Formula sheet

Class 12 th

CHEMISTRY

Designed by

Edustudy point
 ❖ Mass Percentage (w/w)
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆
Mass % = 𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 × 100

❖ Volume percentage (V/V)

𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆
Volume % = 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 × 100

❖ Mass by volume percentage (w/v)

𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆
Mass by volume % = 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 × 100

❖ Parts Per Million (ppm)

𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆
ppm = × 106
𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

❖ Mole fraction
𝒏𝒐.𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆
χ = 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒐.𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

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 ❖ Molarity (M)
𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆
M= 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 ሺ𝑳ሻ

❖ Molality (m)
𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆
m = 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕 ൫𝒌𝒈൯

❖ Raoult’s law
➢

Total pressure (P) = PA + PB

= P ° A XA + P ° B XB

➢ PA = partial vapour pressure of A

PB = partial vapour pressure of B

P = P A = P ° A XA P°A = Vapour pressure of pure A

P°B = Vapour pressure of pure B

𝑷° 𝑨 − 𝑷
= 𝑿
𝑷° 𝑨

❖ Henry’s law P = Partial pressure

KH = Henry's law constant

P = K HX x = mole fraction of the gas

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 ❖ Elevation of boiling point
ΔTb = Kb m

❖ Depression of freezing point

ΔTf = Kf m Kb = ebulliscopic constant

Kf = cryoscopic constant

❖ Osmotic pressure (π) C = Molarity

R = rate constant

π = CRT T = temperature

❖ Van’t Hoff factor (i)

𝑶𝒃𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒆𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒚
i = 𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒚
𝑵𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔
i = 𝑨𝒃𝒏𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔
𝒏𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒇𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏/𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
i = 𝒏𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒃𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏/𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

❖ Modified form of Colligative properties

𝑷° 𝑨− 𝑷
1. =𝒊𝑿 PA = partial vapour pressure of A
𝑷° 𝑨
PB = partial vapour pressure of B

2. ΔTb = 𝒊 Kb m P°A = Vapour pressure of pure A

P°B = Vapour pressure of pure B

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 ΔTf = 𝒊 Kf m
π = 𝒊 CRT

❖ Degree of Disassociation
𝒊−𝟏
α = n = number of ions
𝒏−𝟏

❖ Degree of association
𝒊−𝟏
α = 𝟏
𝒏
−𝟏