Angle of Contact

Fluid Mechanics 10
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Angle of Contact
Fluid Mechanics 10
 Excess Pressure Inside a Liquid Drop & Bubble

4T Bubble
Pi - P0 = For a bubble
r Pi
2T For a droplet which has
Pi - P0 =
r only one surface. P0

T
Excess Pressure Inside a Liquid Drop
The difference in inside & outside pressure is called EXCESS PRESSURE
(Pex).

A B

PA > PB
Excess Pressure Inside a Liquid Drop
Due to ST, the surface of a liquid drop tend to contract and compresses the
enclosed matter due to which pressure inside increased.
For Equilibrium of the drop :
The difference in inside & outside pressure is called EXCESS PRESSURE (Pex)

2 hemispheres
F = T = 2πR
A B

PA > PB

For equilibrium of the Hemispherical section of drop.

T.(2πR) = PexπR2 2T
Pex =
R
Excess Pressure Inside a Bubble

Pex A Pex A

Hemispherical section Hemispherical section

Excess Pressure Inside a Bubble
For equilibrium of the Hemispherical section :
We can use :
Pex(πR2) = 2 (T2πR) R
A B

4T PA > PB
Pex =
R (double of a drop)
Of the contraction due to ST
(double of a drop)

T(2πR)
T(2πR) 2 surfaces exerting twice

Fout

Pex = (πR2)

Hemispherical section
Excess Pressure Inside a Surface having 2 Curvatures
Net outward force on liquid surface is :
Fout = (PA-PB) area

= (PA-PB)R1θ.R2φ

Net inward force on liquid surface due to ST :

Fin = T(R2φ) sin(θ/2) x 2 + T(R1θ)sin(φ/2) x 2

= T(R2φ)(θ/2) x 2 + T(R1θ)(φ/2) x 2

Fin = T φ θ (R1 + R2)

For equilibrium :
Fout = Fin
If this surface is a film
(PA-PB)R1θ.R2φ = Tθ φ(R1 + R2)

Pex = T [1/R1 + 1/R2] Pex = 2T [1/R1 + 1/R2]

Application :
Excess Pressure inside a cylindrical surface of liquid.
R1 = R B
R2 = ∞
R
A

Pex = T [1/R +1/∞] = T/R PA - PB = T/R

For a cylindrical film :

Pex = 2T/R
Connecting Soap Bubbles of Different Radii

open

Pressure inside B1 :

Patm
Pressure inside B2 :

P1 P2
R1 R2

B1
B2
Connecting Soap Bubbles of Different Radii

open

Pressure inside B1 : P1 = Patm + 4T/R1

Pressure inside B2 : P2 = Patm + 4T/R2

Patm Here
P1 > P2

R1 R2

B1
B2
After Opening :

P1 > P2

Now, open

air moves from

high P to low P

Fluid flows from to higher

R1
R2 pressure to a lower pressure
Patm
B1
B2
Becomes Smaller Becomes Larger
 Angle of Contact

The angle between the surface of the liquid and the outline of the contact surface is
described as the contact angle θ . The contact angle (wetting angle) is a measure of
the wettability of a solid by a liquid.
Angle of Contact - Different Values
Angle of Contact
Meniscus
 Adhesive & Cohesive Forces

Attractive Forces b/w Attractive Forces b/w

Molecules of SAME substance. Molecules of DIFFERENT
substance.
Angle of Contact

Fadh (Fc)h

Adhesive Cohesive
Force Forces Fcohesive
(Fc)v

(break into 2 components)

resultant
Case - 1

FR = FC + Fadh ( resultant )
Case - 1

FR = FC + Fadh ( resultant )

Fadh

Fresultant Fcohesive
(inwards)

Hg
Case - 1
If (Fc)h > Fadh
FR = FC + Fadh ( resultant )

θ Fadh

θ Angle of Contact

Hg θ > 900 Fcohesive

Hg

Fadh (Fc)h

Fcohesive
(Fc)v

Hg
Case - 2

FR = FC + Fadh ( resultant )

H2O
Case - 2

FR = FC + Fadh ( resultant )

Fadh

Fresultant Fcohesive

(outwards)
H2O
Case - 2
Fadh > (Fc)h
FR = FC + Fadh ( resultant )

θ
Fadh

θ Angle of Contact

H2O θ < 900 Fcohesive

H2O

Fadh (Fc)h

Fcohesive
(Fc)v
H2O
For θ < 900 Liquid will wet the solid surface Water glass pair
Fadh > (Fc)h

Liquid drop

θ
For θ > 900 Liquid does not wet the solid surface

Hg drop
θ
(Fc)h > Fadh

Hg

θ
Shape of Liquid Meniscus in a Tube

Concave Convex
Meniscus Meniscus

Water Mercury
Shape of Liquid Meniscus in a Tube
Patm
θ < 900

h
T, ρ

P1=
Shape of Liquid Meniscus in a Tube
θ > 900 Patm

h
T, ρ

P2 =
Shape of Liquid Meniscus in a Tube
Patm
Patm

R A
A
B
R
B
θ < 900 θ > 900
h h
T, ρ T, ρ

PB+hρg = P1 PB+hρg = P2

PA > PB PA < PB

PA - PB = 2T/R PB - PA = 2T/R

P1= Patm - 2T/R +hρg P2= Patm + 2T/R +hρg

2 narrow bores of diameter 3 mm & 6 mm are joined together to make a U-Tube open
at both ends. If some water is poured in the tube find level difference in 2 limbs. Take
ST of water is 73x10-3N/m, angle of contact 00, g = 10 m/s2 & water density = 1000 kg/m3.
A. 0.58 mm
B. 2.45 mm
C. 4.86 mm
rA rB
D. 6.01 mm

h=?

L
Solution:
2 separated air bubbles of radii 2 mm and 4 mm formed of same soap
solution of surface tension T = 70x10-3 N/m. When these bubble come in
contact to form a double bubble, find the radius of curvature of the interface
film which is common to both bubbles.
A. 2 mm
B. 4 mm 4 mm Pex1 > Pex2
C. 6 mm
2 mm
D. 8 mm

P1
P2

r3 = ?
Solution:
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 11th / 9, 10

12th / Drop

NAMO

NAMOLIVE
NAMOLIVE
NAMOLIVE
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