APSC 252 – Thermodynamics

Module 2
Properties of a pure substance
Elizabeth Trudel – 2023W1

1
 Module 2
Properties of a pure substance

Associated readings:
Fundamentals of Thermodynamics, Borgnakke, 10th ed: Chapter 1.6‐1.7, 2.1‐2.7
or
Introduction to thermodynamics, Yan, Chapter 2
Outline
• Motivation
• Pure substance
• Definitions
• Properties
• Pressure
• Gauge, absolute
• Temperature
• 0th law of thermodynamics
• Density and specific volume
• Internal energy
• Enthalpy
• Entropy
• Phase diagrams
• Thermodynamic tables (you may find these on Canvas)
• Problem solving strategy
3
Learning objective
By the end of this module, students will be able to:
• Explain the basic scope of engineering thermodynamics and its common areas of
application.
• Differentiate between open and closed systems, intensive and extensive
properties.
• Describe the concepts of equilibrium state, processes and cycle.

4
Motivation

5
Motivation

6
Pure substance
• A pure substance refers to matter that has:
• homogeneous chemical composition
• invariable chemical
composition
• A pure substance may exists in more than one phase but:
the chemical the
composition is same in all phases
• Although air is mixture of many gases, it is often treat as a pure
substance in engineering application. As long as there is
no
phase
change occuring for any gases that make up the air 7

mixture .
Example 1
Which of the following substances cannot be treated as pure
substances:

substance
1. Air at 10 °C, 101 kPa. pure substance - pure
->

2. A mixture of liquid water and water vapor in equilibrium at 101 kPa.

3. A mixture of CO2 and NH3 (ammonia) at 101 kPa. & not a pare substance
4. Water vapor at 15 °C, 101 kPa.
↳ substance
yare

8
Pressure
• Definition: normal (perpendicular) force exerted on an object per unit
area of surface.
P = I
• Units: Pa (kPa, MPa), bar, atm
1 Ka =

1000 Pa

1 MPG = 106 Po

1 ba= 100 kPa

9
latm =
101 325
.
UPa
 Pressure at a depth in a fluid :

nee
-Po
Of IH
Pressure -

• Pressure is a scalar: it has direction only a

no ,
magnitude .

• The pressure at a point in a fluid in equilibrium is the same in all

directions.
• Pressure at a given depth, H, in a fluid is constant. P Po PgH =
+

• Pressure in a fluid can be measured by a pressure gauge or a

manometer.
• Absolute pressure vs gauge pressure:

Pgauge =

AP= Pabsolute -

Po =

P-P,
10
 P Here Po
Pgauge Po Patm
·

>0 -> < :

Pgarge [0 ->
partial vasum P<Po
Pressure ↳
Prac=1Pgaugel =

Po-P
P

Pabs,1
Pgauge O

Po= Patm
↑

Pabs,2
I Prac =

Po-Pabs , 2

0 11
Pressure measurement devices

12
Example 2
Consider a piston/cylinder device containing a gas. The mass of the piston
is 100 kg and the diameter of the piston is 15 cm. What is the absolution
pressure of the gas in the cylinder assuming the piston is in static
2
equilibrium? The atmospheric pressure was measured at 1 atm. IF 0 =

Po mpiston 100 =

lg
Piston
=> D 0 15m
=

P 40 =
101 325
. KPa

P =

?
I FBD of the piston

mgIhPOA
I :

x
B
13

↑PA
 IF 0
PA-PoA-mg
=
=

P =

Po +

my
A

cost Litt)
P =

101 325 ka+

.

/
ms ,
2

p =

156 84
.
kPa
 Example 3
Two cylinders are connected with a 15 kg piston. Cylinder A contains light oil
and the level of oil can be adjusted by a pump which delivers oil at a certain
pressure P. The cross‐sectional area of cylinder A is 0.1 m2. Cylinder B
contains air at a pressure of 250 kPa. This cylinder has a cross‐sectional area
of 0.9 m2. What is the pressure of oil, P, if there is 1 m of oil in cylinder A.
Atmospheric pressure, P0 is 101 kPa and the density of the oil is 910 kg/m3.
cylinden
B
mpiston 15
Ky
=

PB
AA =
0 . 1m2 Poil=
910
kg/m
AB =

0 9 m2 .

Po Po
kPa
PB =

250

Po 101 Pa
=

- IH =

Im
P 14

cylinder -
~P =
?
A
AA =
0 . 1 m2
 ↓ PB AB :

x
↑
ging
↑
Po(AB AA)-

Example 3 ↑
Poil@H ·

AA=
(P-pgH) :
AA

[Fx
PAr-egHAp+ Po (AB-An)
=

0 =

mg-PBAB
-

P
pgHAA+PBAB Po ABAA
=

mg + -

AA
~convents Pa to KPC

p =

[15kg . 9 8 .
* (1600) +
9 .
815 910E-Ima Im (Hoo
.

+
250 kPa 0 9 m2.
.
- 101 kPa (0 9-0 1) . . m2] 15

0 1 m2
.

P =

1452 4 Ga =

1 45
.
MPa
.
Temperature
• Measurable.
• Describes the “hotness” and “coldness” of a material.
• Related to kinetic energies of the molecules of a substance.
• Zeroth (0th) law of thermodynamics:

1 2 1 2

T,
Tz
=

3
thermal
equilibrium 16

T, Tz T3
=
=

Thermal
equilibrium
Temperature scales
Kelvins
(absolute To scale
C
·

TIK] =

T[°C] +

273 15
.

2
gas law 2" law of thems
ideal
.

E
AT &T =

T -Tz
.
=
20°-02
~
+ ,
=

200
= 293 15k
.
- =293 15k .

273 15 K
.

T2 0
. =

273 15k
=

0 .

17
=
20

20 k
=
 (intensive properties)
Density and specific volume
• Density: mass unit volume
per

&
=
[k/m3]
• Specific volume: volume unit
per mass

m
[myky]
r =

& tabulated
themodynamic
18
in tables
 Example 4
A container consists of two sections separated by a membrane. Section A
has a volume of 0.75 m3 and contains 0.5 kg of air. Section B has a volume of
0.5 m3 and contains air at a density of 0.6 kg/m3. All of sudden, the
membrane separating the two mixture ruptures, the air in the two section
mixes and reaches a uniform state. What is the specific volume of the air in
this final state?
State I State 2

I
A B
Uz
=

?
VA =
0 . 75m V 0
=

. 5m3 ex
B
Vz
MA 0
5 kg GE
=

=
0 Mz
B
.

v
= 19

V2 =

VA +

VB =

0 75
.
+
0 5
. = 1 .
25m3
M2 =
Ma +

Mi
MB
=

PBVB
= 0 .

G .
0 .
5m =
0 3 .
Kg
i
M2 MA MB 0 5
kg 03
kg 0 8 kg
=
+ =
+ =
, .
.

82 m3 5624 m /
2 Ag
=
1 25
. 1 .
=

0 8 . kg
 E =

kE + PE +U [O] ar [kw]
-we ↑
of Energy (and internal energy)
-
associated

E
• KE: Kinetic with motion
energy
t
->

· • PE: potential energy

-> associated with external
forces gravity)
acting on a
system/mass under consideration
• U: internal
energy
↳ associated with composition and state of
ar
system

20
 Module 5

~ internatenagy flow work

I

Enthalpy (H) h
[Eg]
H =

2 +

PV [0 , k5] ,
=

u +
Pr

system control volume

-
,

(CV)

... W F AX PA AX
= .
=
.

F
*
Ix I PV
W
flaw work
=

->

Flow work: work done in order to move fluid into or out of a control volume
21
 Module G 7

Leu] [i]
.

M ·

s -
Entropy ,
specific entropy ()
• Formulation of the 2nd law of thermodynamics leads to the definition
of entropy.

• Entropy represents the degree of disorder or randomness in a system.

• Unavailability of a system’s thermal energy to be converted to
mechanical work.

the
Describes
quality of energy available
·

22
 liquid Crapor)
~solid ,

e
,
gas

Phase diagrams -> pister

floating

i
Water at constant
evaporating pressure
lineof
T R
↑ constant P

~
③

>
it
7
ii
I I
23
r
13
W 14
exagonated
Phase diagrams – PVT surface

24
 Far water Pc =
22 09.
MRa

Phase diagrams – P‐T diagrams

Fusion line
liquid solid
:

sublimation line : solid a

vapor
Ps Vaporization line liquid :

ze
Vapor
↳ On this line

Saturation
⑧

temperature (Tsat)
Saturation Pressure (PSat)
(T , P) 25

Triple point :
all 3 critical
point :
-> above Po
phases can
we enter spacritical
coexists sones
Phase diagrams – P‐T diagrams
If I P I
you give ,

At P
· a
given :

↳ If T Tsat ->
vapar
↳ If T <Tsat
->
liquid
↳ If T Tsat
info
=

-> need more

At T
given
· a :

↳ If P< Psat 25
->
liquid
↳ If P <Psat ->
Vapor
↳ If P =

Psat -> need more info

Example 5
Looking at the P‐T diagram for CO2 seen on the next slide, answer the
following questions:
1. What is the lowest pressure for liquid CO2 to exists?
2. What is the phase of CO2 at 1 MPa, ‐10 °C?
3. CO2 initially at 15 °C and 1 atm is cooled at constant pressure. At
what temperature will phase change occur? Draw the process on
the P‐T diagram.

26
 Example 5

i
lowest
1 -

pressure for
liguid CO2 to

exist ?

↳ triple point
- -
--

·
-

I ·
500 Ka Pr - ...

⑳ 188 kPa
(5 1 atm)
⑤ --
t
..
-
- -

II atr)
2- Phase of CO2

1 MPa - 18°C
. ?
vapor 27

3-Solid at 190k
-> a
toof
 P‐v, T‐v diagrams

-satration
Vapor
ont dane dame
tration Saturated
cital
-
Sa
lien
:

e
this
·

along
a

superheated
⑧ vapor

I
saturated
mixture

↳
• Diagrams seen here are for water 28

the line : saturated

along liquid
 water at constant
Process
of boiling pressure of lookpa
·

starting at 20
isoban -
line of constant
P‐v, T‐v diagrams Pressure

Tz <T
↑
Lan
,

Lisotherm)
Tr

- 2
·
2
I
·
↳
• Diagrams seen here are for water
I at
water boiling 28

constant Pressure
B -> starts to boil
 rg specific
=
volume
of a saturated
liquid
P‐v, T‐v diagrams Ug ->
specific volume of asatrated
Vapor
• Compressed liquid:
At a
given To-P < Psat
subcoded liguid ,
at given P ,
Ts Tsat

• Superheated vapor
at a
given Pressure
T Isat
↑
88
s ↳
B-> sat .

Liquid CT =

100. , P =

100kPa)
29

Ug-58 rog =
 Quality (x)
• Definition: mass of vapor in a mixture over the mass of the mixture

X
Mrap
=

mtotal -> Mtotal :

Mrap+Mlig

Saturated
liquid - x =

saturated vapor -> x =

Saturated mixture 0<x< 1

30
For
everything else (compressed liqual/superheated vaper) -> it's
indefined
 h =

hy +

x-hfg
U
uf x
Ufg
= = -

1
1f x
bfg
=

+ -

Quality X =
p
mmix
• Properties of saturated mixtures:
𝑣 𝑣 𝑥𝑣 1 𝑥 𝑣 𝑥𝑣

vap
Vot= Wrap +Vlig
mee
Not=
lig Mrap Frap Meig Veig
-
+ ·

Umix
Vot= Mat
Meig Veiguid
= -

Mmix
X-

rap t ① 31

miglig e

Mmix
 Mlig
- I
Mmix-mrap=1- Map=(1-x) &
mmix Mmix Mmix

subscripts
Combine
egus & ② proper
using
and

Umix =
X -

Frap+(1-x) .

Vlig=Xg+ (1-x)-ry =
mix

rfg rg rf -> Combine these

equations
=
-

Umix 58 x
589
=
+ -
 Example 6
A closed container contains 0.1 m3 of saturated liquid and 0.9 m3 of
saturated vapor R‐134a. The refrigerant mixture is at a temperature of 30
°C . Calculate the mixture quality given the specific volumes seen here for
R‐134a at this temperature: vf = 8.343*10‐4 m3/kg , vg = 2.671*10‐2
m3/kg. I will show you how to find these specific volume values in
thermodynamic tables shortly.
T 30C
=

0 1 m3
Veig
=

x =
?
V 89 m
rap=
.

vapor R134 @T :
r8
=
8 343.
*
10-4 m"/ kg
Ug m3/kg
2
2 671 10
-
=
+
.

me

liquid x =

M Mmix =

mrap +

mlig
Mmix 32

r
m m[kg3
v g]
=
=

=
 Vap=0 m3/kg
Mrap =
=33 7 .
Kg
2 271x182
.

m
Meig=g =
0 1 .

I
119 9 .
Kg
28 10-4m3/kg
8 343.
·

Mmix =

mrap ,

Mlig=153 6 Ky .

x
=

33 .
7 kg =
0 22
.
=

153 6 .

Ky ar

22 %
quality is
 2 independent properties ->
"Fix the state"

-
Outside the dame :

Water at 1 MPa
Thermodynamic tables 300

·
• Independent properties

↳ Any this
2 of list when
applicable
T P , ,
U
,
r ,
h ,
1, x that
as independent

Outside the saturation (compressed

of
ligrid or superheated vaparl :

↳ cold be T P
,

Inside the dome

Inside the dame (sat
sat Vapor .

Liquid ,
.
·
:
33

sat mixture) 1 Mpa 179 9 .

,

T and Paue not independent

↳ you need to know something else

Thermodynamic tables
• Appendix B (Borgnakke textbook), pdf on Canvas (important course
information module)
• Steam tables (water)

34
 Example 7
The refrigerant R12 is at a temperature of 0 °C and a pressure of 400
kPa. It is known that at this temperature, the saturation pressure is
308.6 kPa. What is the phase of R12 in this state?
·
RI2
-> At T =
0°c -> Psat =
308 C KPa
T 0C
.
=
·

·
P =

400 Pa

Pa
↳ At the
given T
,
P<Psat 3 liguid

-vapan"
solid liguid
p
=

400
kn
-

-...
-8
PsPsat->
vapor 35

Psat - .......

... >I
Example 8
Using both a phase diagram and thermodynamic tables, determine the
phase of water at the following state: T = 300 °C, P = 1000 kPa.

P 1000 kPa
T 300°
=

water
=

: ,

To entry table (B 1 1)
. .
->
At T =

300 % Psat =

8581 0 kPa
.

p >Psat ->
Vapor (superheated vapor)
36

↑
table (B 2) At P kPa Tsat 179 900
entry 1 -> 1000
= =

. .
. .

Ts Tsat ->
vapor (superheated Vapor)
 300
~Psat
8581
:

2
e
=

pa
Use a T-f diagram :
P

-
1000 kPa

~
=

300C-

·
179 992-
,

--
- . . . . . . .

/
/
I
+ 300.C
=

superheated

P
,
=1000 ka

vapor
 above
↳ see

Example 8
Using both a phase diagram and thermodynamic tables, determine the
phase of water at the following state: T = 300 °C, P = 1000 kPa.

soo---------
superheated vapar

37
 Example 9
Use thermodynamic tables to determine the internal energy, specific
volume, enthalpy and entropy of water at T = 300 °C, P = 1000 kPa.
·
Water
·
T =

300 C -

P =
1000 kPa
,

h
·
u .
r , ,
s
?
Step 1 -
What is the phase ?
↳ example 8 superheated vapor
-

my "state fixed"
with 5,P is
r =

0 25794
. m3/kg
Step 2 -
Located the proper table u =
2793 21 .

K5kg 38

h 3051 15
ko/ky
table ( needed)
=

Step 3 Read the interpolate if

* .

1 7 1228
kNgK
=

.
 "Minxag)
P

900ka -
- 8 - -

900 KPa
·
-

i
↳Tsat &
Example 10
if 0 054c
.

A saturated mixture of water at 900 kPa has a specific volume of 0.0546

m3/kg, what is the internal energy of the mixture and the mixture
temperature in this state?
·
Saturated mixture
·
Water
·
P =
908 kPa

·
r =

0 0546
.
m3 /kg
↳ Let's check it sat mixture
·
u= ? is a

T ? Check if rf> <

rg
· =

39

↳ T =

Tsat & P Here' 0 00121

. 20 0544
.

m3/ky <0 - 21497

T = 175 38 ·C
.
 ↳ For a sat mixture T :

Tsat at the given P

Car P =

Psat at the given 5°

Example 10 ? -
?
Find ? mixture U
uf x
Ufg
=

u
.
: +
=

Fran tables Kitty

uf 741 81
:

ufy= 1838 65 .
G5 lg
·
to
proceed ,
I need x !
the other have specific
use
property we know :
volume .

For a mixture U
rf X
r8g
=
: + .

v V
↳ F rf
40
X =
-

gu
 From table 0 001121 m3/ky
rg
:

=
.

Ufg
=
0 21385
.

m3/kg

Fram
question r 0 0546
m3/kg
=
:

x
=
0 0546-0 00121
0 25
. .

.
=

0 . 21385

Going back to u
:

uf +
xufy
741 0 25 1838 65
E
+
u =

. 81 .
. .

ey
u =

1201 47 .
ki
-

Ky
 Before Thursday :

Find u of water at the following state :

kpa 75 /
1 Water at 800
quality of
.

2 -
Water at lookPa .
200 °

Answers :

1- U
uf xufg
720 20 0 75 1856 58 2112 635
koGg
=
= =

.
+ . .
+
.
.

2 2658 05
u
kity
- =

.
 Review of linear interpolation
In some instances (see example 11), the values we need is not explicitly
listed in a table and we need to interpolate between two values.

Knaun fran tables

knaun from question

e = 2 1y =

X
=

1
.
-

Xg 41

Rearrange this X -

xo
y
(4)(x
=

-x0)
:

yo
+
 there was a calculation error
,
the final answer given in class

I
was It has been corrected below
wrong
.
.

Example 11
What is the enthalpy of water at a temperature of 92 °C and a pressure
of 500 kPa?
↳ compressed liquid
↳h ? =

↳ State :
T =
92°C , P =

500 KPA

T[] gikag]
80 335 24
.

-=
43
A 92 h a
100 419 32 .
Rearrange : h =

(i) (h2-h . ) +h ,

sub in values

h
192 8) (419
=
-

. 32 -
335 .
24) +
333 24
.

h =

385 688.

hot by
 R134a V =

3m3
Example 12
Saturated R‐134a vapor at 40 °C is in a sealed rigid vessel of 3 m3. It is
now cooled to 20 °C . Answer the following questions:
1. Draw the process on a T‐v and a P – v diagram.
2. What is the mass of R‐134a in the container?
3. What is the quality of the mixture in the final state?
4. What is the change of pressure in the vessel in this process?

Initial State :

① saturated vapor (x =1) , 400

,

Final State :
& T =
2000
, x2 =
?
Pz-P
44
AP =

M
?
=
 Sealed vessel
rigid : M ,
=

M2
V
Example 12 Ve
=

r = V
E => r
Lisocharic process)
.
=

Nz
Saturated R‐134a vapor at 40 °C is in a sealed rigid vessel of 3 m3. It is
now cooled to 20 °C . Answer the following questions:
1. Draw the process on a T‐v and a P – v diagram.

--
I
P

·/ :
Psat & 40°
402
~
P
, -

Patezo
· Pz
-

/
-
45

I S
j
r ,
=

V2 verz
Example 12
Saturated R‐134a vapor at 40 °C is in a sealed rigid vessel of 3 m3. It is
now cooled to 20 °C . Answer the following questions:
2. What is the mass of R‐134a in the container? m mz M =
?
= =

State ① is
fixed
T, =

4002 ,
x
=

1 (sat Vapor)
U ,
=

/g & 40
=

0 02002
.
m3/kg
m k 3 =149 85
kg
=

.
=

46
U m3
.
0 02002
.

Eg
Example 12
Saturated R‐134a vapor at 40 °C is in a sealed rigid vessel of 3 m3. It is
now cooled to 20 °C . Answer the following questions:
3. What is the quality of the mixture in the final state?
& Tz 2000 ?
=

, x2 =

fram part 1 -> & 0 02002

m3/kg
=

= .

, 2

r
r8 x
rfg
=
+ .

From tables :

If =

0 000817
.
m3/kg r8g
=

0 . 03524 m3/kg
47

0 000817 x2 0 03524
0 02002 +
=
:
.
.
.
 ↳ x2 2- 0 000817) 0 5449
-
=
.

.
=
0 83524
.

x =

54 49 %
Example 12 2 .

Saturated R‐134a vapor at 40 °C is in a sealed rigid vessel of 3 m3. It is

now cooled to 20 °C . Answer the following questions:
4. What is the change of pressure in the vessel in this process?
AP =

P2 -P =

(572 8-1017).
kPa =
-444 . 2kPa
.

① Sat & 40° P

Vapor Psat
+

& 40C
=

P 1017 Pa
=

②
48
mixture & 20° ->
P2 =

Psat & 20°

P2 =
572 . 8 APA
 A Exercise 1 and 2
left as
practice

Your turn to work and guide me! Exercise 1

There are 3 columns for specific volume in the saturated liquid/vapor
table giving the value of vf, vg, vfg. Which of the following statements
are true (you may use a table to confirm your answer):
a. 𝑣 𝑣 𝑣 ->false

b. 𝑣 𝑣 𝑣 -> false

c. 𝑣
0 𝑣 𝑣
⑧
d. vf is the specific volume of saturated liquid
0
e. vg is the specific volume of saturated vapor
f. vfg is the specific volume of the two‐phase mixture -> false ,
see c.

49
Exercise 2
Which of the following statements are true? If the statement are false,
correct them.
a. Quality, x, represent the mass fraction of the saturated vapor in a
two‐phase mixture. the
->

b. If x = 0.4, the volume fraction of the saturated vapor in a two‐phase

mixture must be greater than 0.4. See
-> next slide

c. A quality of 1 signifies a saturated liquid. false sat Vapor

-

,
.

d. A quality of 0 signifies a saturated vapor. -> false sat Liquid

,
.

e. 0 < x < 1 signifies a two‐phase mixture. the

50
 /mix
=

rf xr8g
+

Exercise 2 ~
You may need the space below to answer 2b 
Vg

(18t 9)
g *
-
X =

g I
-

mmix Vot

rg xIg
+

retrog I
Vg so b is we
x
- -

Utot _

↳
L this
51

volume will
always
be
greater
fraction of than tables)
1 (see
vapor in a mixture
 Exercise 3
Fill the following table of properties for water at 3 different states:
State v [m3/kg] u [kJ/kg] h [kJ/kg] S [kJ/kg‐K]

Compressed liquid
0 001027 333 64 338 83 1 0719

E
water at 80 °C, 5 MPa. .

. . .

Saturated liquid
water at 80 °C. 0 001029
. 334 84334.
.
88 1 0752
.

Saturated liquid
0 001286 1147 78 1154 21 2 9201
water at 5 MPa.
.
. .
.

if don't have tables

* For a
compressed liquid -> we
52

↳ the saturated liquid at

We can
properties of
use

The rature
 Finding thermodynamic properties – Problem
solving strategy ~"fix the state"
1. Make sure you have 2 independent properties from this list: T, P x U n
, , ,
,
h ,
1

2. Determine the phase of the substance.

If T P are known ->
compare with saturated values
of T
·
. ,
P
& a
given t is T <ar> Tsat ?
If sat mixture sat
given questions say Liquid arsat Vapor
·
x is -> ar .

C
to if
If
ex :
Ig
G

know tarP and either h r 1 compare ,

you
+

, . ,

3. Use the appropriate table based on the phase determined in 2, find missing
properties and interpolate as needed.
4. For compressed liquid (when the table is not given), use the following
assumption: 𝑢 𝑢 𝑇 ,𝑣 𝑣 𝑇 ,ℎ ℎ 𝑇 ,𝑠 𝑠 𝑇
53

if superheated
r<rg vapor if
rf <rcrg
->
,

if i ↳ mixture
< rf-> compressed liquia
 ->
See final page for the answers but try it first !
Exercise 4
Complete the following table for water. On the next page, draw T‐v, P‐v
diagrams and locate all 8 states on these diagrams.

T [°C] P [kPa] v [m3/kg] Quality (x) Phase

1 400 Saturated vapor

2 20 Saturated liquid

3 100 500

4 50 7.72

5 150 120

6 200 0.9

7 110 1.0

C specheated
8 130 150
1 .
375 -

vapor
54

but it's
I is a little more
challenging than a drable!
 State 8 : Water - U x ,
Phase
,

To =

1300

48 =

150 Pa

↳ & Goa (Table B 1 2)

150 Tsat= 111 37
. .

-> .
·

tables
Ts Tsat & Superheated vapor
Make ar own
[m3/kg]
108 Ka 150 Ka 200 Ka
T sat =
99 62°
.
Tsat =

120 23
.

r . Tsat 1 .
694
-

(not needed) 0 88573

.

& 130 % 1 .
84 0 91 .

1 93636 0 95964
/z 150
.
. -

(not needed)
At 100 Pa :

Interpolate :
Er * i
T -
T, Tz-T ,

↳ Rearrange (82 r )
(E)
: r =

.
+
r .

(1
(130 992)
93636-1 694) 1 6 i
8
-
+
=
. .
.

0 (add it in table)
1 84
m3/kg
=
ar
.

Sanity & >Us /2

,
At 200 KPA :

- It
↳ =
z- ) +

All
of these values one in ar table above

5 0 91 m3 /Ag
=

.
At 130°C

= E
( )
(82-r)
Rearrange r r
=

: +
.

r
(10) (0 91-1 84)
=

. . +

1 8
1

8 1
375m3/kg
=

.
Reflection questions and practice problems
• Looking at the P‐T diagram of water, determine if the liquid phase of a
substance can exists below the triple point.
• Is it possible to have water vapor at ‐5 °C?
• How many independent properties are needed to fix a state? Can
these always be T, P? If not, what do you do when T and P are not
independent?
1. Carbon dioxide at 280 K can be three different phases (vapor, solid,
liquid). Indicate the pressure range for each phase.
2. Find the pressure and quality of CH4 at :
a. 𝑇 155 𝐾, 𝜐 0.04 ↳ methane
b. 𝑇 250 𝐾, 𝜐 0.15
56
Reflection questions and practice problems
Answers:
1. To answer this question you must consult the phase diagram for CO2.
vapor: P < 4000 kPa
liquid: 4000 kPa < P < 400 MPa
solid: P > 400 MPa
2.

(no
quality)
57
Exercise 4 ‐ Filled
Complete the following table for water.

T [°C] P [kPa] v [m3/kg] Quality (x) Phase Table

1 143.63 400 0.6246 1 Saturated vapor B.1.2

2 20 2.339 0.001002 0 Saturated liquid B.1.1

3 100 500 0.001043 ‐‐ Compressed liquid B.1.4

4 50 12.350 7.72 0.64 Saturated mixture B.1.1

5* 150 120 1.54569 ‐‐ Superheated vapor B.1.3

6* 125.98 200 0.9 ‐‐ Superheated vapor B.1.3

7* 102.17 110 1.0 0.6382 Saturated mixture B.1.2

8** 130 150 1.375 ‐‐ Superheated vapor B.1.3

* Interpolation needed, ** Double interpolation needed 59

the
page (and
not to scale
Diagrams
·
are on next
 0 states this
~Withsplit quite messy
is so
I it up in 2
diagrams for clarity
Exercise 4 ‐ Diagrams (but
you
can do it in I
diagram I
states 5 G 7, 8
T ↑
diagram (States 1,2 3 4) ,
-
,

I [ C]
.
, .

i N

R IS
ge
I sookpa

-
-ka / zoolba
-
14363

-
. ·
⑯
100 ⑧

-
I

158
⑧

- -
·
⑧
-

④ 130
-
/
125 98
&
⑧
.

50° -

a
②
55
⑧
200 /
-

⑧
>V
>
/Imag]