New Indian Era (NIE)

Formula– Physics
Rotational Dynamics
➢ Angular velocity :(𝜔)
𝑣 2𝜋 𝜃 ➢ Centripetal force: (Fcp)
1) 𝜔 = 2) 𝜔 = 3) 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑛 4) 𝜔 = 𝑚𝑣 2
𝑟 𝑇 𝑡 Fcp = 𝑟

➢ Angular displacement : (𝜃)

2𝜋𝑡 ➢ Inclined banked road (𝜃)
1) 𝜃 = 𝜔t 2) 𝜃= 𝑇 3) 𝜃 = 2𝜋𝑛𝑡 −1 𝑣2
i.e. 𝜃= tan 𝑟𝑔

➢ Angular acceleration: ( 𝛼 ) ➢ Maximum velocity on curved horizontal road.

ⅆ𝜔 2𝜋
1) 𝛼= 2) 𝛼 = 𝑛2 − 𝑛𝑖 i.e. Vmax = 𝜇rg
𝑡 𝑡

➢ Conical pendulum (time period)

➢ Linear velocity: (v) 𝐿 cos 𝜃
1) V = 𝑟𝜔 2) V = 2𝜋𝑛𝑟 i.e. T= 2𝜋 𝑔
➢ Banked road: ➢ moment of inertia:
upper limit Vmax = 𝑟𝑔
μs+tan 𝜃 𝐼 = 𝑀𝑟 2
1−𝜇𝑠 tan 𝜃
(speed limit)
➢ Radius of gyration :
tan 𝜃−𝜇𝑠
Lower limit Vmin = 𝑟𝑔 𝐼
1+𝜇𝑠 tan 𝜃 K=
(speed limit) 𝑀

➢ Velocity at different- different point (V.C.M) ➢ kinetic energy:

1) 𝑉H = 𝑟𝑔 1
1) K.∈ROT = 2 𝐼𝜔2
2) 𝑉L = 5𝑟𝑔
1
3) 𝑉M = 3𝑟𝑔 2) K.∈ TRA = 𝑚𝑣 2
2
3) K.∈ ROL = 1 𝐼𝜔2 + 𝑚𝑣 2
2
➢ Tension in diff-2 point:
𝑚𝑣 2 ➢ principle of parallel axes :
1) 𝑇𝐻 = 𝑟 − 𝑚𝑔
𝐼0 = 𝐼𝑐 + Mh2
𝑚𝑣 2
2) 𝑇𝐿 = 𝑟 + 𝑚𝑔
𝑚𝑣 2
3) 𝑇𝐿 = ➢ angular momentum = (L= 𝐼𝜔)
𝑟
Note: difference between
𝑇𝐻 - 𝑇𝐿 = 6mg ➢ torque acting on a body:
( 𝜏= I𝛼)
 Mechanical Properties of Fluids

𝐹 ❖ pressure inside soap bubble

❖ T= 𝑙 (surface tension) 4𝑇 ❖ stake's formula F = 6𝜋𝑛𝑟𝑣
(p) = 𝑟

𝐹 ⅆ𝑣 ❖ velocity gradient
❖ pressure (p) = 𝐴 ❖ viscous force (F) = nA ⅆ𝑥 ⅆ𝑣
Vg = ⅆ𝑥
❖ pressure difference
❖ rise or fall of capillary
(pi – po) = h𝜌g 2𝑇 cos 𝜃
h= 𝜌𝑟𝑔

Kinetic Theory of Gases and Radiation

➢ ideal gas equation : ➢ Root mean square speed:

{ PV= nRT} {PV =NAKBT} 3𝑅𝑇 3𝑃𝑣 3𝑃
Vrms = = =
𝑀 𝑀 𝜌
➢ pressure exerted by gas:
1 𝑚𝑁𝑣 2
➢ Mayer's relation
P= 3 𝑣 By using this formula you can
make many formula 1) Cp-Cv = R
𝑐𝑝
Note: K.𝜖., Vrms and 𝜌 everything can be calculated 2) 𝑐𝑣 − 𝛾
➢ kinetic energy of gas molecule: ➢ emission
3
1) K.𝜖 of gas molecules = 2 𝑝𝑣 𝑅 𝑅 ➢ Wein's displacement
e=𝑅 Also a= 𝜆max = 𝑏
3 𝐵 𝑅𝐵
2) K.𝜖 of gas per unit mole = 𝑅𝑇 𝑇 b= 2.898 × 10 − 3 m − k
2
3 𝑅𝑇
3) K.𝜖 per unit mass = 2 𝑀
4) K.𝜖 per molecules
3
= 2 𝑘𝐵 𝑇 ➢ Heat radiation depends on Remember IT:
𝜃 = 𝜎𝐴𝑇4𝑡 Note: b = 2.898 × 10−3
𝜎 = 1.17 × 10−7

Thermodynamics

❖ Work done (d𝜔 = pdv) ❖ Adiabatic (Q constant) ❖ Work done in isothermal process
𝑣2
∆𝑄 = 0 i.e. W = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 log 𝑒 𝑣1
OR
❖ First law of thermodynamics ❖ Isochoric (V is constant) 𝑃1
Q = 𝑈 + W OR W= 𝑛𝑅𝑇 log 𝑒
∆𝑉 = 0 𝑃2
∆𝑄= ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑊
❖ Work done in Adiabatic process
❖ isobaric (p constant) 𝑛𝑅
❖ Ideal gas W= [T2 –T1]
∆𝑃 = 0 1−𝛾
(PV = nRT) Also
PV𝛾 = constant
❖ cyclic (U is constant) 𝑐𝑃
❖ Isothermal (T constant) 𝑇𝑉 𝛾−1 = constant 𝛾=
∆𝑈 = 0 𝐶𝑣
∆𝑇 = 0
 Oscillations
➢ Restoring Force ➢ Frequency ( F,n,f,v)
F = 𝑘𝑥 𝑛=𝑇
1 ➢ Composition of two SHM
1) Resultant Amplitude
➢ Spring Time Period R= 𝐴12 + 𝐴22⋅ + 2𝐴1 𝐴2 cos 𝜙2 − 𝜙1
➢ Period in SHM
𝑚 2𝜋
T= 2π 𝑘 𝑇= 𝜔 2) Resultant phase
−1
𝐴1 sin 𝜙1 + A2 sin 𝜙2
𝛿 = tan
➢ P.𝜖 = 0 (𝐴𝑡 𝑀𝑃) 𝐴1 cos 𝜙1 + 𝐴2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙2
➢ Differential eqn 1 1
ⅆ2 𝑥 P.𝜖 = 2 𝑘𝑥 2 = 2 𝑚𝜔2 𝑥 2 (At ∈. 𝑃)
+ 𝜔2 𝑥 = 0
ⅆ𝑡 2
➢ Simple pendulum
𝑙
➢ Accln is SHM ➢ K.∈= 0 (𝐴𝑡 𝜖. 𝑃) time period (T) = 2𝜋 𝑔
a= -𝜔2𝑥
Note: Time for seconds pendulum
(2s) and length (100cm ≈ 1m)
➢ Velocity in SHM 1
➢ K.∈ = 2 𝑘 𝐴2 − 𝑥 2 (At M.P)
V= ±𝜔 𝐴2 − 𝑥 2

➢ Differential eqn for angular SHM

➢ displacement 1 2 1 2 1 2 𝐴2 𝐼 ⅆ2 𝜃
➢ T. ∈ = 𝑘𝑥 = 𝑘𝐴 = 𝑚𝜔 ⅆ𝑡 2
+ 𝑐𝜃 = 0
𝑥 = 𝐴 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝛼 2 2 2
 Superposition of Waves

❖ Velocity of Wave ❖ Simple Harmonic Progressive Wave (Positive Direction)

2𝜋𝑥
1) V= n𝜆 Y = Asin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜆
2) V= 𝑛Τ𝑇 Also
𝑥
Y= Asin 2𝜋 𝑛𝑡 − 𝜆
Also
❖ Angular Frequency 𝑡 𝑥
2𝜋 1 Y = Asin 2𝜋 𝑇
−𝜆
𝜔 = 𝑇 = 2𝜋𝑛 (S𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑛)
𝑇

❖ Phase difference ❖ Period of Beat

2𝜋𝑥 1
𝛿= 𝜆 T= 𝑛 −𝑛 If 𝑛1 > 𝑛2
1 2

❖ Path difference 𝑇
𝜆 ❖ Wave Velocity V =
X= 𝛿 𝑚
2𝜋

𝜆
❖ Distance between nodes and Antinodes = 4 ❖ Frequency in String ❖ Frequency in open pipe
𝑣
1 𝑇 n= 2𝐿
n=
2𝑙 𝑚
 Wave Optics

➢ Refractive Index ➢ Band width:

sin i 𝑛2 𝑣1 𝜆𝐷
= = W= 𝑑 (General)
sin 𝑟 𝑛 1 𝑣 2
for Bright
𝜆𝐷 𝑛𝜆𝐷
W= 𝑑 = 𝑑
➢ Brewster’s Law For Dark
𝜇= tanip 𝜆𝐷
W= (2n-1) 2𝑑

➢ Path difference for interference

∆𝑥 = 𝑛𝜆 (Bright) 𝑤𝑑
➢ wavelength 𝜆 = 𝐷
n= 0,1,2,3…….
𝜆
∆𝑥 = 2𝑛 − 1 2
(Dark)
n= 1,2,3…… ➢ For Diffraction
path diffraction = a sin𝜃 = n𝜆 (Secondaryoninimum)
𝜆
a sin𝜃 = 2𝑛 + 1 2 (Secondary Maximum)
➢ Phase difference for interference
Distance of nth minimum from center (Secondary)
∆𝜙 = 2𝑛𝜋 (Bright) 𝑛𝐷𝑦
n= 0,1,2,3…… 𝑦𝑛𝑑 = 𝑎
∆𝜙 = (2𝑛 − 1)𝜋 (Dark) Distance of nth maximum from center (secondary)
n=1,2,3…. 𝜆𝐷
𝑦𝑛𝑑 = 2𝑛 + 1 2𝑎
 Electrostatics

❖ Charge (q= It) ❖ Electric Intensity (sphere) ❖ Work done (external field)
1 𝑞
E= 4𝜋𝜀 ⋅ 𝑟 2 (w= qv)
0
𝐹 𝑣
❖ Electric field (E) = 𝑞 = 𝑑
❖ Potential due to dipole
❖ Electric Intensity (Cylindrical) 𝑃
𝜆 V= 4𝜋𝜀 𝑟 2
E= 2𝜋𝑟𝜀 0
❖ Electric flux (𝜙) = 𝐸𝑑𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝐸𝐴 0
❖ Potential energy due to
eclectic dipole (external)
𝑞 ❖ Einside = 0
❖ Gauss law 𝜙 = U= PE cos ∅2 −cos ∅ 1
𝜀0
(𝜀0 = 8.85 ×10-12 F/m)
❖ Work done: w = qv
❖ Capacity (C)
𝑄
𝑞 C= 𝑣
❖ Linear charge Density 𝜆 = ❖ Torque: 𝜏 = 𝑃𝐸𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑙

❖ Capacitance in parallel plate

𝑞
❖ Surface charge Density 𝜎 = ❖ Potential energy (point charge) 𝐴𝜀 𝑘
C= 𝑑0 = 𝑑
𝐴𝜀
𝐴 1 𝑞𝑞
U= = 0
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
❖ Dielectric Constant ⅆ𝑣 ❖ Energy stored in capacitor
𝜀 ❖ E= − ⅆ𝑥 { relation between electric field
k= note : (K=3) 1 1
𝜀0 and electric potential} U= 2 𝑐𝑣 2 = 2 𝑄𝑣
 Current Electricity

➢ Resistance of wire ➢ Galvanometer of Resistance ➢ Voltmeter:

𝜌 𝑙𝑔 𝑣
R = 𝐴𝐿 G =R X = 𝐼𝑔 − 𝑎
100−𝑙𝑔

➢ Current: Q= It ➢ Potentiometer
𝑄 V = k𝑙 ➢ Galvanometer As Ammeter
𝐼=𝑡
1) 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑠 + Ig
➢ Potential gradient (K)
➢ potential (Voltage) across external Resistance
𝑣
K= 𝑙 2) 𝐼s 𝑆 = 𝐼𝑔 𝐺
𝐸𝑅
V= 𝑅+𝑟 𝐺𝐼𝑔
3) 𝑠 =
➢ Comparison between emf: 𝐼s
cell individual method
𝐺
➢ Junction law: 𝐸1
=
𝑘𝑙1 4) 𝐼𝑠 = 𝑠+𝑎
𝐼
𝐸 𝑘𝑙
𝛴𝐼 = 0 2 2
cell combination method
𝐸1 𝑙1 +𝑙2
➢ Voltage law = (sum and diff method)
𝐸
2 𝑙 −𝑙 1 2
𝛴𝐼𝑅 + 𝛴𝐸 = 0
➢ Internal Resistance
➢ Meter Bridge 𝑟=𝑅
𝑙1
−1 OR 𝑟=𝑅
𝐸
−1
𝑙𝑥 𝑙2 𝑣
X=R 100−𝑙𝑥
 Magnetic Fields due to Electric Current

❖ Force (F) = 𝐵𝐼𝑙 sin 𝜃 = 𝐵𝐼𝑙 ❖ Biot-savart’s law ( to find magnetic field)
𝜇 𝐼ⅆl sin 𝜃
ⅆ𝐵 = 4𝜋0 ⋅ 𝑟2
❖ Force on moving charge
F= 𝑞𝜈𝐵 sin 𝜃 = 𝑞𝜈𝐵 ❖ Magnetic induction at a point perpendicular distance (R)
𝜇0 𝐼
B = 2𝜋𝑅
❖ Torque on a current charge loop
𝜏 = 𝑁𝐴𝐼𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
❖ Magnetic force between two parallel wire
𝜏 = 𝑁𝐴𝐼𝐵 (for N turns) 𝜇0 𝐼,𝐼2 𝑙
F = 2𝜋𝑑
❖ Magnetic moment
M = 𝐼A ❖ Magnetic field due to current carrying arc.
OR 𝜇0 𝐼
B = 4𝜋𝑅 ×𝜃
M = n𝐼A
❖ Magnetic induction at a point inside the solenoid
❖ Deflection of Torque in (M.∈ 𝐺) B = 𝜇0𝑛𝑖
𝑁
𝜏 = 𝑁𝐼𝐴𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 (perpendicular) n=
l
OR
❖ Magnetic induction along the Axis of Toroid
𝜏 = 𝑁𝐼𝐴𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 (Horizontal)
B = 𝜇0𝑛𝑖 𝑁
𝑛=
2𝜋𝑟
❖ Magnetic field At center of circular coil. ❖ Magnetic induction at a point along the Axis of a coil carrying
𝜇0 𝐼 𝜇0 𝑛𝐼 current.
B = 2𝑟 = 2𝑟
𝜇0 𝐼𝑅2
B= 2 𝑧 2 +𝑅2 3Τ
2
for n turns
𝜇0 𝑛𝐼𝑅2
B=
2 𝑧 2 +𝑅2 3Τ2

Magnetic Materials
𝐵0
➢ Torque acting on magnetic dipole. ➢ Magnetic Intensity : H=
𝜇0
𝜏 = 𝑚𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝑀𝑛ⅇ𝑡
➢ Time period of angular oscillation of a bar magnet. ➢ Magnetization (Mz) = 𝑉
𝐼
T = 2𝜋 𝑀𝐵
➢ Magnetic field due to iron core. (Toroid)
➢ For Revolving electron B = 𝐵0 + 𝐵𝑚
ⅇ𝑣𝑟 ⅇ𝐿
magnetic moment : 2 = 2𝑚ⅇ B = 𝜇0 𝐻 + 𝑀

𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑏 ⅇ ➢ Magnetic Susceptibility (𝜒)

➢ Gyromagnetic Ratio : = 2𝑚ⅇ 𝑀
𝐿
𝜒=𝐻
 ➢ magnetic permeability ( 𝜇) ➢ Relation permeability and susceptibility
𝐵 i.e. 𝜇 = 𝜇0 1 + 𝜒
𝜇= 𝐻
Also
( 𝜇 = 𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 )
Electromagnetic induction

❖ Magnetic Flux: ❖ Instantaneous emf.

∅ = 𝐵𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 e = 𝑒0 sin 𝜔𝑡

❖ Magnitude of induced emf. ❖ Induced emf in self (inductor)

ⅆ∅
e= e=
𝐿 ⅆ∅
ⅇ=
𝐿 ⅆ𝑡
ⅆ𝑡
n ⅆ∅ ⅆ𝑡 ⅆ𝑡
e= (for turns)
ⅆ𝑡
❖ Induced emf in mutual (inductor)
ⅆ∅ ⅆ𝐼
❖ emf. Induced in straight conductor e= 𝑀 ⅆ𝑡 ⅇ = 𝑚 ⅆ𝑡
i.e. E= 𝐵𝑙𝑣
❖ Transformer
ⅆ∅ For an ideal Transformer
𝑒𝑠 = 𝑁𝑠 ⅆ𝑡
❖ Induced current 𝑒𝑠 𝑁𝑠 𝐼𝑝
ⅇ 𝑒 sin 𝜔𝑡 ⅆ∅ = =
𝐼=𝑅= 0 𝑅 = 𝐼0 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑒𝑝 = 𝑁𝑝 ⅆ𝑡 ⅇ𝑝 𝑁𝑝 𝐼𝑠
 AC Circuits

➢ Alternating emf. e= 𝑒0 sin 𝜔𝑡 ➢ Capacitive reactance:

e
Xc = i rms
rms

➢ Alternating current 𝐼 = 𝐼0 sin 𝜔𝑡

➢ impedance:
e
z= i rms = 𝑅2 + 𝑋 − 𝑋𝑐 2
➢ Average value: rms

iav = 0.637 i0
eav = 0.637 e0
➢ Resonance Frequency
1
➢ R.M.S value of induced emf and current fr = 2𝜋 𝐿𝑐
𝑒0
erms = 2

𝑖0
irms = 2

➢ Inductive reactance:
e
XL= i rms = 𝜔𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑟𝑓 = 2𝜋𝑛𝐿
rms
 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

❖ Photon Energy ❖ Maximum energy of photoelectron.

ℎ𝑐 1 ❖ De-Broglie’s Wavelength:
E = hv = 𝜆 K.∈ max = 2 𝑚𝑣 2 ℎ ℎ ℎ
𝜆 = 𝑃 = 𝑚𝑣 = 2𝑚𝐸
K.∈ max = 𝑒𝑣0

❖ Work function ❖ Relation between momentum and K.∈

ℎ𝑐
𝑤0 = ∅0 = ℎ𝑣0 = 𝜆 P = 2𝑚𝐸
0

Structure of Atoms and Nuclei

➢ Velocity of electron in nth orbit ➢ Energy diff.

➢ Angular momentum 𝑧ⅇ2 1 ∆𝐸 = 𝐸2 − 𝐸1
𝑛ℎ 𝑉𝑛 = i.e. 𝑣𝑛∝
L = mvr = 2𝜀0 𝑛ℎ 𝑛
2𝜋
➢ Energy of nth orbit
−13⋅6𝑧 2 −13.6
➢ Decay Law:
➢ Radius in nth Bohr orbit 𝐸𝑛 = 𝑛2
= 𝑛2
ⅇ𝑣 N(t) = 𝑁0 ⅇ−𝜆𝑡
𝜀0 𝑛2 ℎ2 𝑟1 𝑛1 2
𝑟𝑛 = 𝑟𝑛 ∝ 𝑛2 =
𝜋𝑚ⅇ𝑍ⅇ2 𝑟2 𝑛2 𝑇1Τ2 0.693
➢ Average Life 𝜏 = ➢ Half life period 𝑇1Τ2 =
0.693 𝜆
 Semiconductor Devices

❖ Current in Transistor ❖ Resistance of Transistor:

𝐼𝐸 = 𝐼𝐵 + 𝐼𝐶 Input dynamic Resistance
Δ𝑣
𝑟𝑖 = ∆𝐼𝐵𝐸
𝐵
❖ current Gain of Transistor output
Δ𝑣
𝛼𝐷𝑐 = 𝐼𝐶
𝐼 𝑟0 = Δ𝐼𝑒𝐸
𝐸 𝐶

𝐼
𝛽𝐷𝐶 = 𝐼𝐶
𝐵

𝐼𝐶
𝐵𝐴𝐶 =
𝐼𝐵
THANK YOU