20CEG01

Engineering Mechanics

Prepared by
M. Sundra Pandian, M.E., M.B.A.,
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology,
Coimbatore - +0
 Syllabus

Module -

Rigid body – Moment, Couple, Force – Couple system –

Equilibrium of rigid bodies - Types of Supports – Support
reactions for beams with different types of loading – Moment of a
force about a point and about an axis –Solutions to problems
involving equilibrium of rigid bodies from first principles of
mechanics.
 Rigid Body
Rigid body can be defined as one which does not deform
under the application of external forces.
Actual structures and machines, however, are never
absolutely rigid and deform under the loads to which they are
subjected.
But these deformations are usually small and rarely affect the
conditions of equilibrium or motion of the structure under
consideration.
 Forces on a Rigid body
The forces acting on a rigid body can be classified into:
i) External forces:
• The external forces represent the action of other bodies on the
rigid body under consideration.
• They are entirely responsible for the external behavior of the
rigid body.
• They will either cause it to move or ensure that it remains at
rest.
 Forces on a Rigid body
ii) Internal forces:
• The internal forces are the forces which hold together the
particles forming the rigid body.
• If the rigid body is structurally composed of several parts, the
forces holding the component parts together are also defined
as internal forces.
External Forces on a Rigid body
External force
 Principle of Transmissibility -
Equivalent Forces

The principle of transmissibility states that the conditions of

equilibrium or motion of a rigid body will remain unchanged, if a

force F acting at a given point of the rigid body is replaced by a

force F ‘ of the same magnitude and same direction, but acting at

a different point, provided that the two forces have the same line

of action .
 Principle of Transmissibility -
Equivalent Forces
The two forces F and F’ have the same effect on the rigid
body and are said to be equivalent.
 Principle of Transmissibility -
Equivalent Forces
The following configurations of the forces will have the same
effect on the object.
 Vector or Cross Product of Two Vectors
The product of two vectors P and Q is defined as the
vector V which satisfies the following conditions.

1. The line of action of V is perpendicular

to the plane containing P and Q .
-. The magnitude of V is the product of the

magnitudes of P and Q and of the sine of the

angle  formed by P and Q (the measure

of which will always be +80° or less).

V = PQ Sin 
 Vector Product of Two Vectors

3. The direction of V is obtained from the right-hand rule .

Close your right hand and hold it so that your fingers are

curled in the same sense as the rotation through  which brings

the vector P in line with the vector Q ; your thumb will then

indicate the direction of the vector V .

 Properties of Vector Products

• Vector products are not commutative.

i.e., P x Q  Q x P because P x Q = - Q x P

• The distributive property holds good for vectors.

i.e., P x (Q 1 + Q-) = (P x Q+1)+ (P x Q-)

• The associative property is not validated.

i.e., (P x Q) x S  P x (Q x S)
 Vector Product of Two Vectors

The commutative property is not true because

PxQQxP

But, P x Q = - Q x P
 Vector Product of Two Vectors

The unit vector product pairs are given below.

X i j k

i 0 k -j

j -k 0 i

k j -i 0
 Vector Product of Two Vectors
The vector product is then expressed as i j k
i 0 k -j
j -k 0 i
V = P x Q = (Pxi + Pyj + Pzk) x (Qxi + Qyj + Qzk) k j -i 0

= Px Qx . i.i + Px Qy i.j + Px Qz i.k

+ Py Qy j.i + Py Qy j.j + Py Qz j.k

+ Pz Qx k.i + Pz Qy k.j + Pz Qz k.k

V = Px Qx . (0) + Px Qy (k)+ Px Qz (-j)

+ Py Qx (-k)+ Py Qy (0)+ Py Qz (i)

+ Pz Qx (j) + Pz Qy (-i)+ Pz Qz (0)

 Vector Product of Two Vectors
The vector product is then expressed as
V = 0 + Px Qy (k)+ Px Qz (-j)

+ Py Qx (-k)+ 0 + Py Qz (i)
+ Pz Qx (j) + Pz Qy (-i)+ 0
Grouping all I, j and k vectors

V = (PyQz – PzQy) . i - (PxQz + PzQx) . j + (PxQy – PyQx) . K

This can be written in matrix format as
 Moment of a Force (About a Point)
The magnitude of the moment of a force acting about
a point or axis is directly proportional to the distance of the force
from the point or axis.
It is defined as the product of the force (F) and
the moment arm (d). The moment of F about O is the
vector product of r and F
Mo = r x F

Mo = r x F Sin 
=Fxd
where ‘d’ is the vertical distance
 Moment of a Force (About a Point)
Example:
The moment of a force is the tendency of some forces to cause
rotation.

Place a box on smooth surface. If you were to apply a force to

the center of the box, it would simply slide across the surface
without rotating.
If you were instead to push on one side of the box it will start
rotating as it moves. Even though the forces have the same
magnitude and the same direction, they cause different reactions.
 Moment of a Force (About a Point)

This is because the off center force has a different point of

application, and exerts a moment about the center of the box,
whereas the force on the center of the box does not exert a
moment about the boxes center point.
 Signs of Moment

Counter clockwise (CCW) Moment = + ive

Clockwise (CW) Moment = - ive
 Varignon’s Theorem
The moment about a given point O of the resultant of several
concurrent forces is equal to the sum of the moments of the
various forces about the same point O.

Mo = M O1 + M O- + ...
r x (F1 + F- + . . .) = (r x F1) + (r x F-) + . . .
 Moment – Rectangular Components
Mo = r x F & Mo = (Mx.i) + (My.j) + (Mz.k)

W.k.t., r = x.i + y.j + z.k & F = Fx.i + Fy.j + Fz.k

From the above, Mx = y Fz – zFy;

My =zFx – xFz;
Mz = xFy – yFx
The matrix format of Mo is given below
Exercise: Moment
A 100 N vertical force is applied to the end
of a lever which is attached to a shaft at O .
Determine A
( a ) the moment of the 100-lb force about
O;

m
( b ) the horizontal force applied at A which

c
-4
creates the same moment about O ;
1-00
( c ) the smallest force applied at A which N
creates the same moment about O ; 60°

( d ) how far from the shaft a -40-lb vertical O

force must act to create the same moment
about O ;
( e ) whether any one of the forces obtained
in parts b , c , and d is equivalent to the
original force.
 Moment
Solution:
a. Moment about O.
The perpendicular distance from O to the
line of action of the 100 N force is F = 1-
00 N
d = -4 cm x cos 60° = 1- cm.
The magnitude of the moment about O of
the 100-lb force is
Mo =Fxd
= 100 x 1- = 1-00 N.cm d
Since the Moment is clockwise, it is negative Mo
Mo = - 1-00 N.cm
Or it is represented as
Mo = 1-00 N.cm
 Moment
Solution:
F
b. Horizontal Force.
In this case, we have
d = 24 cm x sin 60°
= 24 x 0.866 d

= 20.784 cm 1200
N
Since the moment about O must be
1200 N.cm, we write
Mo = F x d
1200 = F x20.784 Mo

F = 1-00 / 20. 784

= 57.757 N
 Moment
Solution:
c. Smallest Force to effect the same
Moment.
W.k.t., Mo = F x d
So, to have the same Mo with smallest
Force, d should be the max.

d=
.
d max = 24 cm

So, Mo= Fmin x dmax

1200 = F x 24 Mo
F = 1200 / 24
= 50 N
Solution: Moment
d. How far from the shaft a 240 N vertical force
A
must act to create the same moment about O.

W.k.t., Mo = F x d 240 N

cm
…
So at what ‘d’ cm, does the Mo = 1-

d=
00 N. cm and F = 240 N.
Mo= F x d O
1200 = 240 x d
Mo = 1200 N.cm
d = 1200 / 240
= ...cm
 Moment
Solution:

e. Whether any one of the forces obtained in parts b , c , and d

is equivalent to the original.
We have the forces for
Case b: F = =7.757 N (Horizontal)
Case c: F = 50 N (Vertical)
Case d: F = 240 N (Inclined – Perpendicular to the arm)
Which all effected the same moment, Mo = 1200 N. cm
So, none of the force in cases b, c or d is equivalent to the
original force 1200 N vertica down.
 Scalar or Dot Product of Vectors
The scalar product of two vectors P and Q is defined as the

product of the magnitudes of P and Q and of the cosine of the

angle  formed by P and Q.

i.e., P.Q = PQ Cos θ

 Scalar or Dot Product of Vectors
• Scalar or Dot product of - vectors is Commutative.

P.Q =Q. P

• Scalar or Dot product is Distributive.

P . (Q1 + Q2) = (P . Q1) + (P . Q2)

Also, (P . Q1) + (P . Q2) = P(Q1)y + P(Q2)y

P . Q = (Px.i+Py.j+Pz.k) . (Qx.i+Qy.j+Qz.k)
 Scalar or Dot Product of Vectors
The dot product of unit vectors along x, y and z-axes are:

. i j k

i 1 0 0

j 0 1 0

k 0 0 1
 Scalar or Dot Product of Vectors
Therefore, P . Q = (Px.i+Py.j+Pz.k) . (Qx.i+Qy.j+Qz.k)

=Px Qx . i.i + Px Qy i.j + Px Qz i.k

+ Py Qy j.i + Py Qy j.j + Py Qz j.k

+ Pz Qx k.i + Pz Qy k.j + Pz Qz k.k

P. Q = Px Qx . (1) + Px Qy (0)+ Px Qz (0)

+ Py Qx (0)+ Py Qy (1)+ Py Qz (0)

+ Pz Qx (0) + Pz Qy (0)+ Pz Qz (1)

 Scalar or Dot Product of Vectors
P. Q = Px Qx . (1) + Px Qy (0)+ Px Qz (0)

+ Py Qx (0)+ Py Qy (1)+ Py Qz (0)

+ Pz Qx (0) + Pz Qy (0)+ Pz Qz (1)

i.e., P . Q = Px Qx + Py Qy + Pz Qz
 Application of Scalar or Dot Product
1. Angle formed by the two vectors
W.k.t. , P . Q = P Q Cos
Cos P . Q / (PQ)

Cos (Px Qx + Py Qy + Pz Qz)/ PQ

2. Projection of a vector on a given axis .
Consider a vector P forming an

angle  with an axis, or directed line, OL.

The projection of P on the axis OL

is defined as the scalar, POL =P Cos

 Application of Scalar or Dot Product
W.k.t.,
P . Q = P Q Cos

= P Cos Q = POL Q

So,

POL = (P . Q) / Q

= (Px Qx + Py Qy + Pz Qz) / Q
 Mixed Triple Product of Vectors
We are going to find the value of the mixed tripple product
of vectors P, Q and S as
S . (P x Q)
First we are going to find out the vector or cross product,

PxQ
W.k.t,
• The direction of vector P x Q is
perpendicular to the plane
containing P and Q and
• The magnitude is equal to the area
of the parallelogram which has P
and Q for sides.
 Mixed Triple Product of Vectors
The scalar product of S and P x Q can be obtained by
multiplying the magnitude of P x Q (i.e., the area of the
parallelogram defined by P and Q) by the projection of S on
the vector P x Q (i.e., by the projection of S on the normal to
the plane containing the parallelogram).

W.k.t,
• The magnitude is equal to the
Volume of the parallelogram which
has vectors S, P and Q for sides.
 Mixed Triple Product of Vectors
The sign of the mixed triple product , S .(P X Q)
S . (P x Q) = P . (Q x S) = Q . (S x P)
= - S . (Q x P) = - P . (S x Q) = - Q . (P x S)

The signage o the dot or scalar product follows the circle shown
below.

- +
iv iv
e e
 Mixed Triple Product of Vectors
The matrix representation of the Mixed Product of three
Vectors is given below.
 Moment about an Axis
The moment about an axis is defined as the as the
projection OC of the moment Mo onto the axis OL.
If  is the unit vector along OL,
the moment is shown as

MOL =  Mo =  (r. F)

The same can be expressed in

matrix format as
 Moment about an Axis
The moment about an axis is the moment M OL of F about
OL measures the tendency of the force F to impart to the rigid
body a motion of rotation about the fixed axis OL.
 Moment about an Axis
Exercise: A cube of side ‘a’ is acted upon by a force P as shown.
Determine the moment of P a) about A, b) about the edge AB,
c) about the diagonal AG of the cube, d) Using the result of
part c , determine the perpendicular distance between AG and
FC.
Solution:
Moment about an Axis
a) Moment about A
Choose the x, y and z axes as shown.
The F vector (from point A to F) is resolved into its rectangular components
as follows. r F/A = a.i +a.(-j) = a(i - j)

Similarly the vector P is resolved.

P = Py.j - Pz.k
From triangle FCG, Sin 45 ° = CG / FC
= Py / P
i.e., Py = P Sin45 °
= (P.Sin 45° .j) - (P.Cos45°.k)
= P (j-k) / 2
 Moment about an Axis
So, Moment of P about A is determined by

MA = r F/A x P

= a(i - j) x P (j - k) / 2

= aP/2 [ (i – j) x(j - k)]

= aP/2 [ (ixj) – (ixk) – (jxj) +(jxk)]

= aP/2 [k – (-j) -0 +i]

= aP [i + j + k] /2
 Moment about an Axis
Solution:
b) Moment about AB

W.k.t., MAB = i . MA

= i . aP/2 [i + j + k]

We notice that for the line or axis AB

there is only i-component as it is
parallel to x-axis.

MAB = aP /2 (i.i + i,.j + i.k)

\ MAB = aP /2
Note: i . aP2 [i + j + k] = aP2 [(i.i) + (i.j) + (i.k) = aP2
 Moment about an Axis
Solution:

c) Moment about diagonal AG

MAG is the projection of MA

on the diagonal AG.

, The unit vector along AG

= AG / AG
= ai-aj –ak /(a 3)
 = 1/ 3 [i – j – k]

So, MAG =  . MA = {1/3 [i – j – k]} . {aP/2 [i + j + k]}

= aP / 6 [ 1 – 1 – 1] …(because Scalar product of same vector

 Moment about an Axis
Solution:
c) Moment about diagonal AG (Alternate Method)

MAG =

= 1/3 -1/3 -1/3

a -a -a

0 P/2 -P/2

= 1/3 (+aP/2–(-aP/2)–(-1/3)(-aP/2 +O)-1/3(+aP/2-O)

= aP/6- aP/6 - aP/6-O) = - aP /6
 Moment about an Axis
Solution:
d) Perpendicular distance between AG and FC
AG and FC are perpendicular. It can be proved that if the
dot product is Zero, the angle is 90° .
P .  = (P/  2)( j - k) . (1/3)(i -j -k) = (P  6)(0 - 1 + 1) = 0
The moment MAG can then be expressed as (–P d), where d
is the perpendicular distance from AG to FC .
Negative sign is due to clockwise moment observed from G.
Recalling the value found for M AG
MAG = -Pd (From c)
= -aP/  6 (From c)
d = a/  6
 Couple
Two forces F and -F having the same
magnitude, parallel lines of action, and
opposite sense are said to form a couple.

The sum of the components of the two

forces in any direction is zero.
The sum of the moments of the two forces
about a given point, however, is not zero.
While the two forces will not translate the
body on which they act, they will tend to
make it rotate.
 Couple
Denoting by rA and rB , respectively, the position vectors of
the points of application of F and –F,
the sum of the moments of the two forces about O is

M O = rA x F + rB x (-F) = (rA - rB) x F

 Couple
Setting r A - r B = r , where r is the vector joining the points
of application of the two forces, we conclude that the sum of
the moments of F and - F about O is represented by the vector

M=rxF

The vector M is called the moment of the couple ; it is a

vector perpendicular to the plane containing the two forces,
and its magnitude is
M = rF sin  = Fd
 Equivalent Couple
Any two couples having the same moment M are equivalent.

Combination of forces, F1 & -F1 at a distance, d1 creates the

same Moment M similar to the forces, F2 & -F2 at a distance, d2.

 Equivalent Couple
For e.g., the following three couple creates the same
moment M = 120 lb . in
 Addition of Couples
Let us consider two couples, F1 &–F1 and F2 & -F2 act in

two planes P1 and P2.

The resultants of F1 &F2 and –F1 &–F2 , viz., R and –R, will
also form a couple. W.k.t., M = r X R = r X (F1 +

F2)

By Varignon’s theorem

M = r X F1 + r X F2

But M1 = r X F1

 M = M1 + M2
 Addition of Couples
So, we conclude that the sum of two couples of moments M

1 and M 2 is a couple of moment M equal to the vector sum of M

1 and M 2.
 Resolution of a Force
Consider a force F acting on a rigid body at a point A
defined by the position vector r.
Suppose that for some reason we would rather have the
force act at point O. While we can move F along its line of
action (principle of transmissibility), we cannot move it to a
point O which does not lie on the original line of action without
modifying the action of F on the rigid body.
 Resolution of a Force
If the force F had been moved from A to a different point
O’, the moment M O = r ‘ X F of F about O’.

The relation existing between the moments of F

about O and O’ is written as follows
MO’ = r’ X F = (r + s) X F
= (r x F) + (s x F)
M O’ = MO + s x F
 Equilibrium of Rigid Bodies
When the sum of all the forces and couples are both equal
to zero, the external forces form a system equivalent to zero,
and the rigid body is said to be in equilibrium.
The necessary and sufficient conditions for the equilibrium
of a rigid body, therefore, can be obtained by setting R and
MRO equal to zero in the relations.

F = 0

Mo = (r x F ) = 0
 Reactions at Supports
The reactions exerted on a 2D structure can be classified
into three based on the supports.
1. Reactions Equivalent to a Force with Known Line of
Action.

Each of these supports/connections can prevent motion in

one direction only.
Examples: Rollers, rockers, frictionless surfaces, short links
and cables, collars on frictionless rods, and frictionless pins in
slots.
 Reactions at Supports
1. Reactions Equivalent to a Force with Known Line of
Action.
 Reactions at Supports
2. Reactions Equivalent to a Force of Unknown Direction and
Magnitude
It prevents translation of the free body in all directions, but
they cannot prevent the body from rotating about the
connection.
Examples: Frictionless pins in fitted holes, hinges, and
rough surfaces.
 Reactions at Supports
Reactions Equivalent to a Force of Unknown Direction and
Magnitude
 Reactions at Supports
3. Reactions Equivalent to a Force and a Couple.
These reactions are caused by fixed supports, which oppose
any motion of the free body and thus constrain it completely.

Fixed supports actually produce forces over the entire

surface of contact; these forces, however, form a system which
can be reduced to a force and a couple.
 Reactions at Supports
3. Reactions Equivalent to a Force and a Couple.
Reactions at Supports
 Supports and Reactions

Ex.: A fixed crane has a mass of 1000 kg and is used to lift a

2400-kg crate. It is held in place by a pin at A and a rocker at B.
The center of gravity of the crane is located at G. Determine the
components of the reactions at A and B.
 Supports and Reactions
Solution:
Let us draw the free body dia. with the support reactions.
Support A is Pin- So it has two reactions
Support B is Rocker – So it has one reaction.
The mass of crane and crate has to be converted into
respective weights.
 Supports and Reactions
Solution:
Let us redraw the dia. with reactions at A and B.
Weight of Crane = 1000 kg x 9.81 m/s2 = 9810 N
Weight of Crate = 2400 kg x 9.81 m/s2 = 23544 N

Ay

Ax

B 23544 N
9810 N
 Supports and Reactions
Solution:
To find B: W.k.t., M=O {At any point when the force system is
at equilibrium}
M = r x F and Assume M = + ive
Taking Moment at point A
Counter clockwise moments are created by
Ax, Ay & B
Clockwise moment are created by Ay

Weights of crane and crate.

Ax

B
23544 N
9810 N
 Supports and Reactions

W.k.t. CCW Moments - CW Moments = 0 or MCCW = M CW

I.E., (Ax * (A-A)) + (Ay * (A-A)) + (B * (B-A))
= (9810 N * (G-A)) + (23544 N * (Crate–A))
i.e., (Ax x 0m )+ (Ay x0m) + (B x 1.5 m)
= (9810 Nx 2m) + (23544 N x (2+4)m)
i.e., 1.5 B = 19,620 + 1,41,264 = 1,60,884
Ay
B = 1,60,884 / 1.5 = 1,07,256 N
Ax
= 107.256 kN
B
23544
9810
N
N
 Supports and Reactions
Solution:
To Find Ax:
Sum of horizontal forces is Zero. i.e., Fx = 0 & Fy = 0
i.e, Ax + B = 0
Ax = -B = -107.256 kN = 107.256 kN
Ay

To find Ay:
Ax
Sum of vertical forces is Zero
B
i.e., Ay – 9810 N– 23544 N = 0 9810 N
23544 N

 Ay = 9810 + 23544
= 33,354 N
Ay = 33.354 kN
 Supports and Reactions
Result:
Ax = 107.256 kN
Ay = 33.354 kN
B = 107.256 kN

Original free body dia. Final free body dia.

Ay Ay

Ax Ax

B B
23544 N 23544 N
9810 N 9810 N
 Supports and Reactions
Ex.: The frame shown supports part of the roof of a small
building. Knowing that the tension in the cable is 150 kN,
determine the reaction at the fixed end E.
 Supports and Reactions
Solution:
Let us indicate the various reactions at the supports

Ex Fx

Ey
Fy F=150 kN
ME
 Supports and Reactions
Solution:

From triangle DEF

DF = (DE2 + EF2) = ( 62 + 4.52)

Ex Fx
= ( 36+20.25) = 56.25 Ey
Fy F=15
ME 0 kN
DF = 7.5 m
W.k.t.,
Fx = +F Cos  = +150 kN * 4.5 m / 7.5 m

= +90 kN
& Fy = -F Sin  = -150 kN * 6 m / 7.5 m
= -120 kN
Solution:
Supports and Reactions
For Equilibrium condition

å Fx = 0;  Fy = 0 &  ME = 0

å Force x = 0 Ex Fx
Ey
Fy F=15
Ex + Fx = 0 ME 0 kN

Ex = - Fx = - 90 kN
i.e., Ex = 90 k N
å Force y = 0

Ey -Fy – 20 – 20 – 20 – 20 = 0
Ey = +20 + 20 +20 + 20 +Fy = 80 + 120)
Solution:
Supports and Reactions
To find ME

W.k.t., M = r * F and MCCW = + ive

Ex Fx
Ey
\ ME = +(20 kN * 7.2 m) + (20 kN * 5.4 m) Fy F=150
kN
M
E
+(20 kN * 3.6 m) + (20 kN * 1.8 m)
+(Ex * 0 m) + (Ey * 0 m) – (Fx * 0 m) – (Fy * 4.5 m)

ME = 144 + 108 + 72 + 36 + 0 +0 -0 – (+200 kN * 4.5 m)

= 144 + 108 + 72 + 36 – 900

= -180 kN.m
= 180 kN.m (CW)
 Supports and Reactions

Result:

Ex = - 90 kN
Ey = + 200 kN

ME = - 180 kN.m or 180 kN.m (CW)

 Beams & Types of Loading
A beam is defined as a horizontal structural member
supporting vertical loads.
In most cases, the loads are perpendicular to the axis of the
beam and will cause only shear and bending in the beam.
When the loads are not at a right angle to the beam, they will
also produce axial forces in the beam.
Beams are usually long, straight prismatic bars.
 Types of Beams
Beams are basically classified into the following types.
• Cantilever Beam (CLB)

• Simply Supported Beam (SSB)

 Types of Beams
• Over Hanging Beam (OHB)
Overhang

• Continuous Beam (CB)

Intermediate Support
 Types of Beams
• Fixed Beam (FB)
Cantilever Beams
Simply Supported Beams
Over Hanging Beams
Continuous Beams
Fixed Beams
 Types of Loads
• Point or Concentrated Load (PL)

• Uniformly Distributed Load (UDL)

• Uniformly Varying Load (UVL)

Types of Loads
 Shear Force & Bending Moment
The sum of all vertical forces acting at a point on
a beam is called the Shear force.
The sum of the moments created at a point in a
beam is called Bending Moment.
Also for a beam as a whole,

 F = 0 & M = 0
 Formula

Point
Udl Uvl
Load

Shear Force W w*x ½ * w *x

Bending w *x * (x/2 + ½*w*x*(2x/3+k)

W*x
Moment k) ½*w*x*(1x/3+k)

UVL 2/3 1/3

 Shear Force & Bending Moment
Exercise: Determine the shear force and bending
moments for the beam as shown in the fig.

5 kN 8 kN 3 kN/m run

2m 2m 2m 2m

8m
 Shear Force & Bending Moment
Solution: Draw the force and reaction dia.

W1 = 5 kN W2 = 8 kN
w = 3 kN/m run

B
A RB x
E D x C k

RA RB y
2m 2m 2m 2m
 Shear Force & Bending Moment
Assumption: RD + ive & MCCW = + ive
Reaction Calculation E

To find RA,
Taking Moment @ B……..W.k.t., MB = 0
i.e., -(RA*8m) + (W1 * 6m) +( W2 * 4m) + {w * x* (x/2 + k)}

– (RB y* 0 m) - (RB x* 0 m) = 0
i.e., - 8RA + (5*6) + (8 * 4)+ {3 * 2 * (2/2 +2)} = 0

i.e., -8RA + 30 + 24 + (3 * 2 * 3) = 0

i.e, -8RA + 54+18= 0

i.e., 8 R A = 72

 RA = 72/8 = 9 kN
 Shear Force & Bending Moment
Assumption: RD + ive & MCCW = + ive
E
To find RB y

W.k.t., F y= 0

i.e., -R A + 5 kN + 8 kN + (3 kN/m * 2 m) – R B y = 0

i.e., - 9 + 5 + 8 + 6 - R B y = 0

i.e., R B y = - 9 + 5 + 8 + 6

i.e., R B y = - 9 + 19 = 10 kN

W.k.t., F x= 0

i.e., R B x = 0
 Shear Force & Bending Moment
To find the Shear Forces at A, B, C, D and E
E

F B = - RB y = - 10 kN

F C = -R B y + (3 kN* 0m) = -10 – 0 = - 10 kN

F D = - RB y+ (3 kN* 2 m) + 8 kN = - 10 + 6 + 8 = + 4 k N

F E = - R B y + ( 3 kN * 2 m) + 8 kN + 5 k N = -10+6+8 +5 = +9 kN

F A = - R B y + (3 kN * 2 m) + 8 kN + 5 kN – R A

= - 10 + (3 kN * 2 m) + 8 kN + 5 kN - 9

= - 10 + 6 + 8 + 5 – 9
= 0 kN
 Shear Force & Bending Moment
To find the Bending Moments at A, B, C , D and E

w.k.t., M = 0 @ the supports . i.e, MA = 0 & MB = 0

{Read right to left} E

M C = + {R B y * (B -C)} - {w * (C-C)*((C-C)/2 + k)}

= + (R B y* 2m) - {3 * 0m * (0/2+0)= + (10 * 2) = 20 kN.m

M D = + {R B xy* (B-D)}– {3 kN/m* (D-C) * ((D-C)/2 + k)}

– {(8 kN * (D-D)}

= + (R B y * 4 m)– {3 kN/m* 2 m* (2/2 + 0)} – (8 kN * 0 m)

= + (10* 4) – [ 3 * 2 * (1)}
 Shear Force & Bending Moment
To find the Bending Moments at A, B, C and D

M E = + {R B y * (B-E)}– {3 kN/m* (D-C) * ((D-C)/2 + (D-E))}

– {(8 kN * (D-E)} – { 5 kN * (E-E)}

= + (R B xy* 6 m)– {3 kN/m* 2 m* (2/2 + 2)} – (8 kN * 2 m)

= + (10* 6) – [ 3 * 2 * (3)} – (8 * 2)
= 60 – 18– 16
= 60 – 22 = 26 kN.m

E k
 Shear Force & Bending Moment
Result:

RA = 9 kN; RB y = 10 kN RB x = 0 kN

FA = 0 kN; FB = - 10 kN; FC = -10 kN;

FD = +4 kN; FE = +9 kN

MA = 0 kN.m; MB = 0 kN.m;

MC = 20 kN.m; MD = 34 kN.m; ME = 38 kN.m

 Shear Force & Bending Moment
Exercise:
Find the shear forces and bending-moments for the beam AB.
The distributed load of 5 kN/m extends over 4m of the beam,
from A to C, and the 4 kN load is applied at E.

5 kN/m

4 kN
2m
4m 2m 4m
12 m
 Shear Force & Bending Moment
Solution:
Redraw the beam with the support reactions.

5 kN/m

RB x

RA 4 kN
2m RB y
4m 2m 4m
12 m
 Shear Force & Bending Moment
Solution:
Redraw the beam with the support reactions.

w = 4 kN/m run

R B-x
A B

RA R B-y
W = 5 kN
3m 3m 2m 4m

12 m
 Shear Force & Bending Moment
Solution:
All forces should act on the beam. Since the 5 kN is acting
away from the beam, this force can be replaced by a Force and
Moment when moved to the beam as shown.
w = 4 kN/m run
B R B-x
A
R W = 5 kN R B-y
A 3m 3m 2m 4m

12 m

w = 4 kN/m run M = 5 kN* 2m

= 10 kN.m R B-x
A
B
W = 5 kN C
RA R B-y
3m 3m 2m 4m

12 m
 Shear Force & Bending Moment
Solution:
w = 4 kN/m run
Reaction Calculation: M = 10 kN.m
B R B-

W.k.t., M = 0 A
W = 5 kN C x

RA

Taking Moment at B
R B-y
3m 3m 2m 4m

12 m
MB = 0
i.e., -{RA * (A-B)}+{w * x * (x/2 + k)} + {5 kN * (C-B)} – 10 kN.m
- {R B-y * (B-B)} – {RB-x * (B-B)} = 0
-(RA * 12m)+ {4 * 3 * (3/2 + (3+2+4))} + (5 kN * 4 m) – 10 kN.m
- (R B-y * 0 m) – (RB-x * 0) = 0
i.e., -12 RA + {4 * 3 * (1.5 +9)} + (5 * 4) – 10 – 0 – 0 = 0
i.e., -12 RA + (4 * 3 * 10.5) + 20 -10 = 0
i.e., -12 RA + 126 + 20 – 10 = 0
i.e., 136 = 12 RA
 Shear Force & Bending Moment
Solution:
w = 4 kN/m run
Reaction Calculation: M = 10 kN.m
B R B-

W.k.t., Fy = 0 ….. (RD + ive) A

W = 5 kN C x

RA
R B-y
- RA + (w * x) + W - R B-y = 0 3m 3m 2m 4m

12 m

i.e, -11.333 kN+ (4 kN * 3m)+ 5 kN - R B-y = 0

i.e., -11.333 + 12 + 5 R B-y = 0
i.e., -11.333 +12 + 5 = R B-y
i.e, R B-y =17 – 11.333
i.e., R B-y = 5.667 kN

Also W.k.t, Fx = 0

i.e., RB-x = 0
 Shear Force & Bending Moment
Solution:
To find the Shear Force at points A, B and C
w = 4 kN/m run
M = 10 kN.m R B-x
B
A
W = 5 kN C
RA R B-y
3m 3m 2m 4m
12 m
F B = - R B-y
= - 5.667 kN
F C = - R B-y + W
= - 5.667 + 5 = 0.667 kN
F A = - R B-y + W + (w * x) – R A
= - 5.66 7 + 5 + (4 * 3) – 11.333
=0
 Shear Force & Bending Moment
Solution:
To find the Shear Force at points A, B and C
w = 4 kN/m run
M = 10 kN.m R B-x
B
A
W = 5 kN C
RA R B-y
3m 3m 2m 4m
12 m
W.k.t, Mment at supports will be Zero
i.e., M A = 0 and M B = 0

MC = - {R B-y * (B-B)} + {W * (C-B)} - M E

= - (5.667 * 0 m) + (5 * 6) – 10
= - 0 + 30 – 10
= + 20 kN.m
 Shear Force & Bending Moment
Result:

RA = 11.333 kN; RB_y = 5.667 kN RB_x = 0 kN

FA = 0 kN; FB = - 5.667 kN; FC = + 0.667 kN;

MA = 0 kN.m; MB = 0 kN.m; MC = + 20 kN.m

 Syllabus

Module - II

Rigid body – Moment, Couple, Force – Couple system –

Equilibrium of rigid bodies - Types of Supports – Support
reactions for beams with different types of loading – Moment of a
force about a point and about an axis –Solutions to problems
involving equilibrium of rigid bodies from first principles of
mechanics.