Fluid Statics

Pressure In static Fluids

CHE315 Pressure In static Fluids

 Objectives
•Define and classify fluids
•Define static Fluids vs. Dynamic Fluids
•Explain pressure in a static fluid
•Derive the equation of pressure in a static fluids
•Show examples of applications of static pressures.

CHE315 Introduction
What Is A Fluid?
A continuous substance whose molecules move
freely past one another and that has the tendency to
assume the shape of its container; a liquid or gas.

CHE315 Introduction
Types of Fluids:
1. Incompressible Fluids: Effect of
pressure on the fluid is neglected
(small).
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Most liquids are incompressible

CHE315 Introduction
Types of Fluids:
2. Compressible Fluids
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Gases are compressible

CHE315 Introduction
 static Fluids vs. Dynamic Fluids

CHE315 Introduction
 Pressure in A Static Fluid
What Is Pressure?

Furnace duct Pipe or tube Dam

Pressure is a Normal Force (acts perpendicular to

surfaces)
CHE315 Pressure In static Fluids
 P0
Pressure in A Static Fluid
P=F/A
P=rgh
F =mg h

P = h ρ g + P0

CHE315 Pressure In static Fluids

 Pressure in A Static
Force Balance Fluid
SF =0 DZ
THINK-PAIR-SHARE z+Dz
How many force
Z
components are making P+DP z
the balance? z
P x
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CHE315 Pressure In static Fluids

 Pressure in A Static
Fz+Dz
Force Balance Fluid
SF =0 z+Dz
1) Fz =PA P+DP
z
2) Fz+Dz = (P+DP)A
P
3) W = mg =(rV)g =r(ADz)g Fz W
Assumptions?

dP+rgdz = 0 DP+rgDz = 0
CHE315 Pressure In static Fluids
the vertical height of a fluid that determines the
pressure in fluid, the shape of the vessel does
not affect the pressure.

CHE315 Pressure In static Fluids

CHE315 Pressure In static Fluids
The density of sea water is ~1025 kg/m3, the maximum depth of the
Atlantic ocean is ~8500 m (8.5 km).
Calculate the water pressure at this depth.
 At what depth in water is the increased pressure five times greater than
atmospheric pressure (101 kPa)
CHE315 Pressure In static Fluids
Related Links:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YlmRa-9zDF8&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UuK3ESGgbqk&NR=1

CHE315 Pressure In static Fluids

 Summary

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CHE315 Pressure In static Fluids

 Fluid Statics

Head of A Fluid

CHE315
Head of A Fluid
 Objective
To be able to express pressure as a
head of fluid.

CHE315 Head of A Fluid

Pressures units: Pascal (N/m2), Psi, dynes/cm2, etc…
A common method of expressing pressure, is in terms of head (h) in
meter (m) or feet (ft) of a particular fluid:
• …………………………………………………………………….
Example:
•……………………………………………………………………..
Atmospheri
•…………………………………………………………………….
c Pressure?
•…………………………………………………………………….
•…………………………………………………………………….

CHE315 Head of A Fluid

 h (m) = P/(r*g) in SI units

h (ft) = P*gc/(r*g) in English units

• …………………………………………………………………….
Example:
•……………………………………………………………………..
Atmospheri
•…………………………………………………………………….
c Pressure?
•…………………………………………………………………….
•…………………………………………………………………….

CHE315 Head of A Fluid

 Fluid Statics

DEVICES TO MEASURE PRESSURE AND

PRESSURE DIFFERENCES : MANOMETERS

CHE315
Manometers
Objective
To understand the principle of manometer
devices.

CHE315 Manometers
In industrial processing, it is important to measure
and control the pressure and/or the liquid level in a
vessel or process.
For Flowing pipes, flow rate is also needed. Thus,
pressure measurements are important.

CHE315 Manometers
 SIMPLE U-TUBE MANOMETER
Pa Pb Pa Pb
•Density of Fluid A > Density of Fluid B
1 5
• A and B are immiscible Z
•Pa is exerted on one arm of the tube rb 4
R
and Pb is exerted on the other arm. rb
2 3

ra ra

CHE315 Manometers
Pressure difference between Pa and Pb:
Pa Pb Pa Pb
• Pressure at point 1: P1=Pa
1 5
Z
• Pressure at point 5: P5=Pb
rb 4

• At point 2: P2=Pa+(Z+R) rB g R
rB
2 3
(R: reading of the manometer)

ra rA

CHE315 Manometers
•At point 3: P3=P2
Pa Pb Pa Pb
Also, P3= Pb+Z r B g + R r A g
1 5
Z
Therefore,
rb 4
P3= Pa+(Z+R) rB g = Pb+Z r B g R
rB
2 3
+ R rA g

Pa -Pb= R (r A- r B) g (SI ) ra rA
Pa -Pb= R (r A- r B) g/gC (English )

CHE315 Manometers
 Summary

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CHE315 Manometers