Professional Documents
Culture Documents
F = 12 N
a) 3 N·m
b) 36 N·m
c) 12 N·m
d=3m
d) (12/3) N·m • A
e) 7 N·m
READING QUIZ (cont)
a) r x F
b) Fx r
c) r • F
d) r* F
READING QUIZ (cont)
a) the x axis
b) the y axis
c) the z axis
a) a scalar quantity ( + or - )
b) a vector quantity.
c) zero.
d) a unit vector.
e) an imaginary number.
APPLICATIONS
MA = FdA
dA
A B
MOMENT OF A FORCE – SCALAR
FORMULATION
• Moment of a force about a point or axis – a measure
of the tendency of the force to cause a body to rotate
about the point or axis
• Torque – tendency of rotation caused by Fx or simple
moment (Mo) z
MOMENT OF A FORCE – SCALAR
FORMULATION (cont)
Magnitude
• For magnitude of MO,
MO = Fd (Nm)
where d = perpendicular distance
from O to its line of action of force
Direction
• Direction using “right hand rule”
MOMENT OF A FORCE – SCALAR
FORMULATION (cont)
Resultant Moment
• Resultant moment, MRo = moments of all the forces
MRo = ∑Fd
EXAMPLE 1
• Tendency to rotate is
indicated and the orbit is
shown as a colored curl.
Solution
C = AB sinθ
CROSS PRODUCT (cont)
Direction
• Vector C has a direction that is perpendicular to the
plane containing A and B such that C is specified by
the right hand rule
• Expressing vector C when
magnitude and direction are known
C = A X B = (AB sinθ)uC
CROSS PRODUCT (cont)
Laws of Operations
1. Commutative law is not valid
AXB≠BXA
Rather,
AXB=-BXA
• Cross product A X B yields a
vector opposite in direction to C
B X A = -C
CROSS PRODUCT (cont)
Laws of Operations
2. Multiplication by a Scalar
a( A X B ) = (aA) X B = A X (aB) = ( A X B )a
3. Distributive Law
AX(B+D)=(AXB)+(AXD)
• Proper order of the cross product must be maintained
since they are not commutative
CROSS PRODUCT (cont)
i j k
A B Ax Ay Az
Bx By Bz
MOMENT OF A FORCE – VECTOR
FORMULATION
Magnitude
• For magnitude of cross product,
MO = rF sinθ
• Treat r as a sliding vector.
Since d = r sinθ,
MO = rF sinθ = F (rsinθ) = Fd
MOMENT OF A FORCE – VECTOR
FORMULATION (cont)
Direction
• Direction and sense of MO
are determined by right-
hand rule
*Note:
- “curl” of the fingers
indicates the sense of
rotation
- Maintain proper order of r
and F since cross product is
not commutative
MOMENT OF A FORCE – VECTOR
FORMULATION (cont)
Principle of Transmissibility
• For force F applied at any point A, moment created
about O is MO = rA F
• F has the properties of a
sliding vector, thus
MO = r1 F = r2 F = r3 F
MOMENT OF A FORCE – VECTOR
FORMULATION (cont)
MO = (ryFz – rzFy)i
– (rxFz - rzFx)j + (rxFy – yFx)k
MOMENT OF A FORCE – VECTOR
FORMULATION (cont)
Resultant Moment of a
System of Forces
• Resultant moment of
forces about point O can
be determined by vector
addition
MRo = ∑(r x F)
EXAMPLE 2
Solution
Position vectors are directed from point O to each force
as shown.
These vectors are
rA 5 jm
rB 4i 5 j 2k m
MO = r X F
= r X (F1 + F2)
= r X F1 + r X F2
EXAMPLE 3
Solution
The moment arm d can be found by trigonometry
d 3sin 75 2.898 m
Thus,
M O Fd 52.898 14.5 kN m
Scalar Analysis
• According to the right-hand rule,
My is directed along the
positive y axis
• For any axis, the moment is
M a Fd a
Vector Analysis
• For magnitude of MA,
MA = MOcosθ = MO·ua
where ua = unit vector
• In determinant form,
uax uay uaz
M a uax ( r XF ) rx ry rz
Fx Fy Fz
EXAMPLE 4
The force is
F 300k N
Scalar Formulation
• Magnitude of couple moment
M = Fd
• Direction and sense are
determined by right hand rule
• M acts perpendicular to
plane containing the forces
MOMENT OF A COUPLE (cont)
Vector Formulation
• For couple moment,
M=rXF
• If moments are taken about point A, moment of –F is
zero about this point
• r is crossed with the force to which it is directed
MOMENT OF A COUPLE (cont)
Equivalent Couples
• 2 couples are equivalent if they produce the same
moment
• Forces of equal couples lie on the same plane or plane
parallel to one another
MOMENT OF A COUPLE (cont)
Resultant Couple Moment
• Couple moments are free vectors and may be applied
to any point P and added vectorially
• For resultant moment of For more than 2
two couples at point P, moments,
MR = M1 + M2 MR = ∑(r X F)
EXAMPLE 5
Solution
Force Summation.
FR F ;
FR F1 F2 800k 249.6i 166.4 j
{249.6i 166.4 j 800k }N
M Ro M C M O M rC XF1 rB XF2
i j k
(400 j 300k ) (1k ) X (800k ) 0.15 0.1 1
249.6 166.4 0
{166i 650 j 300k }N .m
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
FURTHER SIMPLIFICATION OF A
FORCE AND COUPLE SYSTEM
FR F
FURTHER SIMPLIFICATION OF A
FORCE AND COUPLE SYSTEM (cont)
Reduction to a Wrench
• 3-D force and couple moment system have an
equivalent resultant force acting at point O
• Resultant couple moment not perpendicular to one
another
EXAMPLE 7
Solution
Force Summation
FRx Fx ;
3
FRx 2.5kN 1.75kN
5
3.25kN 3.25kN
FRy Fy ;
4
FRy 2.5 N 0.6kN
5
2.60kN 2.60 N
Solution
For magnitude of resultant force,
F
tan 1 Ry tan 1 2.60
FRx 3.25
38.7
Solution
Moment Summation
Summation of moments
about point A,
M RA M A ;
3.25kN ( y ) 2.60kN (0)
1.75kn(1m) 0.6kN (0.6m)
3 4
2.50kN (2.2m) 2.50kN (1.6m)
5 5
y 0.458m
Solution
Moment Summation
Principle of Transmissibility
M RA M A ;
3.25kN (2.2m) 2.60kN ( x)
1.75kn(1m) 0.6kN (0.6m)
3 4
2.50kN (2.2m) 2.50kN (1.6m)
5 5
x 2.177 m
a) (Q, P)
b) (R, S)
S
c) (P, R) R
d) (Q, S)
P Q
CONCEPT QUIZ (cont)
a) 0
b) 1
c) r2F
a) 10 N ·m
b) 20 N ·m 10 N 5N
3m P 2m
c) - 20 N ·m
d) 40 N ·m
e) - 40 N ·m
CONCEPT QUIZ (cont)
4) If r = { 5 j } m and F = { 10 k } N, the
moment r x F equals { _______ } N·m.
a) 50 i b) 50 j c) –50 i d) –50 j e) 0
a) P (Q • R). b) R • (P Q).
c) (P • R) (Q • R). d) (P R) • (Q R ).
CONCEPT QUIZ (cont)
a) rBC
b) rAD
c) rAC
d) rDB
e) rBD
CONCEPT QUIZ (cont)
a) rAC
b) rBA
c) rAB
d) rBC
CONCEPT QUIZ (cont)
8) If r = {1 i + 2 j } m and F = { 10 i + 20 j +
30 k } N, then the moment of F about
the y-axis is ____ N · m.
a) 10
b) -30
c) -40
a) Free b) Spin
c) Romantic d) Sliding
r1
r2
a) r1 x F1 b) r2 x F1
c) F2 x r1 d) r2 x F2 F2
CONCEPT QUIZ (cont)
a) single force
b) single moment
a) internal
b) external
d) microscopic
CONCEPT QUIZ (cont)