6naronpnnfno cknapteakmnxcn pnn nee qakfopoe. [ocfafouno
ecnounnfs eospopenne cypoe mapnafa e eune. Ceropnn oueenpno, ufo pennrnn
nrpaef sauefnyk pons e nsnn o6mecfea.
Cnnsnee ecero e coepeuennou unpe, noanyn, ennnnne ncnaua. B 35
cfpanax uycynsuane cocfaennkf 6onsmnncfeo nacenennn, a e 29 cfpanax
nocnepoeafenn ncnaua npepcfaennkf co6on ennnfensnte uensmnncfea. B 28
cfpanax ncnau npnsnan rocypapc1eenno penurue. locypapcfeennan
pennrnn - ofo pennrnn, oqnunansno npnsnannan n noppepneaeuan
rocypapcfeou. Cnepoeafensno, ncnau ennnfenen n e unpoeon nonnfnke. Tak
e eennka pons e o6mecfeennon nsnn ceoen cfpant - Hspannn - nypeee, n ne
fonsko ceoen cfpant, no n fex cfpan, rpe eennka eepenckan pnacnopa. Mono
roeopnfs o6 onpepennkmeu ennnnnn nnpyncfoe na o6mecfeennyk nsns Hnpnn
n nekofoptx xpncfnancknx uepkeen na eeponenckne rocypapcfea.
54
- kafonnkn
- npofecfanft
- npaeocnaente
- 6yppncft
- uycynsuane
- konqyunanut
- nnpyncft
- nypancft
- npoune eepykmne n afencft
Puc 1. Penuruosnm coc1ae nacenenun
(Ro panntu cepepnnt 1980-x rr.)
1S%
S%
4%
S%
0,S%
1S%
1S%
S%
55
8AAHHR RR CAMOCTORTERBHOH PABOTB
1. Cocfaasfo nornvockyk cxomy asm snann no fomo kypca.
56
2. locfaasfo nanpofna kaoro nynkfa nqpm, coofaofcfaykno nanpaa-
nonnnm xpncfnancfaa 1 - npaaocnaano, 2 - kafonnnsm, 3 - npofocfanfnsm) no
opasy:
Kansenn - 3, Cenfon Cepaqnu Capoecknn - 1 n f.n.
1. Mapfnn Jkfep - ...
2. Aerycfnn Enaenntn - ...
3. Bocfounan Pnuckan nunepnn - ...
4. Sanapnan Pnuckan nunepnn - ...
5. Cenfon Ceprnn Paponecknn - ...
6. Rafpnapx - ...
7. Rana pnucknn - ...
8. Tpexnepcfnoe kpecfnoe snauenne - ...
9. Onfnna nycftns - ...
10. Anppen Py6nee - ...
11. Konqnpuaunn - ...
12. Monnfeenntn pou - ...
13. Ofcyfcfene kynsfa nkon, cenftx - ...
14. Eeafnqnkaunn - ...
15. Fi|ioque - ...
16. ncfnnnme - ...
17. Bafnkan - ...
18. Peqopuaunn - ...
19. Ofcyfcfene Rpepannn - ...
20. Keakept - ...
21. Eanfnsu - ...
3. Hanpofna onncannn xpncfnancknx fanncfa nocfaasfo nqpy,
coofaofcfaykyk fanncfay:
- kpemenne - 1,
- npnuamenne - 2,
- cenmencfeo - 3,
- nokannne - 4,
- unponouasanne - 5,
- 6pak - 6,
- eneocenmenne - 7.
1. Rpnnnfne uenoeeka e nono uepken - ...
2. Co6opoeanne, fanncfeo, coeepmaeuoe o6tuno nap 6onsntu, - ...
3. Hapenenne uepes ennckonckoe pykononoenne (xnpofonnk)
pykononaraeuoro 6naropafsk cenforo [yxa, penakmee ero nocpepnnkou uepy
Eorou n nkpsun, - ...
4. Rpnnnfne fena n kpoen Xpncfoeon - ...
5. Coks peyx nkpen, ocenmenntn n cankunonnpoeanntn uepkoesk.
6. Hcnoeepanne rpexoe cenmennnky - ...
7. Cuasteanne nnua apouafnuecknu uacnou, fanncfeo napenennn
Eoecfeennon 6naropafsk.
57
4. lpocfaasfo afm rom) nanonoo snavnfonsnmx aox ncfopnn
xpncfnancfaa:
1. Rnfnpecnfnnua, ocnoeanne uepken - ...
2. Hnkencknn co6op (Hnkencknn cnueon eept) - ...
3. Xpncfnancfeo cfanoenfcn rocypapcfeennon pennrnen Pnuckon nunepnn - ...
4. Ronenenne noeoro conepnnka xpncfnancfea - ncnaua - ...
5. Pycs npnnnuaef xpncfnancfeo - ...
6. Packon (kafonnuecfeo n npaeocnaene) - ...
7. 95 fesncoe Mapfnna Jkfepa - ...
8. Mockoecknn nafpnapxaf - ...
9. Ynpaspnenne nafpnapmecfea e Poccnn - Cenmenntn cnnop - ...
5. fo m am ofnocnn k cynnnsmy, a vfo k unnsmy?
- rocnopcfeykmee nanpaenenne ncnaua;
- npepanne "ax6apt";
- uasxa6;
- nuaunft;
- "ckptftn nuau";
- nenorpemnuocfs nuauoe;
- cyqqnsu;
- eaxxa6nsu;
- cenfocfs ecen Cynnt;
- senpncft.
Cynnnsu unnsu
58
Aefokeqans
npaeocnaen
uepken
6. Sanonnnfo fanny 1:
Eorn lpeunn Pnu
Bepxoenoe enckoe 6oecfeo
Eornnn nckyccfe n fananfoe,
nokpoenfensnnua peuecen
Bepxoentn 6or nanfeona
Eor foproenn, kynuoe n npn6tnn
Eornnn cyps6t
Eornnn nk6en
Eor uopen n nofokoe
Eor ornn
Eor seuneenapensuee n ypoan
Eor eonnt
Ta6nnua 1
59
7. Ha cxomo npaaocnaano opkan npocfaasfo vncna, oosnavakno:
1 - Anfaps;
2 - Cpepnnn uacfs xpaua;
3 - Rpnfeop;
4 - Hkonocfac;
5 - Rpecfon;
6 - Xepfeennnk;
7 - lopnee uecfo;
8 - Pnsnnua;
9 - Conen;
10 - Aueon;
11 - Knnpoct.
8. Pacnpoonnfo xpncfnanckno opkan n onnm no fpom rpaqam:
Hepycannuckan uepkoes, Cfapokafonnkn, Banspenct, Konfckan uepkoes,
Mopaeckne 6pafsn, Eonrapckan uepkoes, lpysnnckan uepkoes, Anekcanppnnckan
uepkoes, Anfnoxnnckan uepkoes, Sqnonckan uepkoes, Jkfepanckan uepkoes,
Apeenfncft, Cep6ckan uepkoes.
Ta6nnua 2
Aefokeqansnte
npaeocnaente
uepken
[peeneeocfounte
(poxanknponckne)
uepken
Rpofecfanfckne
o6mnnt
60
PERHlHOBEEHHE
KHHTA 1
Pepakfop J.C. Je6epeea
Onepafop kounskfepnon eepcfkn [.B. uepofoe
___________________________________________________________________________________
Hsp. nnu. JP N 071765 of 07.12.98 r. Cpano e neuafs
Tnpa Sakas

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