HYDRAULICS

PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

Prepared By: Engr. Brian Eurolfan

 Module Overview and Objective
• To be able to identify the different properties
of fluids.
• Specifically, to be able to:
– Learn the formula and meaning of these properties
– Learn how to manipulate these formula
– Master the fluid property pressure and how to use
it well
 INTRODUCTION
Fluid Mechanics
- A physical science dealing with the action of fluids at rest or in motion
- It provides the basic foundation for hydraulics

Hydraulics
- A branch of science that deals with the flow of fluids, particularly liquids, in
pipes and channels.
 Properties of Fluids
𝑚
DENSITY ; ρ (rho) ρ=
𝑉
- Also known as the mass density
- Mass of a substance per unit volume
Where: ρ = density in (kg/m3)
m = mass of a fluid in (kg)
V = volume of the fluid in (m3)

𝑊
γ= ;
𝑉
𝑚𝑔
SPECIFIC WEIGHT ; γ (gamma) since W = mg ; γ =
𝑉
- Also known as the unit weight 𝑚
and if ρ = ; therefore
- Weight of a unit volume of a fluid 𝑉

- Force exerted by the earth’s gravitation γ = ρg

Where: γ= specific weight of a fluid in (KN/m3)
W = weight of a fluid in (KN)
g = gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/s2)
 Properties of Fluids
ρ(𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 )
SPECIFIC GRAVITY ; SG SG =
ρ(𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 )
- Also known as relative density
- Ratio of a fluid’s density to some
standard density. Note: ρ(water) = 1000 kg/m3
- For liquids, reference is water while for γ(water) = 9.81 KN/m3
gases, reference is air. γ(water) = 9810 N/m3
- Specific gravity has no unit

SPECIFIC VOLUME ; Vs
1
- Volume occupied by a unit mass of a Vs =
fluid ρ
- Reciprocal of density, commonly used in
gases. Where: Vs = specific volume (m3/kg)
ρ = density in (kg/m3)
 Sample Problem
1. Glycerin has a total mass of 1120kg and a volume of W = mg
0.952m3. Compute the density, specific weight, weight and W = 1120 * 9.81
specific gravity of glycerin.
W = 10987.2 N
𝑚
ρ= ρ(𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑)
𝑉 SG =
ρ(𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟)
1120
ρ= 1176.47
0.952 SG =
1000
ρ = 1176.47 kg/m3
SG = 1.176
γ
γ = ρg Or since γ = ρg, thus ρ= 𝑔
γ𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
γ = 1176.47 ∗ (9.81m/s2) 𝑔 γ
SG = γ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ; SG = γ(𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑)
𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
( )
𝑔
γ = 11541.171 N/m3 11541.171
SG =
9810
γ = 11.541 KN/m3
SG = 1.176
 Principles of Hydrostatics
PRESSURE; P
- Force exerted per unit area by a liquid or gas on a body or surface in pascal
(Pa = N/m2)
F
P=
A

Where: F = magnitude of force in N or KN

A = Area of the surface where the force is exerted in m2

Pascal’s Law: Liquid surface

“At any point in a fluid at rest the pressure is the same in all direction”

P1
P2 = P1 + γh γ = specific weight
Where: of the liquid
h
P2 = the pressure deeper in location than the other pressure in the fluid.
P1 = the pressure higher in location in the fluid. P2
h = height difference between the two pressures.
γ = the specific weight of the liquid.
 Principles of Hydrostatics
TYPES OF PRESSURE
Gauge Pressure ; (Pg or P)
- The pressure measured by means of gauges or manometer above or
below the atmospheric level
- At sea level under normal conditions, or at free surface, Pg = 0

Atmospheric Pressure ; (Patm)

- The pressure at any one point on the earth’s surface from the weight
of the air above it
- At sea level under normal conditions, or at free surface, Patm =
101.325 KPa or 760mmHG

Absolute Pressure ; (Pabs)

- The pressure measured above absolute zero
Pabs = Pg + Patm P
h=
γ

Pressure head; (h) Where :

- Height of a column of homogenous fluid of specific weight that will P = pressure in KPa
produce an intensity of pressure. γ = specific weight of the homogenous fluid
 Principles of Hydrostatics
Manometer
- A pressure measuring technique by means of tubes usually in the
shape of “U”

TYPES OF MANOMETER
Open Type
- Has an atmospheric surface in one or two leg and is capable of
measuring gauge pressures.

Differential Type
- Without an atmospheric surface and capable of measuring only
difference of pressure

Piezometer
- Simple vertical tube fixed to a system whose pressure is to be
measured.
 Sample Problem
2. The absolute pressure in a gas tank is 280KPa. Compute 3. If the pressure in a tank of oil is 410KPa, What is the equivalent
the gage pressure and the pressure head in meters of water. pressure head in (a)meters of oil, (b) meters of water and (c) mm
of mercury (assuming SG of oil is 0.8 and SG of mercury is 13.6).
Pabs = Pg + Patm * Since it is not stated, we will assume that pressure is already a
Pg = Pabs − Patm gauge pressure
Pg = 280 - 101.325 P γ
a) h = γ and since ; SG = γ(𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑)
(oil) (𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟)

Pg = 178.675 KPa P
h=
(γ(water))∗SG𝑜𝑖𝑙
410
From P2 = P1 + γh, if P1 is at the liquid surface, thus P1 = 0 h = 9.81 ∗ 0.8
P2 = 0 + γh or P2 = γh
h = 52.24m
P
Thus, pressure head, h = γ P 410
b) h = γ = 9.81
178.675 KPa (water)
h = 9.81 𝐾𝑁/𝑚3
h = 41.79m
P 410
h = 18.21m c) h = γ = 9.81∗13.6
(Hg)

h = 3.07309m

h = 3073.09 mm
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!!