MASS DENSITY ρh20 = 1kg/m3 , 1.

94 slugs/ft3
ρ = m/V γh20 = 9.81 kN/m3 , 62.4 lb/ft3
ρ = p/RT
p - Pressure ( Pa = N/m2 , lb/ft2)
ρ - density ( slug/ft3. Kg/m3)
m – mass (slug, kg)
V – Volume (ft3, m3)
T – Temperature (°C, °F)
°K = °C + 273
°R = °F + 460

R = E/(T*mol) || pV/(T*mol)
R = 287 J/kg- °K = for air only
R = 1716 lb-ft/slug-°R = for air only
R - Gas Constant (J/kg- °K, lb-ft/slug-°R, kPa-m3/kg-°K)
mol – molar mass
E = energy (J, cal)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY
s = ρliquid + ρh20
sgas = ρgas / ρair
s = γsubstance/ γreference
s = unitless

SPECIFIC VOLUME
Vs = 1/ ρ
Vs = Specific Volume (m3/Kg, ft3/slug)

SPECIFIC WEIGHT
γ = W/V
γ = ρg
γ = γh20 * s
W = Weight = m*g (N, lb)
γ = (lb/ft3, dyne/cm3, N/m3) (dyne = N-5)
SPECIFIC WEIGHT (γ) OF WATER
DENSITY (ρ) OF WATER
ABSOLUTE VISCOSITY h = Capillary Action (m, ft)

µ = τ / (du/dy) COMPRESSIBILITY
τ = µ* (du/dy)
β = -(dV/V)/ dp
τ = F/A
dV – change in volume
τ = Shear Stress (lb/ft2, Pa, N/m2)
dp – change in pressure
µ = Absolute Viscosity
(lb-sec/ft2, slug/ft-sec) β – compressibility (pa-1, atm-1)
( dyne-sec/cm2)(poise)
( Pa-sec)(N-sec.m2)
y = distance between the plates (ft, m)
u = velocity (ft/s, m/s)
BULK MODULUS OF
F = Force (lb, N) ELASTICITY
A = Area (ft2, m2)
EB = stress/strain
EB = -dp / (dV/V)
KINEMATIC VISCOSITY EB - unitless
ν=µ/ρ
ν = kinematic viscosity
PRESSURE DISTURBANCES
(ft2/sec)
c = √(EB / ρ)
(cm2/sec)(stoke)
(m2/sec) c =√(1/ β ρ)

unit conversion: c = celerity of pressure wave (sonic velocity) (m/s)

1 poise = 1 dyne-sec/cm2
= 0.1 Pa-sec
1 dyne = 10-5 N
1 stoke = 0.0001 m2/sec PROPERTY CHANGES IN
IDEAL GAS
SURFACE TENSION
P1V1 / T1 = p2V2/T2
p = 4σ/d = 2σ/r
P1V1 = P2V2 (Constant Temp) (Boyle’s Law)
p = gage pressure (Pa) (Isothermal Condition)
d/r = diameter/radius (m, ft)
V1/T1 = V2/T2 (Constant pressure) (Charles’ Law)
σ = Surface Tension (N/m)
(Isobaric Condition)
CAPILLARY ACTION p1V1k = p2V2k or (V1/V2)k = p2/p1
(no heat exchanged) (Adiabatic/isentropic)
h = 4σcosθ / γd
(T2/T1) = (p2/p1)(k-1 / k)
θ = 0 (complete wetting, with water on clean
glass) k = adiabatic exponent
Variations in Pressure (Ideal Fluid)
p = p0 + γh

If p = patm, p0 = 0
p = γh
h = pressure head (height of a column of homogeneous liquid)

Conversion of pressure head of Liquid A to B

hB = hA (sA/sB)
hB = hA (ρA/ ρB)
hB = hA (γA/ γB)

Conversion height to any liquid to water

Hh20 = hliquid*sliquid

Layers of liquid
Pbottom = Σγh + pair (Closed Tank)
Pbottom = Σγh (Open Tank)