Combustible Dusts

Combustible Dusts
Presented by Presented by
Bruce L. Rottner, CSP
Bruce L. Rottner, CSP
At At
AIHce 2006 in Chicago, Illinois
AIHce 2006 in Chicago, Illinois
First Documented Dust Explosion
First Documented Dust Explosion
Mr. Giacomelli
Mr. Giacomelli

s Bakery
s Bakery
Turin, Italy
Turin, Italy

December 14 1785
December 14 1785
Count Morozzo recounts his investigation as documented in the Count Morozzo recounts his investigation as documented in the
Memoirs of the Academy of Science of Turin Memoirs of the Academy of Science of Turin
On the 14 On the 14
TH TH
of December, 1785, about six o of December, 1785, about six o clock in the evening, there clock in the evening, there
took place in the house of Mr. Giacomelli, baker in the city, an took place in the house of Mr. Giacomelli, baker in the city, an
explosion which threw down the windows and window explosion which threw down the windows and window- -frames of his frames of his
shop which looked into the street; the noise was as loud as that shop which looked into the street; the noise was as loud as that of a of a
large cracker, and was heard at a considerable distance. At the large cracker, and was heard at a considerable distance. At the
moment of the explosion, a very bright flame, which lasted only moment of the explosion, a very bright flame, which lasted only a a
few seconds, was seen in the shop; and it was immediately few seconds, was seen in the shop; and it was immediately
observed, that the inflammation proceeded from the flour observed, that the inflammation proceeded from the flour - -
warehouse which was situated over the back shop where a boy was warehouse which was situated over the back shop where a boy was
employed in stirring some flour by the light of a lamp. employed in stirring some flour by the light of a lamp.
Data from 1898 until 1942
Data from 1898 until 1942

The US Bureau of Chemistry of the

The US Bureau of Chemistry of the
Department of Agriculture whose work
Department of Agriculture whose work
became the basis for the NFPA committee
became the basis for the NFPA committee
on dust explosions reported:
on dust explosions reported:

780 total explosions

780 total explosions

519 fatalities
519 fatalities

1206 injured
1206 injured

Losses in dollars
Losses in dollars

55,728,940
55,728,940
Case History
Case History

West
West
Pharmaceutical Services 1/29/2003
Pharmaceutical Services 1/29/2003
6 fatalities 6 fatalities
38 injuries 38 injuries
The explosion could be The explosion could be
heard 25 miles from the heard 25 miles from the
plant plant
Shattering glass injured a Shattering glass injured a
student at a school 0.5 student at a school 0.5
mile away. mile away.
Flaming debris set woods Flaming debris set woods
on fire as far as two miles on fire as far as two miles
away. away.
West Pharmaceutical (cont.)
West Pharmaceutical (cont.)

Plastic dust was deposited on top of a

Plastic dust was deposited on top of a
suspended ceiling.
suspended ceiling.

to
to

inch thick on horizontal surfaces

inch thick on horizontal surfaces
(e.g., tops of the tiles, lighting fixtures,
(e.g., tops of the tiles, lighting fixtures,
beams, conduit, etc.)
beams, conduit, etc.)

Estimation was that a ton of powder had

Estimation was that a ton of powder had
accumulated.
accumulated.

Accumulated for a period of years.

Accumulated for a period of years.
West Pharmaceutical (cont.)
West Pharmaceutical (cont.)

Several Ignition Sources Identified by the

Several Ignition Sources Identified by the
U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard
U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard
Investigation Board
Investigation Board

Overheated batch of rubber

Overheated batch of rubber

Electrical fault
Electrical fault

Hot lighting ballast

Hot lighting ballast

Spark from an electric motor

Spark from an electric motor
MSDS Polyethylene
MSDS Polyethylene
Fire and Explosion Hazard Information Fire and Explosion Hazard Information
========================================= =========================================
============== Extinguishing Media: WATER, CARBON ============== Extinguishing Media: WATER, CARBON
DIOXIDE, DRY CHEMICAL. Fire Fighting Procedures: USE NIOSH DIOXIDE, DRY CHEMICAL. Fire Fighting Procedures: USE NIOSH
APPRVD SCBA & FULL PROT EQUIP (FP N). IF PROT EQUIP IS NOT APPRVD SCBA & FULL PROT EQUIP (FP N). IF PROT EQUIP IS NOT
AVAIL/NOT USED, FIGHT FIRE FROM PROTECTED LOCATION/SAFE AVAIL/NOT USED, FIGHT FIRE FROM PROTECTED LOCATION/SAFE
DIST. KEEP PEOPLE AWAY. ISOLATE FIRE AREA & DENY UNNEC DIST. KEEP PEOPLE AWAY. ISOLATE FIRE AREA & DENY UNNEC
ENTRY. COOL SURROUND S W/WATER TO LOCALIZE FIRE ZONE. ENTRY. COOL SURROUND S W/WATER TO LOCALIZE FIRE ZONE.
HAND HELD CARBON DIOXIDE/DRY CHEM EXTINGS MAY BE USED HAND HELD CARBON DIOXIDE/DRY CHEM EXTINGS MAY BE USED
FOR SM FIRES. SOAK THORO(SUPDAT) Unusual Fire/Explosion FOR SM FIRES. SOAK THORO(SUPDAT) Unusual Fire/Explosion
Hazard: DENSE SMOKE IS EMITTED WHEN BURNED W/OUT Hazard: DENSE SMOKE IS EMITTED WHEN BURNED W/OUT
SUFFICIENT OXYG. MECH HNDLG CAN CAUSE FORM OF DUSTS. TO SUFFICIENT OXYG. MECH HNDLG CAN CAUSE FORM OF DUSTS. TO
REDUCE POTNTL FOR DUST EXPLO, DO NOT PERMIT DUST TO REDUCE POTNTL FOR DUST EXPLO, DO NOT PERMIT DUST TO
ACCUM. HAZ COMBUST PRODS:UNDER FIRE CNDTNS POLYMERS ACCUM. HAZ COMBUST PRODS:UNDER FIRE CNDTNS POLYMERS
DECOMPOSE. SMOKE MAY CONTAIN POLYMER FRAGMENTS OF DECOMPOSE. SMOKE MAY CONTAIN POLYMER FRAGMENTS OF
VARYING COMPOSITIONS IN ADDN TO UNIDENTIFIED TOX &/OR VARYING COMPOSITIONS IN ADDN TO UNIDENTIFIED TOX &/OR
IRRIT (SUPDAT) IRRIT (SUPDAT)
Industries At Risk
Industries At Risk

Agricultural
Agricultural

Chemical
Chemical

Pharmaceuticals
Pharmaceuticals

Wood
Wood

Plastics
Plastics

Food
Food

Coal
Coal
Combustion Principles
Combustion Principles
Fire is a rapid oxidation Fire is a rapid oxidation
process with the evolution of process with the evolution of
light and heat in varying light and heat in varying
intensities. intensities.
2C + O 2C + O
2 2
2CO 2CO
Deflagration is a combustion Deflagration is a combustion
reaction in which the velocity reaction in which the velocity
of the reaction front through of the reaction front through
the unreacted fuel medium is the unreacted fuel medium is
less than the speed of sound. less than the speed of sound.
One Explosion or Two
One Explosion or Two
Factors Impacting a Dust Explosion
Factors Impacting a Dust Explosion

Particle size
Particle size

Chemical properties of a dust

Chemical properties of a dust

Moisture content
Moisture content

Cloud dispersion
Cloud dispersion
Process Equipment at Risk
Process Equipment at Risk

DUST COLLECTORS
DUST COLLECTORS

Storage Enclosures (e.g., silos, bins, hoppers,
Storage Enclosures (e.g., silos, bins, hoppers,
etc.)
etc.)

Pneumatic Conveying Systems
Pneumatic Conveying Systems

Air
Air
-
-
Material Separators
Material Separators

Size Reduction (e.g., hammermills, granulators,
Size Reduction (e.g., hammermills, granulators,
grinders, etc.)
grinders, etc.)

Material Feeding Devices (bucket elevators)
Material Feeding Devices (bucket elevators)

Heating Equipment
Heating Equipment
Importance of Maintenance (and
Importance of Maintenance (and
Inspection) of Equipment
Inspection) of Equipment

Identifies problems before they become

Identifies problems before they become
disasters.
disasters.

Reduces the potential for ignition sources.

Reduces the potential for ignition sources.

Reduces the amount of fugitive dust in the

Reduces the amount of fugitive dust in the
work environment.
work environment.
Definition of a
Definition of a

dust
dust

Combustible Dust
Combustible Dust

Any finely divided solid

Any finely divided solid
material that is 420 microns or smaller in
material that is 420 microns or smaller in
diameter (material passing a U.S. No. 40
diameter (material passing a U.S. No. 40
Standard Sieve) and presents a fire or
Standard Sieve) and presents a fire or
explosion when dispersed or ignited in air.
explosion when dispersed or ignited in air.
Sieve Analysis
Sieve Analysis
74
74
200
200
106
106
140
140
150
150
100
100
180
180
80
80
420
420
40
40
Microns
Microns
US Standard Sieve No.
US Standard Sieve No.
Surface Area to Mass Ratio
Surface Area to Mass Ratio

Dust explosion is a rapid oxidation of the

Dust explosion is a rapid oxidation of the
particle surface.
particle surface.

Increasing the surface to mass ratio allows

Increasing the surface to mass ratio allows
less heat to dissipate into the mass.
less heat to dissipate into the mass.

The less heat absorbed by the mass of the

The less heat absorbed by the mass of the
particle, the more that heat accelerates
particle, the more that heat accelerates
the reaction.
the reaction.
Optimum Cloud Density
Optimum Cloud Density

An optimum cloud density allows sufficient

An optimum cloud density allows sufficient
distance between the particles to allow
distance between the particles to allow
access of oxygen around the particles; but
access of oxygen around the particles; but
close enough so that the heat of one
close enough so that the heat of one
ignited particle can initiate reactions in
ignited particle can initiate reactions in
nearby particles.
nearby particles.
Ignition of Dust Layers
Ignition of Dust Layers

Ignition of a dust layer is a function of the type
Ignition of a dust layer is a function of the type
of dust, its physical and chemical properties, and
of dust, its physical and chemical properties, and
the depth of the layer.
the depth of the layer.

The ignition of a dust layer usually occurs at a
The ignition of a dust layer usually occurs at a
lower temperature than a dust cloud.
lower temperature than a dust cloud.

Once the material is ignited it then can serve as
Once the material is ignited it then can serve as
an ignition source for a dust cloud.
an ignition source for a dust cloud.

The ignition temperature of a layer can decrease
The ignition temperature of a layer can decrease
over time when subjected to constant heating.
over time when subjected to constant heating.
Ignition of Dust Clouds
Ignition of Dust Clouds

Ignited dust particles

Ignited dust particles

Mechanical sparks
Mechanical sparks

Static electricity
Static electricity

Electrical sources
Electrical sources

Heat sources
Heat sources

Open flames
Open flames
General Parameters
General Parameters

Average minimum concentration of a
Average minimum concentration of a
combustible dust is approximately 0.05 ozs / ft
combustible dust is approximately 0.05 ozs / ft
3 3
or 50 g / m
or 50 g / m
3 3

Materials that ignite above 0.50 joules are not
Materials that ignite above 0.50 joules are not
considered sensitive to ignition by electrostatic
considered sensitive to ignition by electrostatic
discharge.
discharge.

Draft System +,
Draft System +,
-
-
, and ?
, and ?
Min. Ignition Temp. of a Cloud < 400
Min. Ignition Temp. of a Cloud < 400

C
C
Min. Ignition Temp. of a Layer 5mm < 300
Min. Ignition Temp. of a Layer 5mm < 300

C
C
Min. Ignition Energy of a Cloud < 15 mJ
Min. Ignition Energy of a Cloud < 15 mJ
Laboratory Tests
Laboratory Tests

Minimum Explosive Concentration (MEC)

Minimum Explosive Concentration (MEC)

Minimum Ignition Temperature (MIT)

Minimum Ignition Temperature (MIT)
cloud or a layer
cloud or a layer

Minimum Ignition Energy (MIE)

Minimum Ignition Energy (MIE)

Maximum Explosion Pressure and Rate of

Maximum Explosion Pressure and Rate of
Pressure Rise
Pressure Rise
Factors Effecting Laboratory Tests
Factors Effecting Laboratory Tests

Variation of apparatus *
Variation of apparatus *

Ability to achieve perfect dispersion of the

Ability to achieve perfect dispersion of the
dust.
dust.

Particle Size
Particle Size

Moisture Content
Moisture Content
Minimum Explosive Concentration
Minimum Explosive Concentration

Hartmann Apparatus (Vertical tube

Hartmann Apparatus (Vertical tube
apparatus)
apparatus)

Positive result is the bursting of a paper

Positive result is the bursting of a paper
diaphragm at the top of the apparatus.
diaphragm at the top of the apparatus.

Quantity of dust is decreased 5 mg until

Quantity of dust is decreased 5 mg until
no explosions occurs in four successive
no explosions occurs in four successive
trials.
trials.
Minimum Ignition Temperature
Minimum Ignition Temperature
-
-
Cloud
Cloud

Conducted in a Godbert
Conducted in a Godbert
-
-
Greenwald
Greenwald
Furnace
Furnace

Air dispersion of dust into the furnace.

Air dispersion of dust into the furnace.

Positive result is the observation of a flame at

Positive result is the observation of a flame at
the bottom of the furnace.
the bottom of the furnace.

Standard quantity of dust 0.1 g. (0.05 and

Standard quantity of dust 0.1 g. (0.05 and
1.0)
1.0)

Increments of 5
Increments of 5

C.
C.

Positive results in one or more trials in a

Positive results in one or more trials in a
group of four.
group of four.
Minimum Ignition Temperature
Minimum Ignition Temperature
Layer
Layer

Hot Plate
Hot Plate

A metal ring is placed on a hot plate

A metal ring is placed on a hot plate
and filled with the dust. Thermocouples record
and filled with the dust. Thermocouples record
the temperature of the hot plate and the dust.
the temperature of the hot plate and the dust.
If the dust temperature exceeds the hot plate by
If the dust temperature exceeds the hot plate by
20
20

C then an ignition is recorded.

C then an ignition is recorded.

US Bureau of Mines test involves a metal mesh
US Bureau of Mines test involves a metal mesh
basket which is filled with the dust. Air of a
basket which is filled with the dust. Air of a
known temperature is flowed across the powder.
known temperature is flowed across the powder.
An ignition is when the temperature of the
An ignition is when the temperature of the
powder exceeds the surrounding air.
powder exceeds the surrounding air.
Minimum Ignition Energy
Minimum Ignition Energy

US Bureau of Mines conducted the test in

US Bureau of Mines conducted the test in
the Hartmann Apparatus
the Hartmann Apparatus

Multiple trials are used to determine a

Multiple trials are used to determine a
minimum energy discharge for ignition.
minimum energy discharge for ignition.

The minimum spark ignition energy is the

The minimum spark ignition energy is the
lowest setting at which a positive result is
lowest setting at which a positive result is
obtained in one out of at least four trials.
obtained in one out of at least four trials.
Maximum Pressure (P
Maximum Pressure (P
MAX MAX
) and
) and
Maximum Rate of Pressure Rise (R
Maximum Rate of Pressure Rise (R
MAX MAX
)
)

Hartmann Apparatus
Hartmann Apparatus

20
20
-
-
Liter Sphere
Liter Sphere
K
K
ST
ST
K
K
ST ST
is an index used to classify the explosion
is an index used to classify the explosion
severity of a combustible dust.
severity of a combustible dust.
It is based on the maximum rate of pressure
It is based on the maximum rate of pressure
rise, (dP/dt)
rise, (dP/dt)
MAX MAX
and the units are
and the units are
bar/second.
bar/second.
K
K
ST ST
= (dP/dt)
= (dP/dt)
MAX MAX
* V
* V
1/3 1/3
(V is the vessel
(V is the vessel
volume ~ m
volume ~ m
3 3
)
)
K
K
ST
ST
Index
Index
> 300
> 300
St
St
-
-
3
3
201
201
-
-
300
300
St
St
-
-
2
2
Up to 200
Up to 200
St
St
-
-
1
1
K
K
ST ST
(bar
(bar
-
-
m/ s)
m/ s)
Dust Class
Dust Class
Explosion Severity Index
Explosion Severity Index
(US Bureau of Mines)
(US Bureau of Mines)
>10
>10
>2.0
>2.0
>5.0
>5.0
Severe
Severe
1.0
1.0
-
-
10
10
1.0
1.0

2.0
2.0
1.0
1.0

5.0
5.0
Strong
Strong
0.1
0.1

1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5

1.0
1.0
0.2
0.2

1.0
1.0
Moderate
Moderate
<0.1
<0.1
<0.5
<0.5
<0.2
<0.2
Weak
Weak
Index of Index of
explosibility explosibility
Explosion Explosion
Severity Severity
Ignition Ignition
sensitivity sensitivity
Relative Relative
explosion explosion
hazard rating hazard rating
Ignition Sensitivity
Ignition Sensitivity
Minimum Ignition Temperature X Minimum Ignition Energy Minimum Ignition Temperature X Minimum Ignition Energy
X Minimum Explosible Concentration) Pittsburgh Coal X Minimum Explosible Concentration) Pittsburgh Coal
dust dust
Minimum Ignition Temperature X Minimum Ignition Energy Minimum Ignition Temperature X Minimum Ignition Energy
X Minimum Explosible Concentration) Sample dust X Minimum Explosible Concentration) Sample dust
Explosion Severity
Explosion Severity
(Maximum Explosion Pressure X Maximum Rate of
(Maximum Explosion Pressure X Maximum Rate of
Pressure Rise) Sample dust
Pressure Rise) Sample dust
(Maximum Explosion Pressure X Maximum Rate of
(Maximum Explosion Pressure X Maximum Rate of
Pressure Rise) Pittsburgh Coal dust
Pressure Rise) Pittsburgh Coal dust
Index of Explosibility
Index of Explosibility
Ignition Sensitivity X Explosion Severity
Ignition Sensitivity X Explosion Severity
Protection Methods
Protection Methods

Deflagration Pressure Containment
Deflagration Pressure Containment

Deflagration Venting
Deflagration Venting

Suppression
Suppression

Oxygen Reduction
Oxygen Reduction

Deflagration venting through a listed dust
Deflagration venting through a listed dust
retention and flame
retention and flame
-
-
arresting device
arresting device

Isolation (prevent propagation)
Isolation (prevent propagation)

chokes, rotary
chokes, rotary
valves, flame front diverters, fast acting valves
valves, flame front diverters, fast acting valves
NEC Classifications
NEC Classifications

Article 500
Article 500
Class II, Division 1 and 2 locations where fire or explosion Class II, Division 1 and 2 locations where fire or explosion
hazards may exist due to combustible dust. hazards may exist due to combustible dust.
Division 1 Division 1
Combustible dust in air under normal operating conditions in Combustible dust in air under normal operating conditions in
quantities sufficient to produce an explosive or ignitible quantities sufficient to produce an explosive or ignitible
mixture. mixture.
Division 2 Division 2
Combustible dust due to abnormal conditions in quantities, Combustible dust due to abnormal conditions in quantities,
Dust accumulation on, in, or in the vicinity of the electrical Dust accumulation on, in, or in the vicinity of the electrical
equipment could be sufficient to interfere with the safe equipment could be sufficient to interfere with the safe
dissipation of heat from electrical equipment, or could be dissipation of heat from electrical equipment, or could be
ignitible by abnormal operation or failure of electrical ignitible by abnormal operation or failure of electrical
equipment equipment. .
Group E
Group E

Group E
Group E

Atmospheres containing combustible

Atmospheres containing combustible
metal dusts, including aluminum, magnesium,
metal dusts, including aluminum, magnesium,
and their commercial alloys, or other
and their commercial alloys, or other
combustible dusts whose particle size,
combustible dusts whose particle size,
abrasiveness, or conductivity present similar
abrasiveness, or conductivity present similar
hazards in the use of electrical equipment.
hazards in the use of electrical equipment.
Aluminum, Chromium, Ferromanganese, Iron,
Aluminum, Chromium, Ferromanganese, Iron,
Manganese, and Magnesium
Manganese, and Magnesium
Group F
Group F
Group F
Group F

Atmospheres containing combustible

Atmospheres containing combustible
carbonaceous dusts that have more than 8
carbonaceous dusts that have more than 8
percent total entrapped volatiles or that have
percent total entrapped volatiles or that have
been sensitized by other materials so that they
been sensitized by other materials so that they
present an explosion hazard.
present an explosion hazard.
Coal, carbon black, charcoal, pitch, and coke dust
Coal, carbon black, charcoal, pitch, and coke dust
Group G
Group G
Group G
Group G

Atmospheres containing other

Atmospheres containing other
combustible dusts, including flour, grain,
combustible dusts, including flour, grain,
wood flour, plastic, and chemicals
wood flour, plastic, and chemicals
Housekeeping as it Relates to NEC
Housekeeping as it Relates to NEC

Assume a bulk density of 75 lbs/ft
Assume a bulk density of 75 lbs/ft
3 3
(1200 Kg /
(1200 Kg /
m
m
3 3
) and assumed concentration of 0.35 oz /ft
) and assumed concentration of 0.35 oz /ft
3 3
(350 g/m
(350 g/m
3 3
) it has been calculated that a dust
) it has been calculated that a dust
layer averaging 1/32 inch is sufficient to form a
layer averaging 1/32 inch is sufficient to form a
combustible dust cloud.
combustible dust cloud.

Reference Section 5.2.2 of NFPA 499 which
Reference Section 5.2.2 of NFPA 499 which
states: When a dust layer is greater than 1/8
states: When a dust layer is greater than 1/8
inch thick (3mm) is present under normal
inch thick (3mm) is present under normal
conditions, the location should be classified as
conditions, the location should be classified as
Division 1.
Division 1.
Housekeeping as it Relates to NEC
Housekeeping as it Relates to NEC
(continued)
(continued)
Table A.5.2.2(a) Division Determination Guidelines
Table A.5.2.2(a) Division Determination Guidelines
Based on Dust Layer Thickness
Based on Dust Layer Thickness
Greater than 1/8 inch (3.0mm) Division 1
Greater than 1/8 inch (3.0mm) Division 1
Less than 1/8 inch, but surface
Less than 1/8 inch, but surface
color not discernable Division 2
color not discernable Division 2
Surface color discernable under
Surface color discernable under
the dust layer Unclassified
the dust layer Unclassified
Temporary Equipment that Defeats
Temporary Equipment that Defeats
Electrical Area Classification
Electrical Area Classification

Forklifts
Forklifts

Vacuum Cleaners
Vacuum Cleaners

Power Tools
Power Tools
Fire Brigades and Emergency
Fire Brigades and Emergency
Response
Response

A dust explosion can be initiated by an

A dust explosion can be initiated by an
incipient fire.
incipient fire.

Incipient Fire Brigades:

Incipient Fire Brigades:

Have limited training.

Have limited training.

Can use hose streams to fight fires.

Can use hose streams to fight fires.

Have little or no Personal Protective

Have little or no Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE).
Equipment (PPE).

A dust explosion can be initiated by

A dust explosion can be initiated by
an incipient fire.
an incipient fire.
Emergency Response Planning
Emergency Response Planning

Pre
Pre
-
-
Explosion
Explosion

Dust Explosion
Dust Explosion

Post
Post
-
-
Explosion
Explosion
Determining the Cause
Determining the Cause

Ignited materials can travel through

Ignited materials can travel through
process equipment far from its ignition
process equipment far from its ignition
source until it reaches a combustible
source until it reaches a combustible
cloud.
cloud.

Fire and explosions destroy some of the

Fire and explosions destroy some of the
evidence necessary to make a
evidence necessary to make a
determination.
determination.

For the most part, determining cause is

For the most part, determining cause is
only achieved in about 50% of the cases.
only achieved in about 50% of the cases.
Post Event Working Environment
Post Event Working Environment

Community and regulatory industries have

Community and regulatory industries have
a renewed interest in your facility.
a renewed interest in your facility.

Facility personnel have a perceived risk of

Facility personnel have a perceived risk of
an elevated hazard.
an elevated hazard.

Strong push to rebuild and resume

Strong push to rebuild and resume
operations.
operations.

EHS personnel along with facility

EHS personnel along with facility
management must decide when to resume
management must decide when to resume
normal operations.
normal operations.
Resuming Normal Operations
Resuming Normal Operations

Rebuilding equipment and facilities once

Rebuilding equipment and facilities once
thought to be safe but led to a dust
thought to be safe but led to a dust
explosion.
explosion.

The exact ignition source of a dust

The exact ignition source of a dust
explosion is only identified approximately
explosion is only identified approximately
50% of the time.
50% of the time.

Theories and solutions are numerous and

Theories and solutions are numerous and
varied.
varied.
Standards
Standards
NFPA 61, Standard for the Prevention of Fires and Dust NFPA 61, Standard for the Prevention of Fires and Dust
Explosions in Agricultural and Food Product Facilities Explosions in Agricultural and Food Product Facilities
NFPA 70, National Electrical Code (2005) NFPA 70, National Electrical Code (2005)
NFPA 499, Recommended practice for the Classification NFPA 499, Recommended practice for the Classification
of Combustible Dusts and of Hazardous (classified) of Combustible Dusts and of Hazardous (classified)
Locations for Electrical Installations in Chemical Process Locations for Electrical Installations in Chemical Process
Areas (2004) Areas (2004)
NFPA 654, Standard for the Prevention of Fire and Dust NFPA 654, Standard for the Prevention of Fire and Dust
explosions from the Manufacturing, Processing, and explosions from the Manufacturing, Processing, and
Handling of Combustible Particulate Solids (2006) Handling of Combustible Particulate Solids (2006)
NFPA 664, Standard for the Prevention of Fires and NFPA 664, Standard for the Prevention of Fires and
Explosions in Wood Processing and Woodworking Explosions in Wood Processing and Woodworking
Facilities Facilities