NUST NET/ ECAT/ PIEAS/ GIKI/ NTS NAT/ FAST

Electromagnetism

Engineer Bilal
Determination of e/m of an electron:
1
F = qvBsinθ 𝑚𝑣 2 =Ve
2
F = evB v
2𝑉𝑒
𝑚𝑣 2 v=
evB = 𝑚
𝑟
𝑒 2𝑉
eBr = mv = …….. (1)
𝑚 𝐵2 𝑟 2
𝑒 𝑣
= …….. (1) 𝑒
for neutron is = 0
𝑚 𝐵𝑟 𝑚
𝑤
V= 𝑒 𝑒 𝑒
𝑞 for electron > for Pro𝑡𝑜𝑛 > for Alpha Particle
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
K.E =Ve

0302-6066902 2
 Radius of path:

qvB =
𝑚𝑣 2 𝑚2 𝑣 2 = 2qVm
𝑟
v
qBr = mv 𝑚𝑣 = 2qVm
𝑚𝑣
r=
𝑞𝐵 2qVm
r=
𝑃 𝑞𝐵
r= ……(1)
𝑞𝐵
r ∝ velocity , r ∝ P , P ∝ K. E
1
𝑚𝑣 2 = qV 1
2 r∝
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒(𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔)
1 2 2
2
𝑚 𝑣 = qVm r=∞ , 𝑪 =𝟎

0302-6066902 3
 Past Paper Question:
A proton and 𝛼 particle with the same K.E. enter a region of
uniform magnetic field B moving at right angles to the field.
What is the ratio of the radii of their circular paths?

(a) 1: 2 (b) 2 : 2 (c) 1: 1 (d) 2 : 2 ∶ 1

2qVm 𝑟𝑝
=
𝑚𝑝
×
2𝑞𝑝 𝒎𝜶 = 4𝒎𝒑
r= 𝑟𝛼 4𝑚𝑝 𝑞𝑝
𝑞𝐵
𝒒𝜶 = 2𝒒𝒑
m 𝑚𝑝
r∝ 𝑟𝑝 2𝑞𝑝
𝑞 = ×
𝑟𝛼 2 𝑚𝑝 𝑞𝑝
𝑟𝑝 𝑚𝑝 𝑞𝛼
= ×
𝑟𝛼 𝑚𝛼
0302-6066902
𝑞𝑝
4
 Past Paper Question:
 Two particles 𝐴 and 𝐵 of masses 𝑚 A and 𝑚 B respectively and
having the same charge are moving in a plane. A uniform magnetic
field exists perpendicular to this plane. The speeds of the particles are
𝑣A and 𝑣B respectively, and the trajectories are as shown in the figure.
Then
a) 𝑚 𝐴 𝑣 𝐴 > 𝑚 𝐵 𝑣 𝐵 b) 𝑚 𝐴 𝑣 𝐴 < 𝑚 𝐵 𝑣 𝐵
c) 𝑚 𝐴 < 𝑚 𝐵 and 𝑣 𝐴 <𝑣 𝐵 d) 𝑚 𝐴 = 𝑚 𝐵 and 𝑣𝐴 = 𝑣 𝐵

r ∝ mv

0302-6066902 5
 𝑚𝑣
r=
𝑞𝐵

mv = qBr v = r𝜔

mr𝜔 = qBr

𝑞𝐵
𝜔= 𝝎 = Angular frequncy of charged particle
𝑚
1 𝜔𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛 < 𝜔𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛
𝜔∝
𝑚

2𝜋 𝑞𝐵 2𝜋𝑚
= , qBT = 2𝜋𝑚 , T =
𝑇 𝑚 𝑞𝐵

0302-6066902 6
 2𝜋𝑚
T=
𝑞𝐵

qB 1
f= f=
2𝜋𝑚 T
f = Cyclotron frequency tells about no. of cycles per second (Herts).

ω = tells about no. of radians per second.

Time period & frequency are independent of:

 Velocity of charge particle

 radius
0302-6066902 7
 Past Paper Question:
A proton and 𝛼 -particle enter a uniform magnetic field at right angles to it
with same velocity .The time period of 𝛼 –particle as compared to that of
proton , will be
(a)four times (b) two times (c) half times (d) one-fourth
2𝜋𝑚 𝑇𝛼 4 𝑚𝑝 𝑞𝑝
T= = ×
𝑞𝐵
𝑇𝑝 𝑚𝑝 2𝑞𝑝 𝒎𝜶 = 4𝒎𝒑
𝑚
T∝ 𝒒𝜶 = 2𝒒𝒑
𝑞 𝑇𝛼
=2
𝑇𝛼 𝑚𝛼 𝑞𝑝 𝑇𝑝
= ×
𝑇𝑝 𝑚𝑝 𝑞𝛼

0302-6066902 8
 Motion of charge particle in helical path:

When θ other than 𝟎𝟎,𝟗𝟎 𝟎 𝒐𝒓 𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝟎 .

B
V two components: Vcosθ (constant along B)
θ

vsinθ (Provides helical path)

v
𝑚𝑣
r=
v 𝑞𝐵
vsinθ
θ 𝑚𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
r=
𝑞𝐵
vcosθ B

0302-6066902 9
 Pitch:
Linear distance in one rotation.

S = vt

P = vcosθ × T
2𝜋𝑚
P = vcosθ ×
𝑞𝐵

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A high speed graph (b/w Voltage and time) plotting device
Principle:
It works by deflecting beam of electrons as they pass through uniform
electric field.

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Electron gun:
Electron gun consists of an indirectly heated cathode, a grid and three
anodes and it provides beam of electrons.

Anodes 𝐴1, 𝐴 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 3 which are at high positive potential with respect
to cathode, cause the electronic beam to accelerate as well as focus the
The electronic beam to fixed spot on the screen S.
12
Grid:
The grid G is at negative potential w.r.t cathode. It controls the number of
electrons which are accelerated by anodes, and thus it controls the brightness
of the spot formed on the screen.
1
-Ve potential of grid ∝
𝐵𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛

13
Deflecting plates:
 The two set of deflecting plates, are usually referred as X and Y deflection
plates because a voltage applied between the X-plates deflects the beam
horizontally on the screen i.e. parallel to x-axis.
 A voltage applieded across the Y-plate deflects the beam vertically on the
screen i.e. along the Y-axis

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Sweep or time base generator:
The voltage that is applied across the X-plates is usually provided by a
circuit that is built in the CRO.
It is known as sweep or time base generator. Its output waveform is a saw
tooth voltage of period T as shown in figure.

The voltage increases linearly with time for a period T and then drops to zero.
15
Trace on CRO if voltage is applied across y plates:

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 Past Paper Question:

 The diagram shows a trace on an oscilloscope set at 1.0V per cm on the

vertical axis and 1.0 millisecond per cm on the horizontal axis. What is the
peak voltage and frequency of the alternating voltage applied across Y-plates?
Peak voltage/V Frequency/Hz 1
f=
(a) 1.5 500 𝑇
(b) 1.5 250
1
(c) 2.0 125 f=
4×10−3
(d) 2.0 250

f = 0.25 × 103
Peak voltage = 1V × 2 = 2V
Time period = 4 × 1 millisecond = 4 millisecond f = 250Hz

T= 4 × 10−3 s 17
Synchronization control:
Time period of saw tooth voltage becomes equal to the time period of sinusoidal
voltage or its integral multiple.
The pattern/ graph will appear stationary. 𝑇𝑥 = n𝑇𝑦

Uses of CRO:
Following are the uses of CRO:
 The CRO is used for displaying the waveform of a given voltage.
 We can measure the voltage, frequency and phase with CRO.
 We can easily find the instantaneous value and peak value.
 We can measure the time period of AC signals.
 We can measure the path difference between the two waves.
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NUST-NET/ FAST IQ

Engineer Bilal
0302-6066902 1
9
Find the odd number / letters / word from the given alternative.
A. Car
B. Scooter
C. Helicopter
D. Aeroplane
E. Cycle

All except Cycle run on fuel.

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Find the odd number / letters / word from the given alternative.
A. Tonnes
B. Quintals
C. Grams
D. Kilograms
E. Kilometres

All others are units for measuring weights.

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Find the odd number / letters / word from the given alternative.
A. Run
B. Walk
C. Think
D. Jump
E. Swim

All except Think denote physical activities.

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Find the odd number / letters / word from the given alternative.
A. Sun
B. Moon
C. Star
D. Planets
E. Universe

All except Universe form a part of the universe.

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Find the odd number / letters / word from the given alternative.
A. Iron
B. Potassium
C. Sodium
D. Chlorine
E. Iodine

All except Iron are very volatile.

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Find the odd number / letters / word from the given alternative.
A. Lion
B. Tiger
C. Fox
D. Jackal
E. Deer

All except Deer are carnivorous animals, while deer is herbivorous.

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Find the odd number / letters / word from the given alternative.
A. Manure
B. Nitrogen
C. Ammonia
D. Urea
E. Potash

All except Nitrogen are used as fertilizers.

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Find the odd number / letters / word from the given alternative.
A. Mars
B. Sun
C. Saturn
D. Mercury
E. Pluto

All except Sun are planets, while Sun is a star.

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Find the odd number / letters / word from the given alternative.
A. Housefly
B. Spider
C. Mosquito
D. Butterfly
E. Cockroach

All except Spider are flying insects.

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Find the odd number / letters / word from the given alternative.
A. Tortoise
B. Frog
C. Rat
D. Mongoose
E. Snake

Snake is the only poisonous animal in the group.

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NUST NET/ ECAT/ PIEAS/ GIKI/ NTS NAT/ FAST

Functions & Limits

Engineer Bilal
0302-6066902 1
 Hyperbolic Functions:
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
Sinhx = Coshx =
2 2
Domain = R Domain = R
Range = R
Range = [1, ∞)

Hyperbolic Identities: Inverse Hyperbolic functions:

 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2𝑥 - 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2x = 1  𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1𝑥 = ln(x+ 𝑥2 + 1

 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2x = cosh2x  𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ−1𝑥 = ln(x+ 𝑥2 − 1
 2sinhx + coshx = sinh2x  𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ−1𝑥
1 1+𝑥
= ln( )
0302-6066902 2 1− 𝑥
2
 2
𝑒𝑒 +1
−1
2 equals to:
a) tanh2 b) tanh1 c) sinh1 d) cosh1

𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 2 −1
= tanhx = tanh1
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 2 +1

𝑒 1 −𝑒 −1
= tanh1
𝑒 1 +𝑒 −1

1
𝑒 1 −𝑒
1 = tanh1
𝑒1+
𝑒

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 Even and Odd Functions:

f(-x) = f(x) Even function

f(-x) = -f(x) Odd function

 Which of the following is Even function?

a) f(x) = 2 𝑥 + 1 b) g(x) = sin(𝑐𝑜𝑠−1𝑥)
c) h(x) = tan(𝑐𝑜𝑠−1𝑥) d) None of these
g(x) = sin(𝑐𝑜𝑠−1𝑥) g(-x) = sin(π − θ)
f(x) = 2𝑥 +1
g(-x) = sinθ
g(-x) = sin(𝑐𝑜𝑠−1(−𝑥))
f(-x) = 2 −𝑥 +1 g(-x) = sin(𝑐𝑜𝑠−1𝑥)
g(-x) = sin(π − 𝑐𝑜𝑠−1𝑥)

0302-6066902 g(-x) = g(x)

4
 A function which is always an odd function:
a) Linear function b) Identity function
c) Trigonometric function d) Hyperbolic function

Identity function is I(x) = x or

f(x) = x, f(-x) = -x

f(-x) = -f(x)

So it is odd function.

3
4
 Which one is even relation:
I. y = 𝑥2 + 1 II. f(x) =2 III. 𝑥2+ 𝑦2 = 2
a) I only b) I and II only c) I and III only d) I , II and III

f(-x) = f(x) function is even

Constant function is always even function.

3
5
 The only function which is both even and odd:
a) f(x) = a b) f(x) = 0 c) f(x) = x d) both a & b

f(x) = 0 is both even as well as odd function

3
6
 Inverse of a Function:
 If f(x) = 4𝑥2 - 5 then 𝑓 −1 (x) = ?
𝑥− 4 𝑥+5
a) b) 2x - 3 c) y = d) 5 - 4𝑥2
2 4

f(x) = 4𝑥2 - 5
𝑥+5
y = 4𝑥2 - 5 y=
4

x = 4𝑦2 - 5

2 𝑥+5
𝑦 =
4

3
7
Domain and Range
 Machine
Input Output
Domain Range
Past Paper Question:
 For the function y = 𝑥 + 3

a) Domain = (-3, ∞) b) Domain = [-3, ∞) 𝑐) 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 = [−3, ∞)

Range = [0, ∞) Range = [0, ∞) Range = (0, ∞)

𝑥≥ −3 Domain = [-3, ∞)
y= 𝑥+3
Range = [0, ∞)
X+3≥0
 Past Paper Question:
3𝑥−1
 For the function y =
2𝑥+ 1

1 3
a) Range = R – { } b) Range = R – { } c) Range = R – {0}
2 2
d) Range = R – {2}
3

Solution: f(x) =
𝑎𝑥+𝑏
−1 𝑐𝑥+𝑑
3𝑥 −1 x≠
2
y= 𝑎
2𝑥+1
Range = R – { }
−1 𝑐
2𝑥 + 1 ≠ 0 Domain = R – { } 3
2
Range = R – { }
2

0302-6066902 12
 Assignment Questions:

 The domain of the function h(x) = 𝑥2 − 4 is:

a) R b) R – {2} c) {x/ x ∈ R ⋀ -2 < x < 2} d) R-{x/ x ∈ R ⋀ -2 < x < 2}

 The domain of the function y = 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 12 is:

  y= 𝑥2 − 𝑎2  y = 𝑎2 − 𝑥2

Domain = x ≤ - a OR x ≥ a Domain = -a ≤ x ≤ a, [-a, a]

Range = [0, ∞) Range = [0, a]
 For the function y = 16 − 𝑥2
a) Domain = (-4, 4) b) Domain = [-4, 4] c) Domain = [-4, 4]
Range = [0, ∞) Range = [0, ∞) Range = (0, 4)
d) Domain = [-4, 4]
Range = [0, 4]
Domain = -4 ≤ x ≤ 4
y= 4 2 − 𝑥2 Domain = [-4, 4]
y = 16 − 𝑥2
Domain = -a ≤ x ≤ a
0302-6066902 Range = [0, a] = [0, 4]
13
 If f(x) = 9 − 𝑥2 then range 𝑓 −1 (x) = ?
a) [0, 3] b) (-3, 3) c) [-3, 3] d) (0, ∞)

Dom𝑓−1 = Range f f(x) = 9 − 𝑥2

Range𝑓−1 = Domain f f(x) = 3 2 − 𝑥2

 y = 𝑎2 − 𝑥2 [-a, a]

Domain = -a ≤ x ≤ a, [-3, 3]

[-a, a]
 Domain of log(x – 1) is:
a) R – {1) b) x > 1 c) ǀx ǀ> 1 d) R

log(x – 1) is only defined if

x–1>0 ⟹ x>1
 Which of the following is not in the range of f(x) = 𝑥2 - 3:
a) 6 b) 1 c) -1 d) -6

y = 𝑥2 - 3

Range of y = 𝑥2 is [0, ∞)

So range of function is [0, ∞) - 3

Range of f(x) is [-3, ∞)

From given options -6 is not included in this interval.

 A function f : x 1 + 6x - 𝑥2 has an inverse for the domain:
a) x ≠ 3 b) x > 3 c) x = 3 d) x ≥ 3

The quadratic function f(x) will have inverse if:

Either 𝑓 / (x) ≤ 0 or 𝑓 / (x) ≥ 0

6 – 2x ≤ 0 6 – 2x ≥ 0
6 ≤ 2x 6 ≥ 2x
3 ≤x 3 ≥ x
x≥ 3 x≤ 3
 Analogy

0302-6066902 47
Exercise is to gym as eating is to
A. food
B. dieting
C. fitness
D. restaurant

A gym is a place where people exercise. A restaurant is a place where people

eat. Food (choice a) is not the answer because it is something people eat, not
a place or location where they eat. The answer is not choice b or c because
neither represents a place where people eat.

0302-6066902 48
Guide is to direct as reduce is to
A. decrease
B. maintain
C. increase
D. preserve

Guide and direct are synonyms, and reduce and decrease are synonyms.
The answer is not choice b or d because neither means the same as reduce.
(Choice c) is incorrect because increase is the opposite of reduce.

0302-6066902 49
Oar is to rowboat as foot is to
A. running
B. sneaker
C. skateboard
D. jumping

An oar puts a rowboat into motion. A foot puts a skateboard into

motion. The answer is not choice a because running is not an object
that is put into motion by a foot. Sneaker (choice b) is incorrect
because it is something worn on a foot. Jumping (choice d) is
incorrect because although you do need feet to jump, jumping is not
an object that is put into motion by means of a foot.

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Optimist is to cheerful as pessimist is to
A. gloomy
B. mean
C. petty
D. helpful

An optimist is a person whose outlook is cheerful. A pessimist is a person

whose outlook is gloomy. The answer is not (choice b) because a pessimist
does not have to be mean. (Choices c) and d are incorrect because neither
adjective describes the outlook of a pessimist.

0302-6066902 51
Reptile is to lizard as flower is to
A. petal
B. stem
C. daisy
D. alligator

A lizard is a type of reptile; a daisy is a type of flower. Choices a and b are

incorrect because a petal and a stem are parts of a flower, not types of
flowers. (Choice d) is incorrect because an alligator is another type of
reptile, not a type of flower.

0302-6066902 52
Play is to actor as concert is to
A. symphony
B. musician
C. piano
D. percussion

An actor performs in a play. A musician performs at a concert. Choices a,

c, and d are incorrect because none is people who perform.

0302-6066902 53
 Careful is to cautious as boastful is to
A. arrogant
B. humble
C. joyful
D. suspicious

Careful and cautious are synonyms (they mean the same thing). Boastful and
arrogant are also synonyms. The answer is not (choice b) because humble
means the opposite of boastful. The answer is not choice c or d because
neither means the same as boastful.

0302-6066902 54
 Pen is to poet as needle is to
A. thread
B. button
C. sewing
D. tailor

A pen is a tool used by a poet. A needle is a tool used by a tailor. The answer
is not choice a, b, or c because none is a person and therefore cannot
complete the analogy.

0302-6066902 55
 Secretly is to openly as silently is to
A. scarcely
B. impolitely
C. noisily
D. quietly

Secretly is the opposite of openly, and silently is the opposite of noisily.

Choices a and b are clearly not the opposites of silently. (Choice d) means the
same thing as silently.

0302-6066902 56
 Pride is to lion as shoal is to
A. teacher
B. student
C. self-respect
D. fish

A group of lions is called a pride. A group of fish swim in a shoal. Teacher

(choice a) and student (choice b) refer to another meaning of the word
school. The answer is not (choice c) because self-respect has no obvious
relationship to this particular meaning of school.

0302-6066902 57
 Artist is to painting as senator is to
A. attorney
B. law
C. politician
D. constituents

An artist makes paintings; a senator makes laws. The answer is not choice a
because an attorney does not make laws and a senator is not an attorney.
Choice c is incorrect because a senator is not a politician. Constituents
(choice d) is also incorrect because a senator serves his or her constituents.

0302-6066902 58
Traveller is related to Journey in the same way as a Sailor is related to:
A. Ship
B. Crew
C. Water
D. Voyage
E. Navy

Travellers go on Journey in Same way Sailors go on Voyage.

0302-6066902 59
Ink : Pen :: Blood : ?
A. Accident
B. Doctor
C. Vein
D. Donation

Ink flows in Pen in same way as Blood flows in Vein.

0302-6066902 60
Odometer is to mileage as compass is to
A. speed
B. hiking
C. needle
D. direction

An odometer is an instrument used to measure mileage. A compass is

an instrument used to determine direction. Choices a, b, and c are
incorrect because none is an instrument.

0302-6066902 61
Window is to pane as book is to
A. novel
B. glass
C. cover
D. page

A window is made up of panes, and a book is made up of pages. The

answer is not (choice a) because a novel is a type of book. The answer is
not (choice b) because glass has no relationship to a book. (Choice c) is
incorrect because a cover is only one part of a book; a book is not made
up of covers.

0302-6066902 62
Wind : Hurricane
A. Clouds: Rain
B. Sky : Universe
C. Thunder : Lighting
D. Water: Life

Strong Winds bring hurricane in same way thick Clouds brings Rain.

0302-6066902 63
Gravity is related to pull in the same way as Magnetism is related to:
A. Repulsion
B. Separation
C. Attraction
D. Push

Gravity is related to pull in same way Magnetism is related to Attraction.

0302-6066902 64
Architect : Building :: Sculptor : ?
A. Museum
B. Stone
C. Chisel
D. Statue

Architect constructs Building and Sculptorc onstructs Statue.

0302-6066902 65
MONSOON is related to SEASON in the same way APRIL is related to:
A. Spring
B. Autumn
C. Winter
D. Month

Monsoon is one of the Seasons as April is one of the Months.

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