Yashpatil TG~ @bohring_bot

PHYSICS FLUID MECHANICS

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

Variation of pressure with depth in a
static fluid
Introduction
 Fluid statics is the study of behaviour of fluids at
rest.
 Fluid dynamics is the study of fluids in motion.
 Liquids and gases are known as fluids.
 Fluids flow from one place to other place due to
pressure difference.
Pressure
 Static pressure is the normal force experienced Upward force =  P  dP  A  PA  AdP
F
per unit area of cross section. P   Downward force= PA  dw  PA  Agdy
A
SI unit : Nm-2 or pascal, CGS unit : dyne/cm2 At equilibrium, PA  AdP  PA  Agdy
 The average pressure on the surface area A dP
F   g
due to a normal force F is Pavg   dy
A
P y
Pressure at a point is given by   dP  g  dy  P  P0  gy
P 0 0

F dF
P  Lt   dP  gy  P  P0  gy
A 0 A dA
y
 The pressure at the bottom of the container due
to liquid column of height ‘h’ is P  hg , where
‘  ’ is the density of the liquid.
P
 If atmospheric pressure( Po ) is considered, then
P0
net pressure at the bottom of the container is
x
P  Po  hg h

 Pressure at the bottom of the container is dp

 Slope  g 
independent of shape of the container. dy
 Pressure is isotropic i.e., the pressure exerted  Pressure increases with depth and decreases with
by a liquid at a point is same in all directions. height linearly.
 The average pressure of a liquid on the walls of
 Pressure is uniform on a horizontal plane for a the container filled upto a height ‘y’ with the liquid
liquid at rest or moving with uniform velocity or 1
vertical acceleration. is gy
2

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FLUID MECHANICS PHYSICS
Gauge pressure and Absolute pressure Open tube manometer
The absolute pressure at a depth ‘h’ in a liquid Open tube manometer is used to measure the
co lumn, P =P 0 + hg gauge pressure. When equilibrium is reached, the
pressure at the bottom of left limb is equal to the
where P0= atmospheric pressure pressure at the bottom of right limb.
hg =gauge pressure or hydrostatic pressure
 Absolute pressure is always positive and is never
equal to zero.
 Gauge pressure may be positive, negative or zero.
WE-1 :The pressure at the bottom of a lake due
to water is 4.9×106 N/m2. What is the depth
of the lake? p1  p 2

Sol: Pressure P  h  g  4.9  10 6 N / m 2 p  y1g  p0  y 2g

 density of water = 1000 kg/m3; g=9.8m/s2 p  p 0  g(y2  y1 )  gy
P 4.9 106 p = absolute pressure, p–p0 = gauge pressure.
hence, h    500m
 g 1000  9.8 Thus, knowing y and  (density of liquid), we
WE-2:What is the force on the base of a tank of can measure the gauge pressure.
base area 1.5m2, when it is filled with water Water barometer
upto a height of 1m ?
Let us suppose water is used in the barometer
ρ water
3 3 5
 10 kg / m ,P0 = 10 Paandg = 10m / s 2
 instead of mercury.

Sol: Absolute pressure at the bottom of the container is h  g = 1.013 × 105

P  P0  h g  105  1103 10  1.1105 Pa 1.013  10 5

h= g
=10.3 m  10m
Then force on the base is
Fbase = PA = (1.1×105) (1.5)=1.65×105N Such a long tube cannot be managed easily, thus
water barometer is not feasible.
Mercury barometer
To measure the atmospheric pressure, Pressure difference when liquid is
accelerating in vertical direction
Torricelli invented a mercury barometer.
1) When liquid column is in uniform acceleration
upwards (or) uniform retardation downward,
Torricelli
Vaccum P= h  (g + a)
h A 2) When liquid column is in uniform acceleration
Mercury
Trough downwards (or) uniform retardation upward,
P = h  (g - a)
Pressure difference when liquid is

p0 = hg =1.01325×105 Pa = 1atm accelerating in horizontal direction:

 Let the pressure at A and B are P1 and P2
= 76cm of Hg  105Pa
respectively

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PHYSICS FLUID MECHANICS

ax
tan  
g  ay

where ax = a cos  , a y = a sin 

Pascal’s law
From Newton’s second law.  The pressure applied to an enclosed
incompressible liquid is transmitted undiminished
P1 S -P2 S =ma0 or,, to every point of the liquid and the walls of the
(P1-P2) S =( S ) l ρ a 0 container.
 By the application of forces in a static liquid the
or P1-P2= l ρ a 0 ..............(1) pressure is same at all points, if we ignore gravity.
 The two points in the same horizontal line do not
have equal pressure, if the liquid is accelerated D
A Fb
horizontally. 1
Fc
D
Pressure at A is P1  P0  h1  g B
 2

C
Fa E
Pressure at B is P2  P0  h2  g ,
Fb sin  2  Fc , Fb cos  2  Fa (by equilibrium)
Substituting P1 and P2 values in (1) ;
Ab sin 2  Ac , Ab cos 2  Aa (by geometry)
h1g  h 2g  la 0
Fb Fc Fa
h1  h 2 a 0 a Thus, A  A  A ; Pb  Pc  Pa
  tan   0 b c a
l g g
Mechanical gain: It is the ratio of output
Where  is the inclination of the free surface
with the horizontal.  F2 
force to input force. Mechanical gain =  F 
 If U shaped tube is moving horizontally with an  1
acceleration ‘a’ as shown in the figure, then Hydraulic lift

F2  P2A2

F1  PA
1 1

h a
tan   
l g

1 A1 A2 2
P1 P2
 If container is accelerated with ‘a’, at some angle
 with the horizontal,

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FLUID MECHANICS PHYSICS

F1 F2 A
  F2  F1 2 ; AsA 2  A1 ; F2  F1
A1 A 2 A1

 As the same volume of fluid is displaced at both (A) (B) (C)
pistons A1h1  A2h 2  h2  h1
At the base
PA  PB  PC and WA  WB  WC
 Hydrostatic paradox :The pressure will be
Input F1 same at all points provided, the points are in com-
A2
A1 munication with one another. This is why, the
height of liquid is the same in vessels of different
h2 shapes.
h1

hA hB hC hD hE

Output F2 A B C D E
PA = PB = PC = PD = PE
Also hA = hB = hC = hD = hE
Hydrostatic Paradox

F1 F2
  g  h1  h 2   Hydrostatic force on flat or plane surface
A1 A2
F  Pavg  area of the surface
Pressure energy
 The energy possessed by a fluid by virtue of its  h  h2 
F  g  1   area of the surface
pressure is called the pressure energy.  2 
 Pressure energy is equal to the work done in  Hydrostatic force on curved surface
keeping an elementary mass of a fluid at a point
against the pressure existing at that point. F   gycom  projection area 
 Pressure energy=pressure×volume = P  A  x  where ycom is distance of centre of mass of curved
surface from free surface of liquid.
[ where P = pressure, A = area of cross section,
x = distance through which liquid is moved]  If a closed vessel containing liquid is accelerat-
ing with acceleration ‘a’ horizontally
Important points
l
 At a point in a liquid, pressure acts in all directions
equally. Pressure always acts normal to the fluid x
D A
boundary because a static fluid cannot sustain y
net tangential force. F a
h

C B

Pressures at different points will be as follows,

Fluid in a body body in a fluid
i) PA  0

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PHYSICS FLUID MECHANICS

ii) PB  PA  gh  gh Variation of density with pressure

With increase in pressure, volume decreases and
iii) PC  PB  al  gh  al density increases
iv) PD  PA  al  al
 P 
0   1 
v) PF  PA  gy  ax  gy  ax  K
1
Density  P   P 
   0 1    0 1  
The density of a body is defined as the ratio of  K  K 
mass of the body to the volume occupied by it.
where  o = density at NTP,,   density at
mass m
density =  desired pressure, P  increase in pressure,
volume V
K=bulk modulus
 SI unit : kg m , CGS unit: g cm-3
-3
WE-3: When equal volumes of two metals are
Density of a mixture mixed together, the specific gravity of alloy
 When two liquids of masses m1, m2 and densities is 4. When equal masses of the same two
1 ,  2 respectively are mixed then the effective metals are mixed together, the specific
gravity of the alloy now becomes 3. Find
density of the mixture is
specific gravity of each metal?
mtotal m1  m2
  m1  m2
Vtotal V1  V2 Sol: In case of mixture,  mix  V  V
1 2

m1  m2  m  m2  12 When equal volumes are mixed,

  1
 m1 m2  m1 2  m2 1
   V 1  V 2 1   2
 1  2  4  .........  i 
V V 2
21 2 When equal masses are mixed,
If m1=m2 then     
1 2

3
m  m  21 2
............  ii 
m m m  m2 V11  V2  2 m m 1   2
  total  1  
 VtotalV V1  V2 V1  V2 1  2

Therefore, from (i) and (ii)

1   2
If V1 = V2 then,   specific gravity of the metals are 2 and 6.
2
Specific gravity or Relative density Buoyancy
It is defined as the ratio of the density of a given When a body is partly or wholly immersed in a
substance to the density of water at 40C. fluid the upward force exerted by fluid on the
body is called buoyancy.
substance
Specific gravity (S)   Force of buoyancy is equal to the hydrostatic
 water at 40 C pressure at that point multiplied by area of cross
section of the body.
 At 40C, the density of water is 1000 kg/m3.
 Density of sea water is more than the density of  Force on the top surface F1  P1 A  h1 gA , acts
river water downward perpendicular to the surface.

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FLUID MECHANICS PHYSICS
Case 1: When the system is at rest or moving
with uniform velocity (a = 0) in vertical direction.
The tension in the string (T) equal to apparent
weight of the body.
F1
T  W  FB  Vb g Vl g  V  b  l  g
h2
h
Case 2: When the system is accelerating
vertically upward with an acceleration a.
F2 T  V  b  l  g  a 
Case 3: If the system is accelerating vertically
Force on the bottom surface F2  P2 A  h2 gA . downward with an acceleration a ( a  g )
This acts upward perpendicular to the surface. T  V  b  l  g  a 
The net upward force due to the fluid is the buoy-
 If W and W1 be the weight of a body and the
ant force FB = F2  F1 buoyant force on it, then
FB  h2 gA  h1gA   h2  h1  gA 1) body sinks when W > W1
2) body just floats when W = W1
mg 
 hgA  V g   mg m  v  3) body floats when W < W1
 
Laws of floatation
where  is the density of the liquid and  is the
density of the body.  When a body of density  b and volume V
We conclude that, force of buoyancy is immersed in a liquid of density  l , forces acting are

FB= Vin × ρl × gefff 1) The weight of body acting vertically

Tension in the string connected to a
submerged body
When the body hangs by light string and b  l
downwards through the centre of gravity of the
body W = mg  V b g
2) The upthrust (force of buoyancy) acting
upwards through centre of gravity of displaced
liquid called centre of buoyancy FB  V  l g

3) i) If  b   l  W  FB  body sinks

ii) If b  l  W  FB  body just floats

iii)If b  l  V b g  Vinl g  V b  Vinl

 Fraction of volume of body outside the liquid

Vout  b 
f out   1  
Vtotal  l 
 Fraction of volume of body inside the liquid

V in ρ
f in   b
V to ta l ρl

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PHYSICS FLUID MECHANICS
 A body of mass M and volume V is floating in a Applications of Archimede’s
liquid of density  l with some volume in air. To
o principle
make it to just sink, the mass ‘m’ to be placed a) Relative density (specific gravity) of a
on it is given by mg  Vgl , where V is solid
the volume of body that was initially outside the
density of the body
liquid. RD = (or)
density of water at 40C
Floating of ice
 When a block of ice, floats in a liquid of density weight of the body
= (or)
l melts completely, the level of (liquid + water) upthrust exerted by water

(i) rises, if l  w (ii) falls, if l   w weight of the body in air

(iii) remains unchanged, if l  w
 A piece of solid is embedded inside an ice block
which floats in water. When ice melts completely,
the level of water
(i) remains same, if  s   w
(ii) falls, if  s   w
Archimede’s principle
 When a body is immersed partially or fully in a
fluid it appears that it looses some weight, which
is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.
= loss of weight of body in water
w1
R.D= w -w ; w1 = weight of the body in air
1 2
w2 = weight of the body in water
b) Relative density of a liquid
If loss of weight of a body in water is ‘a’ and
that in liquid is ‘b’ then, V  w g  a; V l g  b
l
RD of liquid = 
w
Loss of weight in liquid b Wair -Wliquid
= = =
Loss of weight in water a Wair -Wwater
c) Volume of cavity in a body
A metal piece of mass M and density m

M
The volume of material of the body V  
m

 Apparent loss of weight of a body or weight of If V  is the geometric volume of the body
fluid displaced = Vin  l g =force of buoyancy.. immersed in the liquid then V W g  W1  W2
Vin= Volume of body immersed or volume of fluid W1  W2
displaced V 
W g
Note: Upthrust or buoyancy is independent of
mass, size, density, shape etc. of the body. It  W -W  M
1 2
depends only on the volume of the body Volume of cavity = V -V=  ρ g  - ρ
immersed inside the fluid, nature (density) of the  w  m
fluid and acceleration due to gravity.
where V is the total volume of the metallic body..
 FB eff  Vin l  g  a  V is the volume of the material in the metal piece.

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FLUID MECHANICS PHYSICS
d) Amount of impurity in a given metal
Let w1 be the weight of an alloy in air and w2 be
the weight of an alloy in water. Let the alloy G
consists of two metals having masses m1 and m2 M W
such that total mass m = (m1+m2). The buoyant B
force on the alloy is B F
B

Fb= w1  w2  V w g
Overturning
w  w2 m m moment
 1 =V= 1 + 2
w g 1 2
However, if meta-centre goes below CG, the
= volume of the first metal in the alloy + couple due to forces G and B tends to topple
volume of the second metal in the alloy the floating body. That is why a wooden log
= volume of the alloy cannot be made to float vertical in water or a
( ρ1 , ρ 2 are the densities of the metals); boat is likely to capsize if the sitting passengers
stand on it. In these situations CG becomes
w1  w 2 m1  m  m1  higher than MC and so the body will couple, if
= +
w g 1 2 slightly tilted.

m  m1  m2  total mass WE- 4: When a polar bear jumps on an iceberg,

its weight 240 kg.wt is just sufficient to
from the above equations we determine m1 and m2.
sink the iceberg. What is the mass of the
Centre of buoyancy or meta-centre iceberg? (specific gravity of ice is 0.9 and
When a floating body is slightly tilted from equi- that of sea water is 1.02)
librium position, the centre of buoyancy B shifts.
The vertical line passing through the new centre Sol: If M is the mass of iceberg in kg
of buoyancy B and initial vertical line meet at a
M
point M called meta-centre. If the meta-centre its volume V 3
m3
M is above the centre of gravity the couple due 0.9  10
to forces at G (weight of body W) and at B (up-
thrust) tends to bring the body back to its origi-  density   specific gravity 10 kg / m 
3 3

nal position. So for rotational equilibrium of float- weight of displaced sea water
ing body, the meta-centre must always be higher
than the centre of gravity of the body. = (V×1.02×103×g)N.
 M 
3  
Mg  240 g    1.02 103   g
M  0.9 10 

G G
W  1.02  12
W 240  M  1  M  M  1800kg
 0.9  90
B FB
B FB B WE- 5: Four-fifths of a cylindrical block of wood,
floats in a liquid. Find the density of the
liquid. (relative density of wood 0.8)
Stable Restoring Sol: Let volume of wooden block = V
moment

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PHYSICS FLUID MECHANICS

4 WE-8: A cubical block of iron of side 5cm is

Volume of liquid displaced = V floating in mercury taken in a vessel. What
5
is the height of the block above mercury
Weight of the block=V  0.8  103g
level.  ρ Hg = 13.6g / cm 3 ,ρ Fe = 7.2g / cm 3 
when block floats, wt. of body = wt. of liquid
displaced 5cm

4V
V  0.8103  g  l  g l  103 kg / m3
5
x
WE-6: Two bodies are in equilibrium when
suspended in water from the arms of a
balance. The mass of one body is 28g and
Sol: From the law of floatation, Vbb g  Vinl g
its density is 5.6g/cc. If the mass of the other
3
body is 36g then find its density d.   5    7.2    5 x   13.6  ; x  2.65cm
2

 28  Then, the height of the block above mercury level

Sol: Apt wt. of 1st body= m1 g  Fb =  28  5.6  g = 5cm - x = 2.35cm
 
\ WE-9: A solid sphere of radius ‘R’ has a

 36  R
concentric cavity of radius inside it. The
Apt wt. of 2nd body= m2 g  Fb = 36  1 g 3
 d 
sphere is found to just float in water with
 bodies in equilibrium, apt weights are equal the highest point of it touching the water
surface. Find the specific gravity of the
 28   36  36 material of the sphere.
 28   g  36   g ;
5.6   d
 28  5  36 
 d V VS  Vmetal V
cavity
Sol: V   1  metal  1
36 36 S VS VS
  36  23  13 ; d   2.8 g / cc.
d 13 (VS = Total volume of the sphere)
WE-7: A certain block weighs 15N in air. But it According to Archimedes’ principle,
weighs only 12N when completely immersed weight of body = weight of displaced liquid
in water. When immersed completely in
another liquid, it weighs 13N. Calculate the mg  VS d w g  d SVmetal g  VS d w g
relative density of (i) the block and (ii) the (dS= density of solid ,dw= density of water)
liquid.
Vmetal dw
   2 ;From equations 1 and 2
Wair VS dS
Sol: (i) Relative density of body = W  W
air water VCavity dw 1 1
  1  1  1
VS d d S .G
where Wair =15N(weight of the body in air) dw
and Wwater=12N(weight of the body in water) 3
4 R
 
15N 3 3 1 1 1
 R.Dblock  5   1   1 
15N 12N 4 3 S .G 27 S .G
R
3
(ii) R.DL  loss of weight inliquid  15 13  2 1 1 27
loss of weight inwater 15 12 3  1  S.G 
S.G 27 26

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FLUID MECHANICS PHYSICS
WE-10: A ball of relative density 0.8 falls into m
water from a height of 2m. Find the depth Sol: Volume of ball , V 

to which the ball will sink
Sol. Method-1 Acceleration of ball moving up inside the liquid

Initial velocity of the body when it touches the Fnet upthrust  weight
a 
water surface is v1 . m m
2
v1  02  2 gh  v1  2 gh Vtotal l g  mg
  2 g  upwards 
m
Retardation of the ball moving downward inside
the water due to buoyancy force  velocity of ball while crossing the surface

upthrust  weight Vtotal  w  g Vtotal  b  g v  2 ah  4 gh

a  
mass Vtotal  0.8  The ball will jump to a height

g v 2 4 gh

1 g   0.8  g a  H   2h
 2g 2g
 0.8  4
WE-12: Two spheres of volume 250cc each but
distance travelled (h1) by the body inside the water
of relative densities 0.8 and 1.2 are
before coming to rest
connected by a string and the combination
v12 2 gh is immersed in a liquid. Find the tension in
1
02-v12=2ah1  h    8m the string. (g=10m/s2).
2a 2 g / 4
Sol: The tension on denser sphere is upwards and on
Method-2 lighter sphere is downwards.
Gravitational P.E= apparent weight of the body
 displacement of the body inside liquid F.B.D of F.B.D of
heavier body lighter body
 1  Lighter
1 T FB
mgh  mg 1h1 (where g  g  d /  1 )
 w  FB
T
d T
Relative density=  =0.8 Heavier
w T

 1   0.2  g mg mg
g1  g   1  g  
 0.8   0.8  4
Vb1 1 g  T  Vb1  l g
1 g g
h  1h  2  8m
g g/4   250  106  800 g   T  250 106  liquid g   i 

WE-11:A rubber ball of mass m and density  is

Vb2  2 g  T  Vb2  l g
immersed in a liquid of density 3  to a depth
h and released. To what height will the ball
jump up above the surface due to buoyancy
 250 10 6
1200 g   T  250  106  liquid g   ii 

force of liquid on the ball? (neglect the subtract Eqs. (ii) from (i), we get
resistance of water and air).
2T  250 10 6  400 g  T = 0.5N

10 CO - IIT
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PHYSICS
WE-13: A uniform cylinder of length L and mass
M having cross-sectional area A is
suspended, with its length vertical from a
fixed point by a massless spring such that it
is half submerged in a liquid of density 
at equilibrium position. The extension x0 of
the spring when it is in equilibrium is
FRestoring
FB
Sol:
Mg
In equilibrium, upward force = downward
L 
force Fspring  FB  mg  kx0   A  g  mg
2  1) stream line flow
LAg
mg 
 x0  2  mg  1  LA 
k  2m 
k
WE-14: A block is fully submerged in a vessel
filled with water by a spring attached to the
bottom of the vessel. In equilibrium position
spring is compressed. If the vessel now moves
downwards with an acceleration a(<g).
What happens to the length of the spring ?
Sol: When the vessel moves downwards, with
acceleration, block experiences net pseudo force
upwards. Hence apparent weight of the block
decreases and the block moves upwards. Hence
length of the spring increases. Additional force
on the block in upward direction=pseudo force
on the block - decrease in buoyancy force
FLUID MECHANICS
The rate of flow of a liquid
volume of fluid flow
1) Volume flow rate (Q) =
time
V l 
Q  A    Av ; here v =velocity of the fluid
t t 
mass of fluid flow
2) Mass flow rate=
time
M Volume l
=  density = A     Av
t time t
Where A is the area of cross section of the tube
and  is the density of the liquid.
Types of liquid flow
There are two types of liquid flow.
2) turbulent flow.
 If the velocity of all the fluid particles crossing a
point remains constant both in magnitude and
direction, then the flow of the fluid is known as
stream line flow.
 If the velocity of the different fluid particles
crossing a point doest not remain constant in
magnitude and direction, then the flow of the fluid
is known as turbulent flow.
 Eddies and whirl pools are formed in turbulent
flow.
Characteristics of fluid flow
 A stream line may be a straight line or a curve.
 The tangent drawn at any point of curved stream
line gives the direction of velocity of the particle
at that point.
 Two stream lines never intersect. If they intersect,
at the point of intersection the particle may have
two directions of velocity which is impossible.
 An imaginary tube consisting of a number of
stream lines is called tube of flow.
 There is no radial flow of liquid.
CO - IIT 11
Yashpatil TG~ @bohring_bot
FLUID MECHANICS PHYSICS
Equation of continuity  i)If 0<R<1000, the liquid flow is called stream
When an incompressible fluid flows steadily line.
through a tube of non-uniform cross section, the
rate of mass of fluid entering the tube is equal to ii)If the value of R > 2000 the liquid flow becomes
rate of mass of the fluid leaving the tube. turbulent.

m m1 m2 iii)If 1000 < R < 2000 the flow is unsteady

= constant ; t  t
t 1 2
WE-15: What are the dimensions of Reynolds
 A1v11  A2 v2  2 number ?

as the fluid is incompressible, 1   2 v0 D

Sol: R  (  is density of the fluid, v0 is the

1 1
 A1v1 = A2v2 =constant  v  v 2 critical velocity, D is diameter through which the
A r
fluid is flowing and  is the coefficient of viscosity
 Equation of continuity represents the law of
of the fluid)
Conservation of mass in case of moving fluids.
 If an ideal liquid is flowing through a horizontal
 ML3   LT 1   L  ML1T 1 
tube which is divided at the end into two tubes, R  1 1 
 ML1T 1   ML T 
A1 V1
A   M 0 L0 T0 
V
 R is dimensionless.
A2 V2
WE-16: What should be the average velocity of
then, AV  AV
1 1  A2V2 water in a tube of diameter 2cm so that the
flow is (i) laminar (ii) turbulent ? The
Critical velocity
viscosity of water is 0.001 Pa-s. ( for water
Critical velocity is the velocity beyond which
stream line flow is gradually changed to turbulent pipes R<2000 stream line flow, R>3000
flow. turbulent flow)

R Dvc Sol: Here, d = 2cm = 0.02m;

 Critical velocity v c  R 
D 
  0.001 Pa  s;   103 kg / m 3
where  = coefficient of viscosit y,,
R = Reynolds number ,D = diameter of the tube, i)For stream line flow;Reynolds no.R=2000
 = density of the liquid
R 2000  0.001
The S.I. unit of  is Pa-s or poiseuille v  3
 0.1ms 1
d 10  0.02
The C.G..S. unit of  is poise.
ii) For turbulent flow, Reynolds number,
1 Pa-s = 10 poise. DF of    M 1L1T 1 
3000  0.001
 Reynolds number depends upon the diameter of R = 3000; v  3
 0.15ms 1
the pipe, the density and coefficient of viscosity 10  0.02
of the liquid.

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PHYSICS FLUID MECHANICS

Types of energies in fluid flow

P v2
A fluid in motion possesses three types of  Here is called pressure head, 2 g is called
g
1 Velocity head and h is called gravitational head.
(i) kinetic energy  KE  mv2
2
1 1
(ii) potential energy (PE)=mgh  P1  v12  gh1  P2  v22  gh2
2 2
(iii) pressure energy = P×V
Pressure energy
The energy possessed by a fluid by virtue of its
pressure is called its pressure energy

h 1
 Here v 2 is called dynamic pressure.
2
T
Piston ( P  gh ) is called static pressure
x
 Bernoulli's theorem represents law of
The work done against the pressure in moving conservation of energy.
piston is given by
Horizontal pipe
W = Force  displacement
p1
 W   PA ( x)  P  Ax   PV  V  Ax  p2
V
1

work done = pressure energy = P×V V 2

Bernoulli's theorem
 Bernoulli's theorem states that the sum of the
pressure energy, kinetic energy and potential  When the flow is horizontal, ‘h’ is same and
energy at any point in steady flow calculated per hence sum of pressure head and velocity head
unit mass or per unit volume is constant. is constant.
( or )
Bernoulli's theorem can also be stated as follows: 1 2 1
P1  v1  P2  v22
"In a stream line flow of fluid, the sum of 2 2
gravitational head, pressure head and velocity
1
head at any point in the path of the flow is (or) P1 - P2     22 -  12 
constant" 2
1 v1, v2 are velocities at two points.
P  v 2  gh  constant (per unit volume)
2  For horizontal flow of liquid, maximum pressure
P 1 2 corresponds to minimum velocity and vice versa
 v  gh  constant (per unit mass)
 2
 1 2 
P v2  P   v  constant 
  h = constant (per unit weight)  2 
 g 2g

CO - IIT 13
Yashpatil TG~ @bohring_bot
FLUID MECHANICS PHYSICS
Torricelli's theorem x  2 h  H  h  and x1  2 y  H  y 
 The velocity of efflux of a liquid through an orifice
is equal to that of the velocity acquired by a freely now if x  x1 i.e. h( H  h)  y( H  y)
falling body from a height which is equal to that
1
of the liquid level from the orifice. v  2 gh from above equation y  [ H  ( H  2h)]
2
 Time taken by the efflux liquid to reach the ground i.e. y  h or ( H  h) so, the range is same for
2  H  h liquid coming out of holes at same distance below
is given by t  the top and above the bottom.
g
 A tank having an area of cross - section A is
filled with water upto height ‘H’. and ‘A0’ is the
area of cross - section of hole at the bottom of
tank. If A0 is the area of orifice at a depth‘y’
below the free surface and A is that of container,
then the volume of liquid coming out of the orifice
per second will be
Where H = height of the liquid in the container
 dV / dt   vA0  A0 2gy as v  2gy 
h = the distance between the free surface of the  
liquid and centre of the hole
 Horizontal range of the liquid is given by
2 H  h
R  V  t  or  R  2gh.  2 h  H  h
g

 The volume of the liquid coming out of the orifice

per second is

Q  A v  A 2gh  r 2 2gh

 Horizontal range is maximum when the orifice is

at the middle of liquid level.
Due to this, the level of liquid in the container
H will decrease and so, if the level of liquid in the
i.e., if h  then RMax  H  2h
2 container above the hole changes from y to y-dy
 The level of free surface, in a container is at height in time t to t+dt then -dV = Ady.
H from the base.There are two holes one at Substituting the value of dV in the above
height ‘h’ above the bottom and other one at equation,
depth ‘y’ below the free surface, then
dy A 1
A  A0 2 gy ;  dt    y1/2dy
dt A0 2g

 So the time taken for the level to fall from H to

H1

A 1 H A 2
t   y 1/2 dy   H  H
A0 2g H A0 g 

14 CO - IIT
Yashpatil TG~ @bohring_bot
PHYSICS FLUID MECHANICS
 Time after which level of water falls from H to  A tank is filled upto a height, 2H with a liquid
 and is placed on a platform of height H from
H t  A 2 H
 H   the ground.The distance ‘y’ from the ground.
2 
1
2 A0 g  Where a small hole is made in the tank, to
 Time after which water level falls from get the maximum horizontal range R
H
to 0
2

A 2 H  t 2 1
t2    0  1 
A0 g 2  t2 1
 In a cylindrical vessel containing liquid of
density '  ' , there are two holes in the side
wall at heights h1 and h2 respectively such
that the range of efflux at the bottom of Horizontal range will be maximum when the hole
vessel is same. If v1, v2 are the velocities of in the tank lies at the middle of total height of
efflux and t1, t2 are the times taken by the water surface from the ground.
efflux liquid to reach the floor respectively
H  h1  h2 
from holes at heights h1, h2 then H = h1+ h2 For maximum range h   
2  2 
2h1
v1  2 g  H  h1  ; t1   2H  H  3H
g i.e y   
 2  2
2h2  A water tank is kept on the top of a table of
v2  2 g  H  h2  ; t2  height h. If a small hole is punched in the
g
side of the tank at its base it is found that
since x1  x2  v1t1  v2t2 the resultant stream of water strikes the
ground at a horizontal distance R from the
2 g  H  h1 
2h1
 2 g  H  h2 
2h2 tank then the depth of water in the tank
g g

on solving H  h1  h2

h
R

R2 2h
x and R  ut  2 gx  2 xh ;
Note: In the above case, the height of a hole, in 4h g
terms of h1 and h2 for which the range of efflux
R2
H  h1  h2  R 2  4 xh  x 
would be maximum will be h    4h
2  2 

CO - IIT 15
Yashpatil TG~ @bohring_bot
FLUID MECHANICS PHYSICS

 A tank is filled with water of density 1 and oil The momentum of the liquid flowing out per sec-
ond through lower hole = mass  velocity
of density  2 . The height of water column is h1
av1 v1  av12 
and that of the oil is h2 . The velocity of efflux
through a hole at the bottom of the tank is The force exerted on the lower hole towards left
obtained as follows  av12
According to Bernoulli’s theorem The force exerted on the upper hole towards
right  av22
v2 P0
Net force on the tank is
oil
F  a  v12  v22   a  2 g  h  x   2 gx 
h2
2  2agh F  h
Applications of Bernoulli's theorem
1
h1 Dynamic lift: The upward lift experienced by
v1
Water a body due to its motion in a fluid is called
P0 dynamic lift.
Water
 The dynamic lift experienced by a body in motion
in air is called aerodynamic lift.
1 1
P1  1v12  0  P2  2v22   1 gh1 2 gh2 
2 2  Aeroplanes get the dynamic lift because of the
shape of their wings.
But P1  P2  P0 and v2  0  v2  v1 
P1 [ V2 is more; P1 is less]
1 2g  1h1   2 h2  V2
1v12  1 gh1   2 gh2 ; v1 
2 1

 There are two identical small holes on the

opposite sides of a tank containing a liquid. P2
V1 [ V1 is less; P2 is more]
The tank is open at the top. The difference
in height between the two holes is ‘h’. As P upper <P lower
the liquid comes out of the two holes, the
tank will experience a net horizontal force
1
‘F’ which is directly proportional to ‘h’ Dynamic lift =  P2  P1  A =  . V12  V22   A
2

Spinning ball:

v2 x VR V
h
v1

Let ‘a’ = area of cross - section of each hole

V VR
 = density of the liquid

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Yashpatil TG~ @bohring_bot
PHYSICS FLUID MECHANICS
 The plane of motion of a spinning ball gets Pitot tube
changed due to an effect called Magnus effect.
Resultant velocity at the top = V+VR  V  R
Resultant velocity at the bottom V V
a b
 V  VR  V  R

 Atomiser, paintgun and Bunsen burner work on

the principle of Bernoulli's Theorem. h
Venturimeter
It is an ideal device of measuring rate of flow of
a liquid through pipe. It is also known as
venturitube or flow meter. It is used to measure the speed of fluid flowing
through a pipe. Here, the pressure in the left
 The decrease in cross-sectional area of the flow arm of the manometer whose opening is
passage causes decrease in pressure. parallel to the direction of flow, is equal to the
 The measurement of the pressure difference pressure in the fluid stream while pressure in
enables the determination of the rate of flow right arm can be computed by using Bernoulli’s
through the pipe. theorem. It is obvious that velocity of fluid is
zero at point b.
P1 P2
1
Pa  v22  P0 ;where  is the density of
h1 2
h2 fluid flowing through tube.
V1 V2
A2 Pb  Pa  0 gh ; where 0 is the density if
A1
liquid in the manometer tube.
2  P1  P2 
Q  A1 A2 v 2 20 gh
A 2
 A2  
2
So,  0 gh  v 
1
2 

2  h1  h2  g 2hg Siphon tube

 A1 A2  A1 A2
A 2
 A2 2    A1  A2 2 
2 Siphon tube is used to empty the tanks etc,
1
which are either very heavy or can’t be lifted.
Aspirator pump
C
A H
A
B
h
B
In aspirator pump when air is pressed inside
the tube, it comes out rapidly so that pressure y
at A reduces whereas pressure at B is more.
For this pressure difference of liquid rises till
the barrel and sprayed with the expelled air. D
E

CO - IIT 17
 Yashpatil TG~ @bohring_bot
FLUID MECHANICS PHYSICS

 v A  0 and v B  vc  vD  v WE-18: A horizontal pipe line carries water in a

streamline flow. At a point along the pipe
Because siphon tube is of uniform cross section where the cross-sectional area is 10cm 2, the
so from equation of continuity, flow speed is velocity of water is 1 m/s and the pressure is
same at all points within the siphon tube. 2000 Pa. What is the pressure at another
point where the cross-sectional area is 5cm2.
 Applying Bernoulli’s equation at A, B, C, D
and E (consider water level in the tank as Sol:According to equation of continuity
reference for gravitional potential energy) 10
A1v1  A2 v2 ; v2 
 1  2m / s
5
v 2
P0  0  0  PB   gh Now, according to Bernoulli’s equation,
2
1 1
P1  v12  P2  v22  horizontal pipe 
v2 v2 2 2
 PC  gH  PD  g  h  y 
2 2 1 2 1
2000  103 1  P2  103  22  ;
2 2
vE2
 P0   g  h  y  P2  500 Pa
2
WE-19: Calculate rate of flow of glycerin of
From above equation, we have PA  PE  P0 density 1.25x103kg/m3 through the conical
section of a horizontal pipe, if the radii of
its ends are 0.1m and 0.04m and pressure
VE  2 g  h  y  so for liquid to come out drop across its length is 10 N/m2.
h y0 Sol:According to equation of continuity
2
v2 A1 r12  0.1 25
WE-17: Air is streaming past a horizontal   2 2

aeroplane wing such that the speed of air is v1 A2 r2  0.04  4
120 m/s over the upper surface and 90 m/s and, according to Bernoulli’s equation for a
at the lower surface, with respect to the horizontal tube,
plane. If the density of air is 1.3 kg/m3, find
the difference in pressure between the top 1 2 1
P1   v1  P2   v 22
and bottom of the wing. If the wing is 10m 2 2
long and has an average width of 2m,
calculate the gross lift of the wing. v22  v12  2
 P1  P2 
  16  103 m 2 / s 2
Sol: According to Bernoulli’s equation,
25
1 1 but v2  v1  6.25v1
P1   v12  P2   v22 4
2 2
2
1   6.25   12  v12  16  10 3 m 2 / s 2
 
i.e, P1  P2    v2  v1 
2 2

2 or v1  0.0205m/s. The rate of volume flow

2
1 = A1v1    0.1   0.02   6.28  104 m3 / s
 1.3 1202  902   4.1103 N / m2
2
dm
The net uplift due to the difference in pressure is And the rate of mass flow is   Av.
dt
Fup  P  A   4.1103  10  2   8.2 104 N  1.25  103    6.28  10 4   0.785kg / s

18 CO - IIT
 Yashpatil TG~ @bohring_bot
PHYSICS
WE-20: A cylindrical vessel contains a liquid of
density  upto a height h. The cylinder is
closed by a piston of mass m and area of
cross-section A. There is a small hole at the
bottom of the vessel. Find the speed v with
which the liquid comes out of the hole.
m, A
FLUID MECHANICS
WE-22: There are two identical small holes, each
of area of cross-section ‘a’ on the opposite
sides of a tank containing a liquid of density
 . The difference in height between the
holes is ‘h’. Tank is resting on a smooth
horizontal surface. Find the horizontal force
which will have to be applied on the tank to
keep it in equilibrium.
Sol: F  F1  F2  av12   av22

1 2 V2 h2 h1
P h
v 0 V1
Sol:Applying Bernoulli’s theorem at 1 and 2; difference F2 F1
in pressure energy between 1 and 2 = difference
in kinetic energy between 1 and 2

 mg  1 2  a  2 gh1   a  2 gh2 
 p0  gh    0   p0   v
 A  2
 2ag  h1  h2   2agh
mg 1
p0  gh   p0   v 2 WE-23: A tank is filled with two immiscible
A 2
liquids of densities 2 and  each of
mg 1 2 height h. Two holes are made to the side wall
 gh   v
A 2 h 3h
at and from upper surface of the
2 2
2mg  mg  liquid, then find the ratio of velocity of
 v  2 gh   2  gh  
A  A  efflux of the liquids through the holes
WE-21: A pump draws water from a reservoir and Sol: According to Bernoulli’s theorem,
sends it through a horizontal pipe with speed
h/2
v. Find the relation between power of the
pump and velocity of liquid.
h  v1 3h
2
Sol: From work - energy theorem v2
h 2
KE  imparted to water 
P
time
h 1
For v1 , P  g    P      v1   v1  gh
2

KE volume of water  2 2
 
volume of water time
h 1 2
For v2 , P   gh    2  g    P   2  v2
1  2 2
  v 2   Av  or Pv3
2  v1 1
 v2  2 gh  
v2 2

CO - IIT 19
 Yashpatil TG~ @bohring_bot
FLUID MECHANICS PHYSICS
WE-24: A hose shoots water straight up to a CONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING
height of 2.5 m. The opening end of the hose QUESTIONS (CUQS)
has an area of 0.75cm2. What is the speed of 1. The force of buoyancy is equal to
the water as it leaves the hose ? How much
A) Weight of the body
water will come out in one minute ?
B) Weight of the liquid displaced by the body
Sol: K.E at bottom=P.E at the top
C) Apparent weight of the body
1 2
v  gh  v  2gh  v  2  9.8  2.5 D) Divorce force
2
2. The weight of the body is maximum in
 5  9.8  49  7m / s or 700cm/s. A) air B) Hydrozen
The rate of flow of water = Av. So in one minute
C) water D) vaccum
the volume of water that flows out
3. When a boat in a river enters the sea water,
 Av  60   0.75  700  60
then it
 0.75  42 103
A) sinks a little B) rises a little
4 3
 3.15  10 cm  31.5 litre. C) remains same D) will drawn
4 When a body is full immersed in a liquid,
WE-25: A large open tank has two holes in the the loss of weight of the body is equal to
wall. One is a square hole of side L at a
A)Apparent weight of the body
depth y from the top and the other is a
B)force of buoyancy
circular hole of radius R at a depth 4y from
the top. When the tank is completely filled C)Half the force of buoyancy
with water, the quantities of water flowing D)Twice the force of buoyancy
out per second from both holes are the same. 5. A boat full of scrap iron is floating on water
Find the value of R. in a lake. If all the iron is dropped into the
water,the level of water will
Sol: Velocity of efflux at a depth h, v  2 gh .
A)go up
Volume of water flowing out per second from
both the holes are equal B) fall down
C)remain the same
 V 
 a1v1  a2 v2   av 
 t  D)Can not be decided

L 6. A large block of ice floats in a liquid.When

L 
2
2 g  y   R 2
2g  4 y   R 
2
ice melts the liquid level rises.The density
of liquid is
A)Greater than that of water
B)Less than that of water
C)Equal to that of water
D)Half of that of water

20 CO - IIT