DJM20053 THERMOFLUIDS

CHAPTER 2:
FLUID APPLICATION

Prepared By:
Nurul Shahida Binti Zulkifly
Lecturer
Mechanical Engineering Department, PUO
 PRESSURE & DEPTH
❖ The pressure of a liquid is directly proportional to the depth. The formula
that gives the pressure, P on an object submerged:
P = ρgh
P - pressure
𝜌 - density of the fluid
g - acceleration of gravity
h - height of the fluid above the object

❖ The deeper an object is placed in the fluid, the more pressure it experiences.
PRESSURE & DEPTH

PA = ρgh1
PB = ρgh2
PC = ρghh
PC > PB > PA
4 types of pressure:

❖ Atmospheric pressure - The pressure due to atmosphere at

the surface of the earth depends upon the head of the air
above the surface.
❖ Gauge pressure - The pressure measured by using the
pressure measuring equipment in which the atmospheric is
taken as the datum.
❖ Absolute pressure - The sum of the atmospheric pressure
and gauge pressures.
❖ Vacuum pressure - The empty space where the pressure is
zero.

4
 PRESSURE & DEPTH
EXAMPLE 1:

Given the pressure of fluid is 170 kN/m2 and specific weight is 6 kN/m3.
Calculate the height of a fluid column.
Solution:
P = ρgh or
P= 𝜔 h
h= P /𝜔 r = 1000
3
h= 170000 /6000 h kg/m
h= 28.33 m
 PRESSURE & DEPTH
EXAMPLE 2:

Find the depth of a point below surface in sea if the pressure reading is
105.55 kN/m2. Specific gravity of sea water is 1.025.
 PRESSURE & DEPTH
EXAMPLE 3:

Calculate the pressure at a point of 1km depth in the sea. Given the density of
sea water is 1025 kg/m3.
 PASCAL’S LAW
❖ Pressure acting on the molecule of fluid at rest are the same value in any
direction. OR
❖ A change in pressure at any point in an enclosed fluid at rest is transmitted
to all points in the fluid.

Pressure, P
P1= P2= P3= P4= P5= P6
 HYDRAULIC JACK
❖ A jack hydraulic is a device that uses minimum force to lift heavy loads.

❖ A force, F is applied to the piston of the small cylinder and forces liquid (oil
or water) out into the large cylinder, raising the piston supporting the load,
W. The force, F acting on area, a produced a pressure p1 which is
transmitted equally in all direction through the liquid.
 HYDRAULIC JACK
Type/Formula Piston Position

1. Both piston at the same level

P1 = P2
𝐹 𝑊
=
𝑎 𝐴

2. Small piston upper than large piston

P1 = P2 - gh
𝐹 𝑊
= − 𝜌𝑔ℎ
𝑎 𝐴
P2 = P1 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ

3. Small piston lower than large piston

P2 = P1 - gh
𝑊 𝐹
= − 𝜌𝑔ℎ
𝐴 𝑎
P1 = P2 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ
 PISTON POSITION

❖ Description :

• F - force (N)
• W - weight (N)
• a - cross-sectional area of small piston (m2)
• A - cross-sectional area of large piston (m2)
• 𝜌 - density of the fluid (kg/m3)
• g - acceleration of gravity (m/s2)
• h - height between two pistons (m)
 HYDAULIC JACK
EXAMPLE 4:

A force, F of 650 N is applied to the smaller cylinder of the hydraulic jack. The
area, a of a small piston is 15 cm2 and the area, A of a larger piston is 150 cm2.
Calculate the load, W if the mass density of the liquid in the hydraulic jack is
1000 kg/m3 can be lifted on the larger piston if:

Calculate:

i. The pistons are at the same level

ii. The larger piston is 0.65 m below the smaller piston
iii. The small piston is 0.40 m below the larger piston
(mass density of the liquid in the hydraulic jack is 1000 kg/m3)
 HYDAULIC JACK
EXAMPLE 5:

Two cylinders of diameter 60mm and 180mm are connected and filled with oil
of specific gravity 0.89. What is the force, F required to support the 600kg
mass?
 HYDAULIC JACK
EXAMPLE 6:

The diameter of small piston and large piston are 50mm and 300mm
respectively. Find the weight lifted by the hydraulic press when the force
applied at the small piston is 400N and the difference level between small
piston and large piston is 0.5m. Given  fluid is 1065kg/m3.
 PRESSURE MEASURING DEVICE
Pressure Measuring Device
1. Piezometer
2. Barometer
Concept
A Piezometer is used for measuring pressure
inside a vessel or pipe in which liquid is there. A
tube may be attached to the walls of the
container (or pipe) in which the liquid resides
so that liquid can rise in the tube. By
determining the height to which liquid rises and
using the relation p1 = ρgh, gauge pressure of
the liquid can be determined.
A Barometer is a device used for measuring
atmospheric pressure. The space above the
liquid cannot be a true vacuum. It contains
mercury vapour at its saturated vapour
pressure. The atmospheric pressure is
calculated from the relation patm = ρgh where ρ
is the density of fluid in the barometer.
 PRESSURE & DEPTH
Pressure Measuring Device Concept

3. Simple U-Tube Calculate PA:

Manometer
𝑃𝐵 = 𝑃𝐶
𝑃𝐵 = 𝑃𝐴 + 𝜌𝑝 𝑔ℎ1
𝑃𝐶 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝜌𝑄 𝑔ℎ2
𝑃𝐴 + 𝜌𝑝 𝑔ℎ1 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝜌𝑄 𝑔ℎ2
𝑃𝐴 = 𝜌𝑄 𝑔ℎ2 − 𝜌𝑝 𝑔ℎ1
∴ 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 0

4. Simple U-Tube Calculate PA:

Manometer
𝑃𝐶 = 𝑃𝐷
𝑃𝐶 = 𝑃𝐴 + 𝜌𝑝 𝑔ℎ1 + 𝜌𝑄 𝑔ℎ2
𝑃𝐷 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑃𝐴 + 𝜌𝑝 𝑔ℎ1 + 𝜌𝑄 𝑔ℎ2 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑃𝐴 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 − 𝜌𝑄 𝑔ℎ2 − 𝜌𝑝 𝑔ℎ1
∴ 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 1.013𝑋105 𝑁/𝑚2
 PRESSURE & DEPTH
Pressure Measuring Device Concept

5. Differential U-Tube Calculate PA – PB:

Manometer
𝑃𝐶 = 𝑃𝐷
𝑃𝐶 = 𝑃𝐴 + 𝜌𝑝 𝑔ℎ
𝑃𝐷 = 𝑃𝐵 + 𝜌𝑝 𝑔ℎ2 + 𝜌𝑄 𝑔ℎ1
𝑃𝐴 + 𝜌𝑝 𝑔ℎ = 𝑃𝐵 + 𝜌𝑝 𝑔ℎ2 + 𝜌𝑄 𝑔ℎ1
𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵 = 𝜌𝑝 𝑔ℎ2 + 𝜌𝑄 𝑔ℎ1 − 𝜌𝑝 𝑔ℎ

6. Inverted U-Tube Calculate PA – PB:

Manometer
𝑃𝐶 = 𝑃𝐷
𝑃𝐶 = 𝑃𝐴 − 𝜌𝑝 𝑔ℎ1 − 𝜌𝑄 𝑔ℎ
𝑃𝐷 = 𝑃𝐵 − 𝜌𝑝 𝑔ℎ2
𝑃𝐴 − 𝜌𝑝 𝑔ℎ1 − 𝜌𝑄 𝑔ℎ = 𝑃𝐵 − 𝜌𝑝 𝑔ℎ2
𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵 = 𝜌𝑝 𝑔ℎ2 + 𝜌𝑝 𝑔ℎ1 + 𝜌𝑄 𝑔ℎ
EXAMPLE 7:

A pressure tube is used to measure the pressure of oil with density 640 kg/m3 in
a pipeline. If the oil rises to a height of 1.45 m above the center of the pipe. What
is the gauge pressure in N/m2 at that height point.
EXAMPLE 8:

Figure 8 shows simple U-tube manometer included mercury to measure water

pressure. Given specific gravity of mercury, Smercury = 13.6, h1 = 0.45m and h2 =
0.7m. Calculate the gauge pressure at A.

Figure 8
EXAMPLE 9:

Figure 9 shows simple U-tube manometer included mercury to measure water

pressure. Given specific gravity of mercury, Smercury = 13.6, h1 = 1.0m and h2 =
0.4m. Calculate the gauge pressure at A.

Figure 9
EXAMPLE 10:

In the figure 10, shows a U-tube manometer is used to measure the fluid
pressure difference between pipe A and pipe B. U-tube containing the mercury.
Calculate the pressure between the pipe A and pipe B if given h1 = 160 cm, h2 =
50 cm and h3 = 80 cm. Fluid A and B (𝜌water =1000 kg/m3) and specific gravity of
mercury is 13.6.

Figure 10
EXAMPLE 11:

An inverted U-tube manometer is filled with mercury in a U-tube and water in

pipe A and B. Calculate the pressure difference between A and B if h = 80 cm,
h1 = 70 cm and h2 = 165 cm. Given the SHG = 13.6.
 FLUID FLOW
Motion of a fluid subjected to unbalanced forces or stresses. The motion
continues as long as unbalanced forces are applied.

Types Of Flow
❖ Uniform flow
- The cross-sectional area and velocity of the stream of fluid are the same at
each successive cross-section.
- If the flow velocity is assumed to have the same speed and direction at every
point within the fluid.
- Example: straight pipe at constant diameter.
 FLUID FLOW
❖ Steady flow
- The cross-sectional area and velocity of the stream of fluid are different at
each successive cross-section but do not change with the time.
- Example: A wave travelling along a channel

❖ Unsteady flow
- The cross-sectional area and velocity of the stream may vary from cross-
section, but for each cross-section they change/fluctuate with time.
 FLUID FLOW
❖ Laminar flow
- Also known as streamline or viscous flow, in which the particles of the fluid
move in an orderly manner and retain the same relative positions in
successive cross-sections. OR
- In laminar flow the motion of the particles of fluid is very orderly with all
particles moving in straight lines parallel to the pipe walls.
- The flow is laminar when Reynolds number Re < 2000.
 FLUID FLOW
❖ Turbulent flow
- Turbulent flow is a non-steady flow in which the particles of fluid move in a
disorderly manner, occupying different relative positions in successive cross-
sections.
- In turbulent flow the speed of the fluid at a point is continuously undergoing
changes in both magnitude and direction.
- The flow is turbulent when Reynolds number Re > 4000
 FLUID FLOW
❖ Transition flow
- Transition flow is a mixture of laminar and turbulent flow, with turbulence in
the center of the pipe and laminar flow near the edges.
- The flow is transitional when Reynolds number 2000 < Re < 4000.
CHARACTERISTIC OF LAMINAR, TRANSITIONAL
AND TURBULENT FLOW
LAMINAR FLOW TRANSITIONAL FLOW TURBULENT FLOW
Re < 2000 2000 < Re > 4000 Re > 4000
Low velocity Medium velocity High velocity
Fluid particles move in Is a mixture of laminar Particle paths
straight lines and turbulent flow completely irregular
Velocity profile: Velocity profile: Velocity profile:
 Reynolds Number

❖ is used to determine whether the fluid flow is laminar or turbulent .

𝑉𝐷𝜌 𝑉𝐷
𝑁𝑅 = =
𝜇 

Where
NR – Reynolds Number
V – velocity of flow (m/s)
D – Diameter of pipe (m)
 - Density of water (kg/m3)
 - Dynamic viscosity (pa.s)
 - kinematic viscosity (m2/s)
 FLOW RATE
❖ Flow Rate or Discharge - Is the volume of fluid which moving
through a pipe or channel per unit time.
❖ Symbol: Q
❖ Units: m3/s

𝑄 = 𝐴V
Q - Flow rate (m3/s)
A - Cross-sectional area (m2)
v - Velocity (m/s)
 FLOW RATE
EXAMPLE 13:

If the diameter, d = 15 cm and the velocity, v = 3 m/s, calculate the discharge in

pipe.
 CONTINUITY EQUATION
For continuity of flow in any system of fluid flow, the total
amount of fluid entering the system must equal the amount
leaving the system. (Uniform flow and steady flow)

𝑄1 = 𝑄2
𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2

a) Single pipe with same diameter b) Single pipe with different diameter c) Single pipe on a diffuser
 CONTINUITY EQUATION
Types of inlet and outlet system Continuity Equation

𝑄1 = 𝑄2
𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝐴2 𝑉2

𝑄1 = 𝑄2
𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝐴2 𝑉2

𝑄1 = 𝑄2 + 𝑄3
𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝐴2 𝑉2 +𝐴3 𝑉3
 CONTINUITY EQUATION
EXAMPLE 14:

An above Figure shows a round pipe A with a diameter of 20 mm. Oil flow
splits into two at the end. Pipe B with a diameter of 10 mm has a velocity,
vB = 0.3 m/s and pipe C with diameter 15 mm has velocity, vC = 0.6 m/s.
Calculate QB, QC and vA.
 CONTINUITY EQUATION
EXAMPLE 15:

The main pipe A with a diameter of 50 mm flows oil with the flow rate of
QA = 2QB .The pipe then split into 2 pipes, where pipe B has a diameter of
95 mm and velocity of 2 m/s. Pipe C has a flow velocity of 0.6 m/s.
Calculate:
i. Discharge in pipe B, A and C
ii. Diameter of pipe C
 BERNOULLI EQUATION
Bernoulli’s Theorem states that the total head of energy of each particle
(molecules) of fluid entering the system is equal to the total head of energy of
each particle (molecules) of fluid leaving the system.
Bernoulli’s Theorem:
Total energy per unit volume at section 1 = Total energy per unit volume at
section 2.

z = potential head of energy

𝑝
𝜔
= pressure head of energy
𝑣2
2𝑔
= kinetic head of energy
H = Total head of energy

Unit for head of energy is meter (m)

 BERNOULLI EQUATION
❖ The limitation of Bernoulli’s Equation:

i. the flow is steady

ii. friction losses are negligible
iii. the density is constant
iv. the equation relates at two points along a single streamline

❖ Application of Bernoulli Equation

i. Horizontal Pipe
ii. Incline Pipe
iii. Horizontal venturi meter
iv. Incline venture meter
v. Orifice
vi. Pitot Tube
 BERNOULLI EQUATION
Types of Equipement
1. Horizontal Pipe
P v2
H=z+ +
 2g
Z

2. Incline Pipe
2
P1 v12 P v
z1 + + = z2 + 2 + 2
 2g  2g

3. Horizontal Venturi Meter

2 gH
Qtheory = A1
m2 −1
2 gH
Qactual = Cd  Qtheory = Cd A1 𝐻=
𝑃1 − 𝑃2
=𝑥
𝜔𝐻𝑔
−1
m2 −1 𝜔𝑠𝑢𝑏 𝜔𝑠𝑢𝑏
 BERNOULLI EQUATION
Types of Equipement
4. Incline Venturi Meter
2𝑔𝐻
𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 𝐶𝑑 𝐴1
𝑚2 − 1

𝑃1 − 𝑃2 𝜔𝐻𝑔 Z2
Z1 X
𝐻= + (𝑍1 − 𝑍2 ) = 𝑥 −1
𝜔𝑠𝑢𝑏 𝜔𝑠𝑢𝑏

5. Orifice
2 gH
Qactual = C d  A1
(
m2 −1 )
6. Pitot Tube
2 gh ( man−  sub )
vtheory =
 sub
2 gh ( man−  sub )
vactual = C
 sub
 BERNOULLI EQUATION
EXAMPLE 16: (Horizontal Pipe)

Water flows through a pipe 36 m from the sea level as shown in above figure .
Pressure in the pipe is 410 kN/m2 and the velocity is 4.8 m/s. Calculate the
total energy of water above the sea level.
 BERNOULLI EQUATION
EXAMPLE 17: (Inclined Pipe)

A tapper pipe labeled MN measures 5 m and 3 m respectively above the datum

line. The diameter M and N are both 20 cm and 5 cm. The water pressure at
inlet is 490.5 kN/m2. If the velocity at M is 1.0 m/s, determine the pressure at
N in kN/m2.
 BERNOULLI EQUATION
EXAMPLE 18: (Horizontal Venturi Meter)

A horizontal venturi meter has a diameter of entrance and throat 0.25m and
0.18m respectively. The pressure at entrance is 280kN/m2 and throat is
100kN/m2. Determine the actual discharge of oil if soil = 0.9 and coefficient of
discharge is 0.92.
 BERNOULLI EQUATION
EXAMPLE 19: (Horizontal Venturi Meter)

A horizontal venturi meter measures the flow of oil of specific gravity 0.9 in a
75 mm diameter pipeline. The coefficient of discharge is 0.97. If the difference
of pressure between the entrance and the throat is 34.5 kN/m2 and the area
ratio is 4, determine the actual discharge.
 BERNOULLI EQUATION
EXAMPLE 20: (Incline/Vertical Venturi Meter)

A vertical venturi meter measures the flow of oil of specific gravity 0.82 and
has an entrance of 125 mm diameter and throat of 50 mm diameter. There are
pressure gauges at the entrance and at the throat, which is 300 mm above the
entrance. If the coefficient of discharge for the meter is 0.97 and the pressure
difference is 27.5 kN/m2, calculate the actual discharge in unit m3/s.
 BERNOULLI EQUATION
EXAMPLE 21: (Orifice)

A meter orifice has a 100mm diameter circular hole in the pipe. Diameter of the
pipe is 250mm. Coefficient of discharge, Cd = 0.65 and specific gravity of oil in
the pipe is 0.9. The difference of level is measure by the manometer is 750mm.
Calculate the actual flow rate of the oil through the pipe.
 BERNOULLI EQUATION
EXAMPLE 22: (Pitot Tube)

A Pitot Tube is used to measure air velocity in a pipe attached to a manometer.

The difference level of that manometer is 6 mm water. The density of air is 1.25
kg/m3. Calculate the actual velocity if the coefficient of the pitot tube, C = 0.94.
😉 I MUST REMEMBER THE FLUID
APPLICATION…