Instrument and Control Engineering

Presented: Bui Hai Phu

1 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Agenda
Pressure measurement

2 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Introduction

Pressure is define as force divided by area. (exerts

on solid, gas, liquid)

F = force in newton/ lb
P = F/A A = area in m2/ in2

The unit of pressure is in Pa, psi, atm, bar, torr

1 psi = 6895 pa
1 bar = 105 Pa
1 atm = 101325 Pa
1 torr = 133.3 Pa
Static and Dynamic Pressure

Static pressure is the pressure of fluid or gases

that are stationary or not in motion.
Dynamic pressure is the pressure exerted by a
fluid or gas when it impacts on a surface or an
object due to its motion or flow.
Pressure Measurement

Absolute pressure is the

pressure measured wrt a Zero Pressure

vacuum (unit = psia)

Gauge pressure is the Absolute
pressure measured wrt Pressure due to
Atmosphere
Pressure
at point of
atmospheric pressure interest
(unit = psig)
Atmospheric pressure is Gauge
the pressure on the Pressure at
point of interest
earth’s surface due to
the weight of gases in
the earth’s atmosphere
(14.7psi)
Exercise
Find the absolute pressure, if a pressure gauge
reads 8.3psi, while the atm pressure is 14.7psi.

Pabs = Pat + Pg
= 14.7 + 8.3
= 23 psi
Hydrostatic Pressure
Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure in a liquid.
The pressure increases as the depth in a liquid increases, due to its
weight.
ρ = density in kg/m3
In term of equation, P = ρgh g = acceleration due to gravity
(9.8m/s2)
h = depth in liquid in m
P = pressure in Pa

P = ρwh
ρw = weight density in lb/ft3
h = depth in liquid in ft
P = pressure in lb/ft2
Principle of measurement

There are four types of basic pressure sensors commonly

used in the petroleum industry: bourdon tube, diaphragm,
bellows
The bourdon tube is the most common type of pressure sensor
in use. When pressure is applied, the tube tends to straighten
The bellows sensor may be as common as the diaphragm
because of its similarity to the diaphragm. A bellows is basically
a cup or tube with rippled sides such that, when pressure is
applied to the inside of the bellows, the bellows tends to
extend/lengthen in proportion to the pressure applied
Diaphragm is a circular flexible plate fixed such that, when a
greater pressure is applied to one side, it flexes in proportion to
the applied pressure.
Electronic pressure sensors are unique linking techniques
employed with the basic sensors mentioned above

8
Bourdon Tube Sensors

9 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Bourdon Tube Sensors
"C" type bourdon tubes are used
for ranges as low as 0 to 100 kPa
(0 to 15 psig) and as high as 0 to
10,000 kPa (0 to 1500 psig).
They are simple and accurate,
and they have good repeatability.
Helical bourdon tubes are used
for ranges from as low as 0 to
1300 kPa (0 to 200 psig) to 0 to
40,000 kPa (0 to 6000 psig).
Spiral bourdon tubes are used for
both very low ranges and very
high ranges as low as 0 to 65 kPa
(0 to 10 psig), and heavy-duty
from 0 to 700,000 kPa (0 to
100,000 psig).
https://youtu.be/IxhNLtP8jpI

10 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Bellow Sensors
A bellows sensor can
accurately measure much
lower pressures than a
bourdon tube. Absolute
pressure ranges as low as
0 to 100 mm Hg and gauge
pressure ranges as low as
0 to 125 mm H 2 O (0 to 5 in
H 2 O) are available.
Bellows elements can
measure absolute pressure,
gauge pressure, vacuum, or
differential pressure

11 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Diaphragm Sensors
Diaphragm pressure elements
are able to measure lower
pressures than bourdon tubes.
Measurement of absolute and
gauge pressures down to 0 to 5
mm H2O

12 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Electronic pressure sensor
The Wheatstone circuit

13 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Electronic pressure sensor
Strain gauge is a device to
measure electrical
resistance change by the
change of strain. The
resistance change can be
detected by Wheatstone
bridge.

14 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Electronic pressure sensor
Capacitance:
The basic operating principle involved in all capacitive
pressure sensors is the measurement of change in
capacitance resulting from the movement of an elastic
element.

15 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Pressure measurement principle
https://youtu.be/QrT8VWxdxwk

16 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Pressure calibration tool

17 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Datasheet – Pressure gauge

18 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Datasheet – Pressure transmitter

19 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Hook-up drawings
Pressure transmitter with manifold – direct mounted

20 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Hook-up drawings
Pressure transmitter with diaphragm seal – direct mounted

21 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Hook-up drawings
Pressure transmitter capillary tube – remote mounted

22 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Hook-up drawings
Pressure transmitter with pressure gauge– remote mounted

23 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Hook-up drawings
Pressure transmitter with pressure gauge– remote mounted

24 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Hook-up drawings
dP transmitter – remote mounted

25 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Hook-up drawings
dP transmitter – remote mounted on vessel

26 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Hook-up drawings
dP transmitter – remote mounted

27 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Hook-up drawing
Pressure gauge

28 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Hook-up drawing
Pressure gauge

29 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Hook-up drawing
Pressure gauge Pressure gauge siphons are used to
protect the pressure gauge from the
effect of hot pressure media such as
steam and also to reduce the effect of
rapid pressure surges. The pressure
medium forms a condensate and is
collected inside the coil or pigtail portion
of the pressure gauge syphon. The
condensate prevents the hot media
from coming in direct contact
with the pressure instrument. When the
syphon is first installed, it should be
filled with water or any other suitable
separating liquid.

30 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Maintenance
Transmitter Function Test

1- Establish the test loop with mA meter, HART

communicator, and pressure calibrator.

Note: Connect mA to “TEST+” and “TEST-“ terminals.

Short link between these terminals shall be temporary
removed and reinstated after test.

2- Apply pressure representing 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%,

100% of calibrated range by pressure calibrator.

3- For each testing point, wait seconds for pressure

stability.

4- Record the mA readings; ICS readings; calculate

the transmitter error , ICS readings

5- Check with CRT, ensure LOW/HIGH alarms

happen and reset at required levels.

31 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Maintenance
If the Function Test failed, try to calibrate the pressure transmitter

Transmitter Calibration (procedure applied for Rosemount smart

transmitter, other model or manufacturer might be different)

1. Check the location of Security Jumper on the electronic board. Set the
Write Protect jumper to OFF.

2. Re-range the transmitter by using the command “ Re-range” in HART

communicator with pressure input source.

3. Re-test the transmitter. If the accuracy is still excessive, go to perform

D/A output trim using the command “D/A output trim” in HART
communicator.

4. Repeat actions 2 until the required accuracy is obtained

32 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Troubleshooting

33 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Maintenance

34 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Maintenance

35 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18