HYDRAULICS FORMULAS Compressibility, β

1. PROPERTIES OF FLUID −ΔV

𝑉 1
Mass Density, ρ (kg/m3) β= =
ΔP 𝐸
𝑀
ρ=
𝑉
Modulus of Elasticity, E
𝑃
ρ= 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 ΔP
𝑅𝑇
E= = ΔV
M – mass 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝑉
V – volume
P – absolute pressure (Pa) Pressure Disturbances
R – 287 J/kg-K
– 1716 lb-ft/slug-R 𝐸 1
T – absolute temperature (K) c=√ =√
ρ βρ
K = C +273
R = F + 460 Property Changes in Ideal Gas
Specific Volume, Vs (m3/kg) 𝑃1𝑉1 𝑃2𝑉2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2
1
Vs = P1V1 = P2V2 – Boyle’s Law
ρ

Unit Weight, γ (kN/m3) 𝑉1 𝑉2

= – Charle’s Law
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝑇1 𝑇2
γ= 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
, ρg

Specific Gravity, s
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
S=
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
Viscosity, μ (Pa-sec, lb sec/ft2, poise)
τ
μ=
𝑑𝑉/𝑑𝑦

Kinematic Viscosity, ν (m2/s, ft2/s)

μ
ν=
ρ
𝜏 = shear stress (lb/ft2 or Pa)

Surface Tension, σ (N/m)

4σ
P=
𝑑
4σ cos 
h=
γd

d – diameter of droplet (m)

P – gage pressure (Pa)
h – capillary rise or depression (m)
γ – unit weight (N/m3)
2. PRINCIPLES OF HYDROSTATICS 3. TOTAL HYDROSTATIC FORCE
Unit Pressure, P (N/m2, Pa) F = γhA = pcgA
𝐹 Eccentricity, e
P=
𝐴 𝐼𝑔
e=
Absolute Pressure, Pabs 𝐴𝑦

Pabs = Pgage + Patm a. Gravity Dam

1atm = 2166 lb/ft2 μRy

Rx = ΣFh FSs = >1.0
= 14.7 psi Rx
= 29.9 inches of mercury 𝑅𝑀
= 760 mmHg Ry = ΣFv FSo = >1.0
𝑂𝑀
= 101.325 kPa
𝑅𝑀−𝑂𝑀
x=
Variation in Pressure 𝑅𝑦

p2 - p1 =γh Foundation Pressure

For e ≤ B/6
Pressure Head
e = B/2 – x
𝑝
h= 𝑅𝑦
𝛾 q=-
𝐵
(1 ± 6𝑒
𝐵
)
q+ = qtoe
q– = qheel

For e >B/6
x = a/3
2𝑅𝑦
qe =
3𝑥
Buoyant Force, BF v = volume of the wedge either immersion or emersion
s = horizontal distance between the center of gravity of the
BF = γVD wedges
𝑆 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 γ 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 θ = angle of tilting
VD = 𝑆 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑉 = γ 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝑉 I = moment of inertia of the waterline section of the body
RM = righting moment
𝑆 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 γ 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦
D = 𝑆 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝐻 = γ 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝐻 OM = overturning moment

𝑆 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 γ 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦
As = 𝑆 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝐴 = 𝐴 c. Stress on Thin-walled Pressure Vessel
γ 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
Tangential Stress, σt (Circumferential Stress)
b. Stability of Floating Bodies
RM or OM = Wx = W(MGsinθ) 2T = F
2(σttL) = pDL
Metacentric Height, MG
𝑝𝐷
MG=MBO ± GBO σt =
2𝑡
Use (-) if G is above BO and (+) if G is below BO. Longitudinal Stress, σl
Note that M is always above BO
PT = F
σl (πDt) = p (1/4πD2)
𝑝𝐷
σl =
4𝑡
Spacing of Hoops of Wood Stave Vessels
2𝜎𝑡 𝐴ℎ
s=
𝑝𝐷

s = spacing of hoops
σt = allowable tensile stress of the hoop
Ah = cross-sectional area of the hoop
p = internal pressure in the vessel
D = internal diameter of the vessel

Value of MBo
BF(z) = F(s)
𝑣(𝑠)
MBO =
𝑉𝐷 sin𝜃
Initial Value of MBo
For small value of θ, tan θ ≡ sin θ
Note that 1/12 LB3 = I
𝐼
MBO =
𝑉𝐷
For Rectangular Section, MBo
MBo =
W = weight of the body
BF = buoyant force
M = metacenter
G = center of gravity of the body
BO = center of buoyancy in upright position
BO' = center of buoyancy in tilted position
MG = metacentric height or the distance from M to G
MBO = distance from M to BO
GO = distance from G to BO
4. RELATIVE EQUILIBRIUM OF LIQUIDS 5. FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW
a. Rectilinear Translation Volume flow rate, Q = Av
Horizontal Motion Mass flow rate, M = ρQ

tan  =
𝑎 Weight flow rate, W = γQ
𝑔
a. Energy and Head of Flow
Inclined Motion
Kinetic Energy and Velocity Head
𝑎ℎ
tan  =
𝑔 ±𝑎𝑣

Vertical Motion
𝑎
p = γh( 1 ± 𝑔 )
Velocity Head of Circular Pipes
b. Rotating Vessel
Rotation
tan = ω2x / g
y = ω2x2 / 2g Elevation Energy and Elevation Head

h = ω2r2 / 2g
squared property of parabola :
x2 / y = r 2 / h
volume of paraboloid of revolution : Pressure Energy and Pressure Head

1
V = 2 πr2h

Total Energy of Flow

Power and Efficiency

6. FLUID FLOW MEASUREMENT for 90 weir
a. Device Coefficient Q = 1.4H5/2
Coefficient of Discharge, Cd or C Trapezoidal Weir
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑄 Q = Cw1 LH3/2 + Cw2 ZH5/2 , Z = b/H
C= =
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑄𝑡
Cipolletti Weir (side slope 1H:4V)
Coefficient of Velocity, Cv
Q = 1.859LH3/2
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑉
Cv = = Unsteady Flow Weir
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑉𝑡
𝐻1 𝐴𝑠𝑑𝐻
Coefficient of Contraction, Cc t=∫ , Qo = CwLH3/2
𝐻2 𝑄𝑜
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑗𝑒𝑡 𝑎
Cc = = 2𝐴𝑠 1 1
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐴 t= ( - )
𝐶𝑤𝐿 √𝐻2 √𝐻1
Relationship
Point it strikes the ground (p. 314)
C = Cv x Cc
y = x tan  - ( gx2 / 2vo2 cos2  )
Orifice
2
Q= C√2𝑔 L(h23/2 - h13/2)
3
Nozzle

Q = CAn√2𝑔𝐻

Unsteady Flow
ℎ2 𝐴𝑠𝑑ℎ
t=∫
ℎ1 𝑄𝑖𝑛−𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡

when Qin = 0 (no inflow)

ℎ1 𝐴𝑠𝑑ℎ
t=∫
ℎ2 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡

for tanks with constant As and outflow through

orifice or tube:
𝐻2 𝐴𝑠𝑑𝐻
t=∫
𝐻1 𝐶𝐴𝑜√2𝑔𝐻

2𝐴𝑠
t = (√𝐻1 - √𝐻2 )
𝐶𝐴𝑜√2𝑔

b. Weirs (p. 298 Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulics)

Rectangular Weir
Q = CwL [(H + hv)3/2 – hv3/2]
Q = 1.84 LH3/2
Velocity of approach, va = Q/A
Triangular V-notch Weir
8 
Q= C√2𝑔 tan H5/2
15 2
7. FLUID FLOW IN PIPES 8. OPEN CHANNEL
Reynolds Number, Re Specific Energy
𝑣𝐷ρ 𝑣𝐷 μ 𝑣
Re = = , ν= H= +d
μ ν ρ 2𝑔

Centerline or maximum velocity Chezy Formula

vc = v (1 + 1.33√𝑓 ) hL = SL
a. Head Loss in Pipe Manning Formula
1
Darcy-Weisbach Formula, hf v = 𝑛 R2/3 S1/2
𝑓𝐿 𝑣 1
hf = Q =A R2/3 S1/2
𝐷 2𝑔 𝑛
1
0.0826𝑓𝐿𝑄 C = R1/6
hf = 𝑛
𝐷
Boundary Shear Stress, τ0
Manning Formula, hf
τ0 = γRS
10.29𝑛 𝐿𝑄
hf =
𝐷 Froude Number, FN
1 𝑣 𝑣
v = R2/3 S1/2 , R = A/P FN = =
𝑛
√𝑔𝐿 √𝑔𝑑
Hazen Williams Formula, hf
for rectangular channel, L is depth of flow d
10.67𝐿𝑄
hf = Critical Depth, dc
𝐶 𝐷
Pipes in Series Rectangular Section

Q1 = Q2 = Q3 = Q dc = 2/3H

HL = hf1 + hf2 + hf3 3 𝑞

dc = √𝑔
Pipes in Parallel
Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 Critical Slope, Sc
𝒈𝒏
HL = hf1 = hf2 = hf3 Sc =
𝒅
Equivalent Pipe
QE = QO
HLE = HLO