Fluid Mechanics Formula (Quiz 1 Formula)

VISCOSITY μ (MU)
Mass Density τ=P/A
ρ = mass of fluid / volume τ = μ dV / dy
ρ=M/V μ = τ / (dV / dy)
where:
ρ = ρwater × s τ = shear stress in lb/ft2 or Pa
μ = absolute viscosity in lb-sec/ft2 (poise)
Units:
or Pa-sec
English: slugs/ft3
y = distance between the plates in ft or m
Metric: gram/cm3
U = velocity in ft/s or m/s
SI: kg/m3
Velocity
Ideal Gas: U = a θ = dU
ρ = P / RT
Pabs = pgage + patm KINEMATIC VISCOSITY ν (NU)
where: ν=μ/ρ
p = absolute pressure of gas where:
in Pa μ = absolute viscosity Pa-sec
R = gas constant Joule/kg-°K ρ = density in kg/m3
Units:
For air: Absolute Viscosity
R = 287 J / kg-°K English: lb-sec/ft2 [slug/ft-sec]
R = 1,716 lb-ft / slug-°R Metric: dyne-sec/cm2 (poise)
T = absolute temperature S.I.: Pa-sec [N-sec / m2]
°K = °C +273 Kinematic Viscosity (ν)
°R = °F + 460 English: ft2/sec
Metric: cm2/sec (stoke)
Specific volume
S.I.: m2/sec
Vs = 1 / ρ 1 poise = 1 dyne-sec / cm2
1 poise = 0.1 Pa-sec
Unit (Specific) Weight γ (GAMMA) (1 dyne = 10-5 N)
γ = weight of fluid / volume 1 stoke = 0.0001 m2/sec
γ=W/V SURFACE TENSION σ (SIGMA)
γ=ρg Pressure Inside a droplet of a Liquid
γ = γwater × s
Units: P=4σ/d
English: lb/ft3 where:
Metric: dyne/cm3 p = gage pressure in Pa
SI: N/m3 or kN/m3 d = diameter of droplet in m
σ = surface tension in N/m
SPECIFIC GRAVITY (s)
s = ρliquid / ρwater Capillarity (Capillary Action)
In gases, h = 4σ cosθ / γd
s = ρgas / ρair For complete wetting, as with water
For water at 4°C (39.2 °F): on clean glass, the angle θ is 0
γ = 62.4 lb/ft3 = 9.81 kN/m3 h = 4σ / γd
ρ = 1.94 slugs/ft3 = 1000 kg/m3 where:
s=1 h = capillary rise or depression in m
γ = unit weight in N/m3
Weight (W) d = diameter of tube in m
W = Mass(Gravity) σ = surface tension in Pa
 PRESSURE
p = Force / Area
Contact Angles θ Atmospheric Pressure (patm)
Mercury-Glass = 140° = 2166 lb/ft2
Water-Paraffin = 107° = 14.70 psi
Water-Silver = 90° = 29.90 inches of Hg
Kerosene-Glass = 26° = 760 mm Hg
Glycerin-Glass = 19° = 101.325 kPa
Water-Glass = 0°
Ethyl Alcohol-Glass = 0°

COMPRESSIBILITY β
β = -(ΔV/V) / Δp
β = -(dV/V) / dp
β = 1 / EB

where:
ΔV = change in volume
V = original volume
ΔP = change in pressure
dV/V = change in volume (usually in
percent)

BULK MODULUS OF ELASTICITY EB

EB = stress / strain
EB = ΔP / (ΔV/V)
EB = - dP / (dV/V)

PRESSURE DISTURBANCES
c = √(EB/ρ)
c = √(1/βρ)

PROPERTY CHANGES IN IDEAL GAS

For any ideal gas experiencing
any process:
p1V1 / T1 = p2V2 / T2
Isothermal condition
When temperature held constant
(Boyle’s Law):
p1V1 = p2V2
When pressure held constant
(Charle’s Law):
V1 / T1 = V2 / T2
For Adiabatic or Isentropic
Conditions (no heat exchanged):
p1V1k= p2V2k
(V1 /V2) k = p2 /p1
(T2 /T1) = (p2 /p1) (k-1/k)
Where:
k= Heat capacity Ratio(google)