MASS TRANSFER II

Prof. K.M.Meera Sheriffa Begum

Dept. of Chemical Engg.
NIT Trichy
Unit operations
Unit operations classified based on the phases of operation
Solid-liquid Liquid-liquid Solid-Solid Gas-liquid Gas - Solid

Sedimentation Extraction Conveying Condensation Adsorption

Settling

Filtration Mixing Mixing Evaporation Drying

Centrifugation Osmosis Crushing and Drying

grinding
Crystallization Sizing Distillation

Flotation Screening Gas

absorption
Adsorption Mixing

Leaching Humidification
 Study Materials
Text Books :
1. R. E. Treybal, "Mass Transfer Operations", 3rd Edn., McGraw Hill Book Co., New York,
1981.
2. N. Anantharaman and K.M.Meera Sheriffa Begum, “Mass Transfer Theory and Practice”,
Printice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2013.
3. A.S. Foust, ”Principles of Unit Operations”,2nd Edn., Wiley & Sons, New York, 1980.
Reference Books:
1. M. Coulson and J. F. Richardson, "Chemical Engineering.", Vol - II, 5th Edn., Pergamon
Press, New York, 2002.
2. C. J. Geankopolis, "Transport Processes in Chemical Operations", 4th Edn., Prentice Hall
of India, New Delhi, 2004.
3. W. L. Mccabe, J. C. Smith and P. Harriot, "Unit Operations in Chemical Engg.”,7th Edn.,
McGraw Hill Book Co., New York, 2004.
 Classification of Equipment

(i) Continuous Column

(ii) Batch Column

Types of Continuous Column

Nature of Feed
Binary / Multi Component

Column Internals
Tray/Plate Column
Packed Column
Modes and Types of equipments
MT Operation

Batch Continuous
(Equilibrium (Eqm/SS operation)
Operation)

Stage-wise contact Differential contact

Agitated/Non-agitated (Tray tower) (Packed tower)
Vessels

Sieve tray Bubble Cap tray Valve tray

 Tray Towers

(a) Sieve Tray (b) Valve tray (c) Bubble cap

Arrangement of Tray Towers
Packed Columns

Random Packings Structured packings

Raschig rings, metal sheet,
Pall rings Wiremesh
Berl saddles Polymer
 Distillation
Distillation is a process in which a liquid mixture of two or more
components can be separated with desired purity, by the application of heat.

Distillation is done on the basis of differences in their volatilities in a boiling

liquid mixture.
Distillation is a physical separation process, but sometimes with a chemical
reaction, it is called Reactive Distillation.
Principle:
Separation of components from a liquid mixture (via) in distillation
depends on the differences in boiling points of the individual
components.

Depends on the vapor pressure characteristics of liquid mixtures.

 Distillation Applications
Distillation: G-L mass transfer process where distribution of all
the solutes being occurred between phases by vaporization

Examples:
▪ Separation of ethanol and water into its components.
▪ Crude petroleum into multi-products like LPG, gasoline, kerosene,
diesel, fuel oil etc.
▪ Refining of petrochemical products through distillation
▪ Separation of distillery products from distillery mixture
▪ Down streaming applications
 Relative Volatility (α )
Concentrations : x and y
Pressure : P is VP, p is PP, Pt is total pressure
For a binary system, (A-B)
αAB = (yA/yB) / (xA/xB) = (yA/1-yA) / (xA/1-xA)
= (y /1-y) / (x/1-x)
Assuming Ideal solutions: Using Raoult’s law
pA = PA xA, pB = PB xB
α = PA / PB
 Computation of VLE Data
αAB = (y /1-y) / (x/1-x), Rearranging,
α AB x A αx
yA = => y =
1 + x A (α AB − 1) 1 + x(α − 1)

Using Raoult’s law/ Dalton’s law ,

yA = pA/Pt , P t = pA + pB
(PT − PB ) ; yA = pA/Pt = (PA xA)/Pt
xA =
(PA − PB )
Equilibrium Characteristics-VLE at Constant pressure

PRESSURE CONSTANT 1.0

Vapor yJ* P
O Dew point curve
BPB

y= mole fraction A in vapor

y* Vs. t
M
N
L K
Temperature

H J
F
D
BPA
Bubble point curve
G x Vs. t
Liquid

0 xH
0 x, y 1.0 0 x = mole fraction A in liquid 1.0
Mole fraction of A
 Effect of Pressure on VLE
CB

PT5
1.0
PT4
Pt1

y = mole fraction of A in vapor

Temperature

PT3 Pt2
CA Pt4
PT2

Pt5

PT1

0
0 x,y = mole fraction A 1.0 0 x = mole fraction of A in liquid 1.0
 VLE at constant temperature
T: constant

V.P of A
(Bubble point curve)
x Vs P G
H
Liquid
M
E
P F
N y Vs. P
O (Dew point curve)
C D

V.P of B

R
Vapour

0 x,y 1.0
Minimum boiling azeotrope at constant temperature

PT Vs. x
T: constant

PA

PT Vs. y

PB

0 x, y 1.0
Minimum boiling azeotrope at constant pressure
P: constant
BPB

y Vs. T BPA
T

x Vs. T

0 x, y 1.0
P: constant

0 x 1.0
Maximum boiling azeotrope at constant temperature

PA

PT Vs. x
PB
Pressure

PT Vs. y

0 x, y 1.0
Maximum boiling azeotrope at constant pressure
y Vs. T
B
x Vs. T

Temperature

0 x, y 1.0
1.0
y

0 x 1.0
VLE Representation on Enthalpy-Concentration

Binary VLE representation in Enthalpy

concentration diagram
For saturated liquid enthalpy, (conventional)
H = M C (t – t ) + ΔH
L av pL L 0 s

Saturated Vapor enthalpy

H = y [Cp M (t – t ) + λ M ] + (1-y ) [Cp
G A A A G 0 A A A B

M (t – t ) + λ M ]
B G 0 B B
Enthalpy – concentration diagram

λB HM M HG Vs. y
H
N λA
HN
HL Vs. x

0 x, y 1.0

y
P
(M,N)

0 x 1.0