Engineering Mechanics: Statics: Force System Resultants

Engineering Mechanics: Statics
Chapter 4:
Force System Resultants
Chapter Objectives
To discuss the concept of the moment of a force and
show how to calculate it in two and three dimensions.
To provide a method for finding the moment of a
force about a specified axis.
To define the moment of a couple.
To present methods for determining the resultants of
non-concurrent force systems.
To indicate how to reduce a simple distributed loading
to a resultant force having a specified location.
Chapter Outline
Moment of a Force Scalar Formation
Cross Product
Moment of Force Vector Formulation
Principle of Moments
Moment of a Force about a Specified Axis
Chapter Outline
Moment of a Couple
Equivalent System
Resultants of a Force and Couple System
Further Reduction of a Force and Couple
System
Reduction of a Simple Distributed Loading
Moment of a force about a point or axis a
measure of the tendency of the force to
cause a body to rotate about the point or axis
Case 1
Consider horizontal force F
x
,
which acts perpendicular to
the handle of the wrench and
is located d
y
from the point O
4.1 Moment of a Force
Scalar Formation
F
x
tends to turn the pipe about the z axis
The larger the force or the distance d
y
, the
greater the turning effect
Torque tendency of
rotation caused by F
x

or simple moment (M
o
)
z

Scalar Formation
Moment axis (z) is perpendicular to shaded
plane (x-y)
F
x
and d
y
lies on the shaded plane (x-y)
Moment axis (z) intersects
the plane at point O
Scalar Formation
Case 2
Apply force F
z
to the wrench
Pipe does not rotate about z axis
Tendency to rotate about x axis
The pipe may not actually
rotate F
z
creates tendency
for rotation so moment
(M
o
)
x
is produced
Scalar Formation
Case 2
Moment axis (x) is perpendicular to shaded
plane (y-z)
F
z
and d
y
lies on the shaded plane (y-z)
Scalar Formation
Scalar Formation
Case 3
Apply force F
y
to the wrench
No moment is produced about point O
Lack of tendency to rotate
as line of action passes
through O
Scalar Formation
In General
Consider the force F and the point O which lies in
the shaded plane
The moment M
O
about point O,
or about an axis passing
through O and perpendicular
to the plane, is a vector quantity
Moment M
O
has its specified
magnitude and direction
Scalar Formation
Magnitude
For magnitude of M
O
,
M
O
= Fd
where d = moment arm or perpendicular
distance from the axis at point O to its line
of action of the force

Units for moment is N.m
Scalar Formation
Direction
Direction of M
O
is specified by
using right hand rule
- fingers of the right hand are
curled to follow the sense of
rotation when force rotates about
point O
Scalar Formation
Direction
- Thumb points along the
moment axis to give the
direction and sense of the
moment vector
- Moment vector is upwards and
perpendicular to the shaded
plane
Scalar Formation
Direction
M
O
is shown by a vector arrow
with a curl to distinguish it from
force vector
Example (Fig b)
M
O
is represented by the
counterclockwise curl, which
indicates the action of F
Scalar Formation
Direction
Arrowhead shows the sense of
rotation caused by F
Using the right hand rule, the
direction and sense of the moment
vector points out of the page
In 2D problems, moment of the
force is found about a point O
Scalar Formation
Direction
Moment acts about an axis
perpendicular to the plane
containing F and d

Moment axis intersects
the plane at point O
Scalar Formation
Resultant Moment of a System of
Coplanar Forces
Resultant moment, M
Ro
= addition of the
moments of all the forces algebraically since
all moment forces are collinear
M
Ro
= Fd
taking clockwise to be positive
Scalar Formation
Resultant Moment of a System of
Coplanar Forces
A clockwise curl is written along the equation
to indicate that a positive moment if directed
along the
+ z axis and negative
along the z axis
Scalar Formation
Moment of a force does not always cause rotation
Force F tends to rotate the beam clockwise about A
with moment
M
A
= Fd
A
Force F tends to rotate the beam counterclockwise
about B with moment
M
B
= Fd
B
Hence support at A prevents
the rotation
Scalar Formation
Example 4.1
For each case, determine the moment of the
force about point O
Scalar Formation
Solution
Line of action is extended as a dashed line to
establish moment arm d
Tendency to rotate is indicated and the orbit is
shown as a colored curl
) ( . 5 . 37 ) 75 . 0 )( 50 ( ) (
) ( . 200 ) 2 )( 100 ( ) (
CW m N m N M b
CW m N m N M a
o
o
= =
= =
Scalar Formation
Solution
) ( . 0 . 21 ) 1 4 )( 7 ( ) (
) ( . 4 . 42 ) 45 sin 1 )( 60 ( ) (
) ( . 229 ) 30 cos 2 4 )( 40 ( ) (
CCW m kN m m kN M e
CCW m N m N M d
CW m N m m N M c
o
o
o
= =
= =
= + =

Scalar Formation
Example 4.2
Determine the moments of
the 800N force acting on the
frame about points A, B, C
and D.
Scalar Formation
Solution
Scalar Analysis

Line of action of F passes through C
) ( . 400 ) 5 . 0 )( 800 (
. 0 ) 0 )( 800 (
) ( . 1200 ) 5 . 1 )( 800 (
) ( . 2000 ) 5 . 2 )( 800 (
CCW m N m N M
m kN m N M
CW m N m N M
CW m N m N M
D
C
B
A
= =
= =
= =
= =
Scalar Formation
Example 4.3
Determine the resultant moment of the four
forces acting on the rod about point O
Scalar Formation

Solution
Assume positive moments acts in the +k
direction, CCW
) ( . 334
. 334
) 30 cos 3 4 )( 40 (
) 30 sin 3 )( 20 ( ) 0 )( 60 ( ) 2 )( 50 (
CW m N
m N
m m N
m N m N m N M
Fd M
Ro
Ro
=
=
+
+ + =
=
View Free Body Diagram

4.2 Cross Product
Cross product of two vectors A and B yields
C, which is written as
C = A X B
Read as C equals A cross B
4.2 Cross Product
Magnitude
Magnitude of C is defined as the product of
the magnitudes of A and B and the sine of
the angle between their tails
For angle , 0 180
Therefore,
C = AB sin

4.2 Cross Product
Direction
Vector C has a direction that is perpendicular
to the plane containing A and B such that C is
specified by the right hand rule
- Curling the fingers of the right
hand form vector A (cross) to
vector B
- Thumb points in the direction of
vector C
4.2 Cross Product
Expressing vector C when magnitude and
direction are known
C = A X B = (AB sin)u
C
where scalar AB sin defines the magnitude
of vector C unit vector u
C
defines the
direction of vector C
4.2 Cross Product
Laws of Operations
1. Commutative law is not valid
A X B B X A
Rather,
A X B = - B X A
Shown by the right hand rule
Cross product A X B yields a vector opposite in
direction to C
B X A = -C
4.2 Cross Product
Laws of Operations
2. Multiplication by a Scalar
a( A X B ) = (aA) X B = A X (aB) = ( A X B )a

3. Distributive Law
A X ( B + D ) = ( A X B ) + ( A X D )
Proper order of the cross product must be
maintained since they are not commutative
4.2 Cross Product
Cartesian Vector Formulation
Use C = AB sin on pair of Cartesian
unit vectors
Example
For i X j, (i)(j)(sin90)
= (1)(1)(1) = 1
4.2 Cross Product
Laws of Operations
In a similar manner,
i X j = k i X k = -j i X i = 0
j X k = i j X i = -k j X j = 0
k X i = j k X j = -i k X k = 0
Use the circle for the results.
Crossing CCW yield positive
and CW yields negative results
4.2 Cross Product
Laws of Operations
Consider cross product of vector A and B
A X B = (A
x
i + A
y
j + A
z
k) X (B
x
i + B
y
j + B
z
k)

= A
x
B
x
(i X i) + A
x
B
y
(i X j) + A
x
B
z
(i X k)
+ A
y
B
x
(j X i) + A
y
B
y
(j X j) + A
y
B
z
(j X k)
+ A
z
B
x
(k X i) +A
z
B
y
(k X j) +A
z
B
z
(k X k)

= (A
y
B
z

A
z
B
y
)i (A
x
B
z
- A
z
B
x
)j + (A
x
B
y

A
y
B
x
)k
4.2 Cross Product
Laws of Operations
In determinant form,

z y x
z y x
B B B
A A A
k j i
B X A

=
4.3 Moment of Force
- Vector Formulation
Moment of force F about point O can
be expressed using cross product
M
O
= r X F
where r represents position
vector from O to any point
lying on the line of action
of F
4.3 Moment of Force
Magnitude
For magnitude of cross product,
M
O
= rF sin
where is the angle measured
between tails of r and F

Treat r as a sliding vector. Since d = r
sin,
M
O
= rF sin = F (rsin) = Fd
4.3 Moment of Force
Direction
Direction and sense of M
O
are determined by
right-hand rule
- Extend r to the dashed position
- Curl fingers from r towards F
- Direction of M
O
is the same
as the direction of the thumb
4.3 Moment of Force
Direction
*Note:
- curl of the fingers indicates the sense of
rotation
- Maintain proper order of r
and F since cross product
is not commutative
4.3 Moment of Force
Principle of Transmissibility
For force F applied at any point A,
moment created about O is M
O
= r
A
x
F
F has the properties of a sliding vector
and
therefore act at any point
along its line of action and
still create the same
moment about O
4.3 Moment of Force
For force expressed in Cartesian
form,

where r
x
, r
y
, r
z
represent the x, y, z
components of the position vector
and F
x
, F
y
, F
z
represent that of the
force vector
z y x
z y x O
F F F
r r r
k j i
F X r M
= =
4.3 Moment of Force
With the determinant expended,
M
O
= (r
y
F
z

r
z
F
y
)i (r
x
F
z
- r
z
F
x
)j + (r
x
F
y
y
F
x
)k
M
O
is always perpendicular to
the plane containing r and F
Computation of moment by cross
product is better than scalar for
3D problems

4.3 Moment of Force
Resultant moment of forces about point
O can be determined by vector addition

M
Ro
= (r x F)
4.3 Moment of Force
Moment of force F about point
A, pulling on cable BC at any
point along its line of action,
will remain constant
Given the perpendicular
distance from A to cable is r
d

M
A
= r
d
F
In 3D problems,
M
A
= r
BC
x

F
4.3 Moment of Force
Example 4.4
The pole is subjected to a 60N force that is
directed from C to B. Determine the magnitude
of the moment created by this force about the
support at A.
4.3 Moment of Force
Solution
Either one of the two position vectors can be
used for the solution, since M
A
= r
B
x

F or M
A

= r
C
x

F
Position vectors are represented as
r
B
= {1i + 3j + 2k} m and
r
C
= {3i + 4j} m
Force F has magnitude 60N
and is directed from C to B
4.3 Moment of Force
Solution

Substitute into determinant formulation
{ }
{ } k j i
k j i
F X r M
N k j i
k j i
N
u N F
B A
F
)] 40 ( 3 ) 20 ( 1 [ )] 40 ( 2 ) 40 ( 1 [ )] 20 ( 2 ) 40 ( 3 [
40 20 40
2 3 1
40 20 40
) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 2 (
) 0 92 ) 4 93 ) 3 1 (
) 60 (
) 60 (
2 2 2
+ =

= =
+ =
(
(
+ +
+ +
=
=
4.3 Moment of Force
Solution
Or

Substitute into determinant formulation

For magnitude,
{ }
{ }
m N
M
m N k j i M
k j i
k j i
F X r M
A
A
C A
. 224
) 100 ( ) 120 ( ) 160 (
. 100 120 160
)] 40 ( 4 ) 20 ( 3 [ )] 40 ( 0 ) 40 ( 3 [ )] 20 ( 0 ) 40 ( 4 [
40 20 40
0 4 3
2 2 2
=
+ + =
+ =
+ =

= =
4.3 Moment of Force

Example 4.5
Three forces act on the rod. Determine the
resultant moment they create about the flange
at O and determine the coordinate direction
angles of the moment axis.
4.3 Moment of Force
Solution
Position vectors are directed from point
O to each force
r
A
= {5j} m and
r
B
= {4i + 5j - 2k} m
For resultant moment about O,
{ } m N k j i
k j i k j i k j i
F X r XF r F X r F X r M
C B A Ro
. 60 40 30
30 40 80
2 5 4
0 50 0
0 5 0
20 40 60
0 5 0
) (
3 2 1
+ =
+ +
=
+ + = E =
4.3 Moment of Force
Solution
For magnitude

For unit vector defining the direction of moment axis,
k j i
k j i
M
M
u
m N M
Ro
Ro
Ro
76852 . 0 5121 . 0 3941 . 0

10 . 78
60 40 30
. 10 . 78 ) 60 ( ) 40 ( ) 30 (
2 2 2
+ =
+
= =
= + + =
4.3 Moment of Force
Solution
For the coordinate angles of the moment axis,
8 . 39 ; 7682 . 0 cos
121 ; 5121 . 0 cos
4 . 67 ; 3841 . 0 cos
= =
= =
= =

| |
o o
4.4 Principles of Moments
Also known as Varignons Theorem
Moment of a force about a point is equal to
the sum of the moments of the forces
components about the point
For F = F
1
+ F
2
,

M
O
= r X F
1
+ r X F
2
= r X (F
1
+ F
2
)
= r X F
The guy cable exerts a
force F on the pole and
creates a moment about
the base at A
M
A
= Fd
If the force is replaced by
F
x
and F
y
at point B where
the cable acts on the pole,
the sum of moment about
point A yields the same
resultant moment
F
y
create zero moment
about A
M
A
= F
x
h
Apply principle of
transmissibility and slide
the force where line of
action intersects the
ground at C, F
x
create zero
moment about A
M
A
= F
y
b
Example 4.6
A 200N force acts on the bracket. Determine
the moment of the force about point A.
Solution
Method 1:
From trigonometry using triangle BCD,
CB = d = 100cos45 = 70.71mm
= 0.07071m
Thus,
M
A
= Fd = 200N(0.07071m)
= 14.1N.m (CCW)
As a Cartesian vector,
M
A
= {14.1k}N.m
Solution
Method 2:
Resolve 200N force into x and y components
Principle of Moments
M
A
= Fd
M
A
= (200sin45N)(0.20m) (200cos45)(0.10m)
= 14.1 N.m (CCW)
Thus,
M
A
= {14.1k}N.m
Example 4.7
The force F acts at the end of the angle
bracket. Determine the moment of the force
about point O.
Solution
Method 1
M
O
= 400sin30N(0.2m)-400cos30N(0.4m)
= -98.6N.m
= 98.6N.m (CCW)
As a Cartesian vector,
M
O
= {-98.6k}N.m
Solution
Method 2:
Express as Cartesian vector
r = {0.4i 0.2j}N
F = {400sin30i 400cos30j}N
= {200.0i 346.4j}N
For moment,
{ } m N k
k j i
F X r M
O
. 6 . 98
0 4 . 346 0 . 200
0 2 . 0 4 . 0
= =
4.5 Moment of a Force about a
Specified Axis
For moment of a force about a point, the
moment and its axis is always perpendicular to
the plane containing the force and the moment
arm
A scalar or vector analysis is used to find the
component of the
moment along a specified
axis that passes through
the point
Specified Axis
Scalar Analysis
Example
Consider the pipe assembly that lies in the horizontal
plane and is subjected to the vertical force of F = 20N
applied at point A.
For magnitude of moment,
M
O
= (20N)(0.5m) = 10N.m
For direction of moment, apply right hand rule
Specified Axis
Scalar Analysis
Moment tends to turn pipe about the Ob axis
Determine the component of M
O
about the y
axis, M
y
since this component tend to
unscrew the pipe from the flange at O
For magnitude of M
y
,
M
y
= 3/5(10N.m) = 6N.m
For direction of M
y
, apply right hand rule
Specified Axis
Scalar Analysis
If the line of action of a force F is perpendicular
to any specified axis aa, for the magnitude of the
moment of F about the axis,
M
a
= Fd
a
where d
a
is the perpendicular or shortest
distance from the force line of action to the axis

A force will not contribute a moment about a
specified axis if the force line of action is parallel
or passes through the axis
Specified Axis
A horizontal force F applied to
the handle of the flex-headed
wrench, tends to turn the
socket at A about the z-axis
Effect is caused by the moment
of F about the z-axis
Maximum moment occurs when
the wrench is in the horizontal
plane so that full leverage from
the handle is achieved
(M
Z
)
max
= Fd
Specified Axis
For handle not in the
horizontal position,
(M
Z
)
max
= Fd
where d is the perpendicular
distance from the force line
of action to the axis
Otherwise, for moment,
M
A
= Fd
M
Z
= M
A
cos
Specified Axis
Vector Analysis
Example
M
O
= r
A
X F = (0.3i +0.4j) X (-20k)
= {-8i + 6j}N.m
Since unit vector for this
axis is u
a
= j,
M
y
= M
O
.u
a

= (-8i + 6j)j = 6N.m
Specified Axis
Vector Analysis
Consider body subjected to force
F acting at point A
To determine moment, M
a
,
- For moment of F about any
arbitrary point O that lies on the
aa axis
M
O
= r X F
where r is directed from O to A
- M
O
acts along the moment axis
bb, so projected M
O
on the aa
axis is M
A

Specified Axis
Vector Analysis
- For magnitude of M
A
,
M
A
= M
O
cos = M
O
u
a

where u
a
is a unit vector that defines the
direction of aa axis
M
A
= u
a
(r X F)
- In determinant form,

z y x
z y x az ay ax a
F F F
r r r
k j i
k u j u i u M

+ + = ) (
Specified Axis
Vector Analysis
- Or expressed as,

where u
ax
, u
ay
, u
az
represent the x, y, z
components of the unit vector defining the
direction of aa axis and r
x
, r
y
, r
z
represent that
of the position vector drawn from any point O on
the aa axis and F
x
, F
y
, F
z
represent that of the
force vector
z y x
z y x
az ay ax
ax a
F F F
r r r
u u u
F X r u M = = ) (


Specified Axis
Vector Analysis
The sign of the scalar indicates the direction of
M
a
along the aa axis
- If positive, M
a
has the same sense as u
a

- If negative, M
a
act opposite to u
a

Express M
a
as a Cartesian vector,
M
a
= M
a
u
a
= [u
a
(r X F)] u
a

For magnitude of M
a
,
M
a
= [u
a
(r X F)] = u
a
(r X F)

Specified Axis
Wind blowing on the sign
causes a resultant force F that
tends to tip the sign over due
to moment M
A
created about
the aa axis
M
A
= r X F
For magnitude of projection of
moment along the axis whose
direction is defined by unit
vector u
A
is
M
A
= u
a
(r X F)
Specified Axis
Example 4.8
The force F = {-40i + 20j + 10k} N acts on the point
A. Determine the moments of this force about the x
and a axes.
Specified Axis
Solution
Method 1

Negative sign indicates that sense of M
x
is
opposite to i
m N
F X r i M
i u
m k j i r
A x
x
A
. 80
10 20 40
6 4 3
0 0 1
) (
} 6 4 3 {
=

= =
=
+ + =

Specified Axis
Solution
We can also compute M
a
using r
A
as r
A
extends
from a point on the a axis to the force
m N
F X r u M
j i u
A A a
A
. 120
10 20 40
6 4 3
0
5
4
5
3
) (
5
4
5
3
=

= =
+ =

Specified Axis
Solution
Method 2
Only 10N and 20N forces contribute moments about
the x axis
Line of action of the 40N is parallel to this axis and
thus, moment = 0
Using right hand rule
M
x
= (10N)(4m) (20N)(6m) = -80N.m
M
y
= (10N)(3m) (40N)(6m) = -210N.m
M
z
= (40N)(4m) (20N)(3m) = 100N.m
Specified Axis
Solution
Specified Axis
Example 4.9
The rod is supported by two brackets at A and B.
Determine the moment M
AB
produced by
F = {-600i + 200j 300k}N, which tends to rotate
the rod about the AB axis.
Specified Axis
Solution
Vector analysis chosen as moment arm from line of action of F
to the AB axis is hard to determine
For unit vector defining direction of AB axis of the rod,

For simplicity, choose r
D

j i
j i
r
r
u
F X r u M
B
B
B
B AB

447 . 0 894 . 0
) 2 . 0 ( ) 4 . 0 (
2 . 0 4 . 0
) (
2 2
+ =
+
+
= =
=
Specified Axis
Solution
For force,

In determinant form,

Negative sign indicates M
AB
is opposite to u
B
m N
F X r u M
N k j i F
D B AB
. 67 . 53
300 200 600
0 2 . 0 0
0 447 . 0 894 . 0
) (
} 300 200 600 {
=

= =
+ =

Specified Axis
Solution
In Cartesian form,

*Note: if axis AB is defined
using unit vector directed
from B towards A, the above
formulation u
B
should be used.
M
AB
= M
AB
(-u
B
)
m N j i
j i m N u M M
B AB AB
. } 0 . 24 0 . 48 {
) 447 . 0 894 . 0 )( . 67 . 53 (

=
+ = =
4.6 Moment of a Couple
Couple
- two parallel forces
- same magnitude but opposite direction
- separated by perpendicular distance d
Resultant force = 0
Tendency to rotate in specified direction
Couple moment = sum of
moments of both couple
forces about any arbitrary point
Example
Position vectors r
A
and r
A
are directed from O
to
A and B, lying on the line of action of F and F
Couple moment about O
M = r
A
X (-F) + r
A
X (F)
Couple moment about A
M = r X F
since moment of F about A = 0
A couple moment is a free vector
- It can act at any point since M
depends only on the position vector r
directed between forces and not
position vectors r
A
and r
B
, directed
from O to the forces
- Unlike moment of force, it do not
require a definite point or axis
Scalar Formulation
Magnitude of couple moment
M = Fd
Direction and sense are
determined by right hand
rule
In all cases, M acts
perpendicular to plane
containing the forces
Vector Formulation
For couple moment,
M = r X F
If moments are taken about point A,
moment of F is zero about this point
r is crossed with the force to which it is
directed
Equivalent Couples
Two couples are equivalent if they
produce the same moment
Since moment produced by the couple
is always perpendicular to the plane
containing the forces, forces of equal
couples either lie on the same plane or
plane parallel to one another
Resultant Couple Moment
Couple moments are free vectors
and may be applied to any point P
and added vectorially
For resultant moment of two
couples at point P,

M
R
= M
1
+ M
2
For more than 2 moments,
M
R
= (r X F)
Frictional forces (floor)
on the blades of the
machine creates a
moment M
c
that tends
to turn it
An equal and opposite
moment must be
applied by the operator
to prevent turning
Couple moment M
c
=
Fd is applied on the
handle
Example 4.10
A couple acts on the gear teeth. Replace it
by an equivalent couple having a pair of
forces that cat through points A and B.
Solution
Magnitude of couple
M = Fd = (40)(0.6) = 24N.m
Direction out of the page since
forces tend to rotate CW
M is a free vector and can
be placed anywhere
Solution
To preserve CCW motion,
vertical forces acting through
points A and B must be directed as
shown
For magnitude of each force,
M = Fd
24N.m = F(0.2m)
F = 120N
Example 4.11
Determine the moment of the couple acting
on the member.
Solution
Resolve each force into horizontal and vertical
components
F
x
= 4/5(150kN) = 120kN
F
y
= 3/5(150kN) = 90kN
Principle of Moment about point D,
M = 120kN(0m) 90kN(2m)
+ 90kN(5m) + 120kN(1m)
= 390kN (CCW)
Solution
Principle of Moment about point A,
M = 90kN(3m) + 120kN(1m)
= 390kN (CCW)
*Note:
- Same results if take moment
about point B
- Couple can be replaced by
two couples as seen in figure
Solution
- Same results for couple
replaced by two couples
- M is a free vector and acts on
any point on the member
-External effects such as
support reactions on the
member, will be the same if the
member supports the couple or
the couple moment
Example 4.12
Determine the couple moment acting on the
pipe. Segment AB is directed 30 below the
x-y plane.
Solution
Method 1
Take moment about point O,
M = r
A
X (-25k) + r
B
X (25k)
= (8j) X (-25k) + (6cos30i + 8j 6sin30k) X
(25k)
= {-130j}N.cm
Take moment about point A
M = r
AB
X (25k)
= (6cos30i 6sin30k) X (25k)
= {-130j}N.cm
Solution
Method 2
Take moment about point A or B,
M = Fd = 25N(5.20cm)
= 129.9N.cm
Apply right hand rule, M acts in
the j direction
M = {-130j}N.cm
Example 4.13
Replace the two couples acting on the pipe
column by a resultant couple moment.
Solution
For couple moment developed by the forces at A
and B,
M
1
= Fd = 150N(0.4m) = 60N.m
By right hand rule, M
1
acts in
the +i direction,
M
1
= {60i} N.m
Take moment about point D,
M
2
= r
DC
X F
C

Solution
M
2
= r
DC
X F
C

= (0.3i) X [125(4/5)j 125(3/5)k]
= (0.3i) X [100j 75k]
= {22.5j + 30k} N.m
For resultant moment,
M
R
= M
1
+ M
2

= {60i + 22.5j + 30k} N.m
4.7 Equivalent System
A force has the effect of both translating and
rotating a body
The extent of the effect depends on how and
where the force is applied
We can simplify a system of forces and
moments into a single resultant and moment
acting at a specified point O
A system of forces and moments is then
equivalent to the single resultant force and
moment acting at a specified point O
Point O is on the Line of Action
Consider body subjected to force F applied to
point A
Apply force to point O without altering external
effects on body
- Apply equal but opposite forces F and F at O
- Two forces indicated by the slash across them can
be cancelled, leaving force at point O
- An equivalent system has be maintained between
each of the diagrams, shown by the equal signs
- Force has been simply transmitted along its line
of action from point A to point O
- External effects remain unchanged after force is
moved
- Internal effects depend on location of F
Point O is Not on the Line of Action
F is to be moved to point ) without altering the
external effects on the body
Apply equal and opposite forces at point O
The two forces indicated by a slash across
them, form a couple that has a moment
perpendicular to F
Point O is Not on the Line of Action
The moment is defined by cross product
M = r X F
Couple moment is free vector and can be
applied to any point P on the body
Consider effects when a stick of negligible weight
supports a force F at its end
When force is applied horizontally, same force Is felt
at the grip regardless of where it is applied along line
of action
This relates the Principle of Transmissibility
When force is applied vertically, it cause a downwards
force F to be felt at the grip and a clockwise moment
of M = Fd
Same effects felt when F is applied at the grip and M
is applied anywhere on the stick
In both cases, the systems are equivalent
4.8 Resultants of a Force
and Couple System
Consider a rigid body
Since O does not lies on the line of
action, an equivalent effect is
produced if the forces are moved to
point O and the corresponding
moments are
M
1
= r
1
X F
1
and M
2
= r
2
X F
2
For resultant forces and moments,
F
R
= F
1
+ F
2
and M
R
= M
1
+ M
2
and Couple System
Equivalency is maintained thus each
force and couple system cause the
same external effects
Both magnitude and direction of F
R

do not depend on the location of
point O
M
Ro
depends on location of point O
since M
1
and M
2
are determined
using position vectors r
1
and r
2
M
Ro
is a free vector and can acts on
any point on the body
and Couple System
Simplifying any force and couple
system,
F
R
= F
M
R
= M
C
+

M
O

If the force system lies on the x-y
plane and any couple moments are
perpendicular to this plane,
F
Rx
= F
x

F
Ry
= F
y

M
Ro
= M
C
+

M
O

and Couple System
Procedure for Analysis
When applying the following equations,
F
R
= F
M
R
= M
C
+

M
O

F
Rx
= F
x

F
Ry
= F
y

M
Ro
= M
C
+

M
O
Establish the coordinate axes with the origin
located at the point O and the axes having a
selected orientation
4.8 Resultants of a Force and Couple
System
Force Summation
For coplanar force system, resolve each force
into x and y components
If the component is directed along the positive x
or y axis, it represent a positive scalar
If the component is directed along the negative x
or y axis, it represent a negative scalar
In 3D problems, represent forces as Cartesian
vector before force summation
System
Moment Summation
For moment of coplanar force system about
point O, use Principle of Moment
Determine the moments of each components
rather than of the force itself
In 3D problems, use vector cross product to
determine moment of each force
Position vectors extend from point O to any point
on the line of action of each force
System
Example 4.14
Replace the forces acting on the brace by an
equivalent resultant force and couple moment
acting at point A.
System
Solution
Force Summation
For x and y components of resultant force,

+ = =
=
E = +
= =
=
E = +
N N
N N F
F F
N N
N N F
F F
Ry
y Ry
Rx
x Rx
8 . 882 8 . 882
5 4 sin 400 600
;
8 . 382 8 . 382
5 4 cos 400 100
;

System
Solution
For magnitude of resultant force

For direction of resultant force

6 . 66
8 . 382
8 . 882
tan tan
962
) 8 . 882 ( ) 8 . 382 ( ) ( ) (
1 1
2 2 2 2
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
+ = + =

Rx
Ry
Ry Rx R
F
F
N
F F F
u
System
Solution
Moment Summation
Summation of moments about point A,

When M
RA
and F
R
act on point A,
they will produce the same
external effect or reactions at the support
) ( . 551 . 551
) 3 . 0 )( 5 4 cos 400 (
) 8 . 0 )( 5 4 sin 400 ( ) 4 . 0 ( 600 ) 0 ( 100
;
CW m N m N
m N
m N m N N M
M M
RA
A RA
= =
=
E =

System
Example 4.15
A structural member is
subjected to a couple moment
M and forces F
1
and F
2
.
Replace this system with an
equivalent resultant force and
couple moment acting at its
base, point O.
System
Solution
Express the forces and couple
moments as Cartesian vectors
m N k j k j M
N j i
j i
r
r
N u N F
N k F
CB
CB
CB
. } 300 400 {
5
3
500
5
4
500
} 4 . 166 6 . 249 {
) 1 . 0 ( ) 15 . 0 (
1 . 0 15 . 0
300
) 300 ( ) 300 (
} 800 {
2 2
2
1

+ =
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
=
+ =
(
(
+
+
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
=
System
Solution
Force Summation
m N k j i
k j i
k X k k j
F X r F X r M M M M
N k j i
j i k F F F
F F
B C O C Ro
R
R
. } 300 650 166 {
0 4 . 166 6 . 249
1 1 . 0 15 . 0 ) 800 ( ) 1 ( ) 300 400 (
} 800 4 . 166 6 . 249 {
4 . 166 6 . 249 800
;
2 1
2 1

+ =
+ + + =
+ + = E + E =
+ =
+ = + =
E =
4.9 Further Reduction of a
Force and Couple System
Consider special case where system of forces and
moments acting on a rigid body reduces at point O to
a resultant force F
R
= F and M
R
= M
O
, which are
perpendicular to one another
Further simplify the system by moving FR to another
point P either on or off the body
Location of P, measured from point O, can be
determined provided F
R
and M
R
known
P must lie on the axis bb, which is perpendicular to
the line of action at F
R
and the aa axis
Distance d satisfies M
Ro
= F
r
d or d = M
Ro
/F
r

With F
R
located, it will produce the same resultant
effects on the body
If the system of forces are concurrent, coplanar or
parallel, it can be reduced to a single resultant force
acting
For simplified system, in each case, F
R
and M
Ro
will
always be perpendicular to each other
Concurrent Force Systems
All the forces act at a point for which there is
no resultant couple moment, so that point P is
automatically specified
Coplanar Force Systems
May include couple moments directed perpendicular
to the plane of forces
Can be reduced to a single resultant force
When each force is moved to any point O in the x-y
plane, it produces a couple moment perpendicular to
the plane
Coplanar Force Systems
M
Ro
= M + (r X F)
Resultant moment is perpendicular to resultant force
F
R
can be positioned a distance d from O to create
this same moment M
Ro
about O
Parallel Force Systems
Include couple moments that are perpendicular to the
forces
Can be reduced to a single resultant force
When each force is moved to any point O in the x-y
plane, it produces a couple moment components only
x and y axes
Parallel Force Systems
M
Ro
= M
O
+ (r X F)
Resultant moment is perpendicular to resultant force
F
R
can be positioned a distance d from O to create
this same moment M
Ro
about O
Three parallel forces acting on the stick can be
replaced a single resultant force F
R
acting at a
distance d from the grip
To be equivalent,
F
R
= F
1
+ F
2
+ F
3
To find distance d,
F
R
d = F
1
d
1
+ F
2
d
2
+F
3
d
3
Establish the x, y, z axes and locate the resultant
force an arbitrary distance away from the origin
of the coordinates
Force Summation
For coplanar force system, resolve each force
into x and y components
If the component is directed along the positive x
or y axis, it represent a positive scalar
If the component is directed along the negative x
or y axis, it represent a negative scalar
Force Summation
Resultant force = sum of all the forces in the
system
Moment Summation
Moment of the resultant moment about point O
= sum of all the couple moment in the system
plus the moments about point O of all the forces
in the system
Moment condition is used to find location of
resultant force from point O
Reduction to a Wrench
In general, the force and couple moment system
acting on a body will reduce to a single resultant
force and a couple moment at o that are not
perpendicular
F
R
will act at an angle from M
Ro
M
Ro
can be resolved into one perpendicular M

and the other M
parallel to line of action of F

R

M
can be eliminated by moving F

R
to point P
that lies on the axis bb, which is perpendicular to
both M
Ro
and F
R

To maintain equivalency of loading, for distance
from O to P, d = M
/F
R

When F
R
is applied at P, moment of F
R
tends to
cause rotation in the same direction as M

Since M
is a free vector, it may be moved to P so that it

is collinear to F
R
Combination of collinear force and couple moment is
called a wrench or screw
Axis of wrench has the same line of action as the force
Wrench tends to cause a translation and rotation about
this axis
A general force and couple moment system
acting on a body can be reduced to a wrench
Axis of the wrench and the point through which
this axis passes can always be determined
Example 4.16
The beam AE is subjected to a system of coplanar
forces. Determine the magnitude, direction and
location on the beam of a resultant force which is
equivalent to the given system of forces measured
from E
Solution
Force Summation
+ = =
+ =
E = +
= =
+ =
E = +
N N
N N F
F F
N N
N N F
F F
Ry
y Ry
Rx
x Rx
0 . 233 0 . 233
200 60 sin 500
;
0 . 350 0 . 350
100 60 cos 500
;

Solution


7 . 33
0 . 350
0 . 233
tan tan
5 . 420
) 0 . 233 ( ) 0 . 350 ( ) ( ) (
1 1
2 2 2 2
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
+ = + =

Rx
Ry
Ry Rx R
F
F
N
F F F
u
Solution
- Moment Summation
Summation of moments about point E,
m d
m N m N
m N m N N d N
M M
E RE
07 . 5
0 . 233
1 . 1182
) 5 . 2 )( 200 ( ) 5 . 0 )( 100 (
) 0 )( 60 cos 500 ( ) 4 )( 60 sin 500 ( ) 0 ( 350 ) ( 0 . 233
;
= =

+ = +
E =

Example 4.17
The jib crane is subjected to three coplanar
forces. Replace this loading by an equivalent
resultant force and specify
where the resultants line of
action intersects the column
AB and boom BC.
Solution
Force Summation
+ = =
|
.
|
\
|
=
E = +
= =
|
.
|
\
|
=
E = +
N kN
kN N F
F F
kN kN
kN kN F
F F
Ry
y Ry
Rx
x Rx
60 . 2 60 . 2
6 . 0
5
4
5 . 2
;
25 . 3 25 . 3
75 . 1
5
3
5 . 2
;
Solution


7 . 38
25 . 3
60 . 2
tan tan
16 . 4
) 60 . 2 ( ) 25 . 3 ( ) ( ) (
1 1
2 2 2 2
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
+ = + =

Rx
Ry
Ry Rx R
F
F
kN
F F F
u
Solution
Moment Summation
Method 1
Summation of moments about point A,
m y
m kN m kN
m kN m kn
kN y kN
M M
A RA
458 . 0
) 6 . 1 (
5
4
50 . 2 ) 2 . 2 (
5
3
50 . 2
) 6 . 0 ( 6 . 0 ) 1 ( 75 . 1
) 0 ( 60 . 2 ) ( 25 . 3
;
=
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
+
E =
Solution
Principle of Transmissibility
m x
m kN m kN
m kN m kn
x kN m kN
M M
A RA
177 . 2
) 6 . 1 (
5
4
50 . 2 ) 2 . 2 (
5
3
50 . 2
) 6 . 0 ( 6 . 0 ) 1 ( 75 . 1
) ( 60 . 2 ) 2 . 2 ( 25 . 3
;
=
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=

E =
Solution
Method 2
Take moments about point A,
49 . 1 60 . 2 25 . 3
) 6 . 1 (
5
4
50 . 2 ) 2 . 2 (
5
3
50 . 2
) 6 . 0 ( 6 . 0 ) 1 ( 75 . 1
) ( 60 . 2 ) ( 25 . 3
;
=
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=

E =
x y
m kN m kN
m kN m kn
x kN y kN
M M
A RA
Solution
To find points of intersection, let
x = 0 then y = 0.458m
Along BC, set y = 2.2m then x =
2.177m
Example 4.18
The slab is subjected to four parallel forces.
Determine the magnitude and direction of the
resultant force equivalent to the given force
system and locate its point of application on
the slab.
Solution
Force Summation
+ = =
+ =
E = | +
N N
N N N N F
F F
R
R
1400 1400
500 400 100 600
;
Solution
Moment Summation
m x
x
N N m N m N x N
M M
m y
y
N m N m N N y N
M M
y Ry
x Rx
00 . 3
4200 1400
) 0 ( 500 ) 0 ( 400 ) 6 ( 100 ) 8 ( 600 ) ( 1400
;
50 . 2
3500 1400
) 0 ( 500 ) 10 ( 400 ) 5 ( 100 ) 0 ( 600 ) ( 1400
;
=
=
+ + =
E =
=
=
+ =
E =
Solution
A force of F
R
= 1400N placed at point P (3.00m,
2.50m) on the slab is equivalent to the parallel force
system acting on the slab
Example 4.19
Three parallel bolting forces act
on the rim of the circular cover
plate. Determine the magnitude
and direction of a resultant
force equivalent to the given
force system and locate its
point of application, P on the
cover plate.
Solution
Force Summation
N k
k k k F
F F
R
R
} 650 {
150 200 300
;

=
=
E =
Solution
Moment Summation

Equating i and j components,
85 . 84 160 650
85 . 84 240 650
85 . 84 85 . 84 160 240 650 650
) 150 ( ) 45 cos 8 . 0 45 sin 8 . 0 (
) 20 ( ) 8 . 0 ( ) 300 ( ) 8 . 0 ( ) 650 ( ) (
) 150 ( ) 200 ( ) 300 (
;
=
=
+ =
+ +
+ = +
+ + =
E =
y
x
i j i j j y j x
k X j i
k X j k X i k X j y i x
k X r k X r k X r F X r
M M
C B A R
O Ro

Solution
Solving, x = 0.239m and y = -0.116m
Negative value of y indicates that the +ve direction is
wrongly assumed
Using right hand rule,
) 45 cos 8 . 0 ( 150 ) 8 . 0 ( 200 650
;
) 45 sin 8 . 0 ( 150 ) 8 . 0 ( 300 650
;
m N m N x
M M
m N m N x
M M
x Rx
y Ry
=
E =
=
E =
4.10 Reduction of a Simple
Distributed Loading
Large surface area of a body may be
subjected to distributed loadings such as
those caused by wind, fluids, or weight of
material supported over bodys surface
Intensity of these loadings at each point
on the surface is defined as the pressure p
Pressure is measured in pascals (Pa)
1 Pa = 1N/m
2
Distributed Loading
Most common case of distributed pressure loading is
uniform loading along one axis of a flat rectangular
body
Direction of the intensity of the pressure load is
indicated by arrows shown on the load-intensity
diagram
Entire loading on the plate is a
system of parallel forces,
infinite in number, each
acting on a separate
differential area of the plate

Distributed Loading
Loading function p = p(x) Pa, is a function of x
since pressure is uniform along the y axis
Multiply the loading function by the width
w = p(x)N/m
2
]a m = w(x) N/m
Loading function is a measure
of load distribution along line
y = 0, which is in the symmetry
of the loading
Measured as force per unit
length rather than per unit area

Distributed Loading
Load-intensity diagram for w = w(x) can
be represented by a system of coplanar
parallel
This system of forces can be simplified into
a single resultant force F
R

and its location can be
specified

Magnitude of Resultant Force
F
R
= F
Integration is used for infinite number of parallel
forces dF acting along the plate
For entire plate length,

Magnitude of resultant force is equal to the total
area A under the loading diagram w = w(x)
4.10 Reduction of a
Simple Distributed Loading
A dA dx x w F F F
L A
R R
= = = E = + +
} }
) ( ;
Distributed Loading
Location of Resultant Force
M
R
= M
O
Location of the line of action of F
R
can be
determined by equating the moments of the
force resultant and the force distribution about
point O
dF produces a moment of
xdF = x w(x) dx about O
For the entire plate,
x
}
= E =
L
R O Ro
dx x xw F x M M ) ( ;
4.10 Reduction of a
Simple Distributed Loading
Solving,

Resultant force has a line of action which passes
through the centroid C (geometric center) of the
area defined by the distributed loading diagram
w(x)
}
}
}
}
= =
A
A
L
L
dA
xdA
dx x w
dx x xw
x
) (
) (
Distributed Loading
Consider 3D pressure loading p(x), the resultant
force has a magnitude equal to the volume under
the distributed-loading curve p = p(x) and a line of
action which passes through the centroid (geometric
center) of this volume
Distribution diagram can be
in any form of shapes such
as rectangle, triangle etc
Distributed Loading
Beam supporting this stack of lumber is subjected
to a uniform distributed loading, and so the load-
intensity diagram has a rectangular shape
If the load-intensity is w
o
, resultant is determined
from the are of the rectangle
F
R
= w
o
b
Distributed Loading
Line of action passes through the centroid or
center of the rectangle, = a + b/2
Resultant is equivalent to the distributed load
Both loadings produce same external effects or
support reactions on the beam
x
Distributed Loading
Example 4.20
Determine the magnitude and location of the
equivalent resultant force acting on the shaft
Distributed Loading
Solution
For the colored differential area element,

For resultant force
N
x
dx x dA F
F F
dx x wdx dA
A
R
R
160
3
0
3
2
60
3
60
60
;
60
3 3
2
0
3
2
0
2
2
=
(
=
(
=
= =
E =
= =
} }
Distributed Loading
Solution
For location of line of action,

Checking,
m m a x
m N m ab
A
m
x
dx x x
dA
xdA
x
A
A
5 . 1 ) 2 (
4
3
4
3
160
3
) / 240 ( 2
3
5 . 1
160
4
0
4
2
60
160
4
60
160
) 60 (
4 4
2
0
4
2
0
2
= = =
= = =
=
(
=
(
= = =
}
}
}
Distributed Loading
Example 4.21
A distributed loading of p = 800x Pa acts
over the top surface of the beam. Determine
the magnitude and location of the equivalent
force.
Distributed Loading
Solution
Loading function of p = 800x Pa indicates that
the load intensity varies uniformly from p = 0 at
x = 0 to p = 7200Pa at x = 9m
For loading,
w = (800x N/m
2
)(0.2m) = (160x) N/m
Magnitude of resultant force
= area under the triangle
F
R
= (9m)(1440N/m)
= 6480 N = 6.48 kN
Distributed Loading
Solution
Resultant force acts through the centroid of
the volume of the loading diagram p = p(x)
F
R
intersects the x-y plane at point (6m, 0)
Magnitude of resultant force
= volume under the triangle
F
R
= V = (7200N/m
2
)(0.2m)
= 6.48 kN
Distributed Loading
Example 4.22
The granular material exerts the distributed
loading on the beam. Determine the magnitude
and location of the equivalent resultant of this
load
Distributed Loading
Solution
Area of loading diagram is trapezoid
Magnitude of each force = associated area
F
1
= (9m)(50kN/m) = 225kN
F
2
= (9m)(100kN/m) = 450kN
Line of these parallel forces act
through the centroid of associated
areas and insect beams at
m m x m m x 5 . 4 ) 9 (
2
1
, 3 ) 9 (
3
1
2 1
= = = =
Distributed Loading
Solution
Two parallel Forces F
1
and F
2
can be reduced to a
single resultant force F
R

For magnitude of resultant force,

For location of resultant force,
m x
x
M M
kN x F
F F
O Ro
R
R
4
) 450 ( 5 . 4 ) 225 ( 3 ) 675 (
;
675 450 225
;
=
+ =
E =
= + =
E = + +
Solution
*Note:
Trapezoidal area can be divided into two triangular
areas,
F
1
= (9m)(100kN/m) = 450kN
F
2
= (9m)(50kN/m) = 225kN
Distributed Loading
m m x m m x 3 ) 9 (
3
1
, 3 ) 9 (
3
1
2 1
= = = =
Chapter Summary
Moment of a Force
A force produces a turning effect about the point
O that does not lie on its line of action
In scalar form, moment magnitude, M
O
= Fd,
where d is the moment arm or perpendicular
distance from point O to its line of action of the
force
Direction of the moment is defined by right hand
rule
For easy solving,
- resolve the force components into x and y
components
Chapter Summary
Moment of a Force
- determine moment of each component about the
point
- sum the results
Vector cross product are used in 3D problems
M
O
= r X F
where r is a position vector that extends from point
O to any point on the line of action of F
Chapter Summary
Moment about a Specified Axis
Projection of the moment onto the axis is
obtained to determine the moment of a force
about an arbitrary axis provided that the distance
perpendicular to both its line of action and the
axis can be determined
If distance is unknown, use vector triple product
M
a
= u
a
r X F
where u
a
is a unit vector that specifies the
direction of the axis and r is the position vector
that is directed from any point on the axis to any
point on its line of action
Chapter Summary
Couple Moment
A couple consists of two equal but opposite
forces that act a perpendicular distance d apart
Couple tend to produce rotation without
translation
Moment of a couple is determined from M = Fd
and direction is established using the right-hand
rule
If vector cross product is used to determine the
couple moment, M = r X F, r extends from any
point on the line of action of one of the forces to
any point on the line of action of the force F
Chapter Summary
Reduction of a Force and Couple System
Any system of forces and couples can be reduced
to a single resultant force and a single resultant
couple moment acting at a point
Resultant force = sum of all the forces in the
system
Resultant couple moment = sum of all the forces
and the couple moments about the point
Only concurrent, coplanar or parallel force system
can be simplified into a single resultant force
Chapter Summary
Reduction of a Force and Couple System
For concurrent, coplanar or parallel force systems,
- find the location of the resultant force about a
point
- equate the moment of the resultant force about
the point to moment of the forces and couples in
the system about the same point
Repeating the above steps for other force system
will yield a wrench, which consists of resultant
force and a resultant collinear moment
Chapter Summary
Distributed Loading
A simple distributed loading can be replaced
by a resultant force, which is equivalent to
the area under the loading curve
Resultant has a line of action that passes
through the centroid or geometric center of
the are or volume under the loading diagram
Chapter Review
Chapter Review
Chapter Review
Chapter Review
Chapter Review
Chapter Review

Engineering Mechanics: Statics: Force System Resultants

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Engineering Mechanics: Statics: Force System Resultants

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Engineering Mechanics: Statics

4.1 Moment of a Force

View Free Body Diagram

4.3 Moment of Force

76852 . 0 5121 . 0 3941 . 0

4.5 Moment of a Force about a

4.5 Moment of a Force about a

4.5 Moment of a Force about a

4.8 Resultants of a Force and Couple

4.8 Resultants of a Force and Couple

parallel to line of action of F

can be eliminated by moving F

is a free vector, it may be moved to P so that it

4.9 Further Reduction of a

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