Professional Documents
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9(ii). A plant has water tank mounted on the top of a 27 m platform. The tank is 10 m high.
The height of the water in the tank if a pressure gauge on the second floor at a height of 5 m from
the ground reads 2.7 bar is,
(A) Full
(B) 5.12 m
(C) 3.12 m
(D) 7.18 m
(1991)
13. (b). A piece of wood floats of an interface between layers of oil and water as shown in Fig.19
(b). the specific gravity of wood and oil are 0.95and 0.75 respectively. Determine the volume
fraction of wood in the water
(1993)
4(h). For a sphere of density ρs and volume V placed in a fluid of density ρ.
(I). Weight. (A). (ρs –ρ)Vg
(II). Buoyancy force (B). ρVg
(C) ρsVg
(D) (ρs +ρ)Vg
(1994)
6. A tank full of water is open at the top with a hole near the bottom, the area of which is 0.25 m2
and the cross-sectional area of the tank is 1 m2. If the height of the water above the hole is
maintained at 10 m, what is the volumetric flow rate out of the hole ?
(1996)
1.9 The hydraulic diameter of an annulus of inner and outer radii R1 and R0 respectively is
A) 4 (R0 – R1), B) (R0 R1)1/2
C) 2 (R0 – R1), D) R0 + R1
(1997)
15. A rectangular piece of wood (density = 650 kg/m3) 75 mm x 75 mm x 2000 mm in size floats
on water (density = 1000 kg/m3). How many kilograms of lead of density 11.200 kg/m3 must be
put on the top of the wooden piece so that it will float upright with 300 mm of its length above
the water surface ?
(1997)
12. What is the force required (in Newtons) to hold a spherical balloon stationary in water at
a depth of H from the air-water interface? The balloon is of radius 0.1 m and is filled with air.
82a. Select the correct value of the upward thrust (in N) expressed in terms of the outside
pressure P which is expressed in Pa.
(a) 10.06 x 10-7 P – 0.0122 (b) 3.97 x 10-6 P – 0.01006
(c) 15.03 x 10-7 P – 0.0534 (d) 8.08 x 10-6 P – 0.1362
82b. Select the value of the outside pressure P in Pa for which there will be no force on the
balloon ?
(a) 25340 (b) 35530
(c) 12130 (d) 16860
(2005)
9. The magnitude of the force (in N) required to hold a body of volume 0.05 m3 and mass 40 kg
in water (density 1000 kg/m3) at a depth of 0.1 m is (g = 9.81 m/s2).
(A) zero (B) 98.1 (C) 490.5 (D) 882.9
(2006)
9.Three containers are filled with water up to the same height as shown. The pressures at the
bottom of the containers are denoted as P1, P2 and P3. Which ONE of the following relationships
is true ?
Continuity Equation
6. A tank full of water is open at the top with a hole near the bottom, the area of which is 0.25 m2
and the cross-sectional area of the tank is 1 m2. If the height of the water above the hole is
maintained at 10 m, what is the volumetric flow rate out of the hole ?
(1996)
14. A round fluid jet impinges on a flat plate and spreads out radially to form a film of
decreasing thickness as shown below :
The radius of the jet far from the stagnation point (O) is R, and the velocity is u. Assume the
flow to be inviscid and axisymmetric, and neglect gravity. Also assume that the velocity profiles
ae flat far from the stagnation point. The pressure outside the jet is atmospheric and the density
of the fluid (p) is constant.
i. Obtain the velocity of the fluid in the film [v(r)] and the thickness of the film,
[t(r)] at any radial distance r far from the stagnation point.
ii. Obtain the normal force acting on the plate.
(1998)
10. Derive an expression to obtain the time required to empty the vessel containing water as
shown in the following figure. The cross sectional area of the opening at the bottom of the tank
is a. Assume that H0 << H.
(1999)
8. A free jet of water is produced using a 75 mm diameter nozzle attached to a 200 mm diameter
pipe, as shown in the figure. If the average velocity of water at plane B is 3.8 m/s, calculate the
velocity of water at point A in the free jet. Neglect friction losses in the nozzle and pipe.
(2000)
1.8 Applying a pressure drop across a capillary results in a volumetric flow rate Q under laminar
flow conditions. The flow rate, for the same pressure drop, in a capillary of the same length but
half the radius is
A) Q/2 B) Q/4 C) Q/8 D) Q/16
(2001)
50) A pipe has a porous section of length L as shown in the figure. Velocity at the start of this
section is Vo. If fluid leaks into the pipe through the porous section at a volumetric rate per unit
area q (x/L)2, what will be the axial velocity in the pipe at any x? Assume incompressible one-
dimensional flow i.e., no gradients in the radial direction.
(2003)
35. A pipeline system carries crude oil of density 800 kg/m3. The volumetric flow rate at
point 1 is 0.28 m3/s. The cross sectional areas of the branches 1, 2 and 3 are 0.012, 0.008 and
0.004 m2 respectively. All the three branches are in a horizontal plane and the friction is
negligible. If the pressures at the points 1 and 3 are 270 kPa and 240 kPa respectively, then the
pressure at point 2 is
Assuming the flow to be steady and laminar in both drain pipes, if the volumetric flow rate in the
larger pipe is 16 times of that in the smaller pipe, the ratio D1/D2 is
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 8 (D) 16
(2009)
Energy Equations
2(iii). Bernoulli’s equation for steady frictionless flow states that, along a streamline,
a) Total pressure is constant
b) Total mechanical energy is constant
c) Velocity head is constant
d) None of the above
(1990)
3(a). The mechanical energy quation,
Point 1:
Pressure = 1.05 x 105 Pa,
Cross-sectional area = 5 x 10-4 m2,
Elevation above point 2 = 3m,
Point 2:
Pressure = 1.25 x 105 Pa,
Cross-sectional area = 15 x 10-4 m2,
Fluid velocity = 1 m/s,
Other data:
Density of fluid = 1000 kg/m3,
Power delivered by the pump = 7.5 W,
(Assume efficiency = 1)
Predict whether flow is taking place from point 1 to 2 or from point 2 to 1.
(1994)
2.7 Water is flowing at 1 m/s through a pipe (of 10 cm I.D.) with a right angle bend. The force
in Newton’s exerted on the bend by the water is
(2000)
36. The figure shows the idealized view of a return elbow or U bend, which is connected to
two pipes by flexible hoses that transmit no force. Water with density 1000 kg/m3 flows at
velocity of 10 m/s through the pipe, which has a uniform ID of 0.1m. The gauge pressure at
points 1 and 2 are 304 kPa and 253 kPa respectively. The horizontal force F required to keep the
elbow in position is
A) 1574 N B) 1970 N C) 5942 N D) 7533 N
(2007– Momentum Balance/rate of change of momentum)
Statement for Linked Answer Question 57 and 58 :
A free jet of water is emerging from a nozzle (diameter 75 mm) attached to a pipe (diameter 225
mm) as shown below.
The velocity of water at point A is 18 m/s. Neglect friction in the pipe and nozzle. Use g =
9.81 m/s2 and density of water = 1000 kg/m3.
57. The velocity of water at the tip of the nozzle (in m/s) is
(A) 13.4 (B) 18.0 (C) 23.2 (D) 27.1
58. The gauge pressure (in kPa) at point B is
(A) 80.0 (B) 100.0 (C) 239.3 (D) 367.6
(2009)
Q.10 Water is flowing under laminar conditions in a pipe of length L. If the diameter of the
pipe is doubled, for a constant volumetric flow rate, the pressure drop across the pipe
(A) decreases 2 times (B) decreases 16 times
(C) increases 2 times (D) increases 16 times
(2012 – Continuity & Bernoulli’s Equations)
Flow in Pipes, Losses
12(i). Nikuradse developed a semitheoretical correlation for f vs. Re for steady turbulent flow
in smooth pipes (105 < Re < 107):
Estimater the pressure drop over the entire length of the delivery line. Neglect the minor losses
due to sudden enlargement of pipe diameter.
For carbon tetrachloride, viscosity = 10-3 Pa.s and density = 1500 kg/m3.
For laminar flow, f = 16/Re,
For transitional-turbulent flow, f = 0.079 Re-0.25 where f is the Fanning friction factor.
(1997)
1.11 The hydraulic radius for flow in a rectangular duct of cross-sectional dimensions H, W is
A/Re where is the Reynold’s number, A is a constant and v is the average velocity in
the pipe. The pump head (H) versus flow rate (Q) characteristic is given by –H = α - βQ;
Where α and β are constants.
A. Obtain an expression for the pressure drop in the pipe (AP) in terms of the volume flow
rte (Q).
B. Obtain an expression for the steady operating flow rate in the system, assuming that the
only pressure loss in the system is due to the pipe flow. (5)
(1998)
1.9 A pipe of I.D. 4 m is bifurcated into two pipes of I.D. 2 m each. If the average velocity of
water flowing through the main pipe is 5 m/s, the average velocity through the bifurcated pipes is
7. A hydrocarbon oil (viscosity 0.025 Pa s and density 900 kg/m3) is transported using a 0.6 m
diameter, 10 km long pipe. The maximum allowable pressure drop across the pipe length is 1
Mpa. Due to a maintenance schedule on this pipeline, it is required to use a 0.4 m diameter, 10
km long pipe to pump the oil at the same volumetric flow rate as in the previous case. Estimate
the pressure drop for the 0.4 m diameter pipe. Assume both pipes to be hydro-dynamically
smooth and in the range of operating conditions, the Fanning friction factor is given by
f = 0.079 Re –0.25
(2000)
CH-8 The inlet velocity of water (p = 1000 kg/m3) in a right-angled bend-reducer is V1 = 1
m/s, as shown below. The inlet diameter is D1 = 0.8 m and the outlet diameter is D2 = 0.4 m.
The flow is turbulent and the velocity profiles at the inlet and outlet are flat (plug flow).
Gravitational forces are negligible.
Find the pressure drop (P1 – P2) across the bend assuming negligible friction losses.
If the actual pressure drop is (P1 – P2) = 8.25 kPa, find the friction loss factor (Kf) based on the
velocity V1
(2001)
11. The equivalent diameter for flow through a rectangular duct of width B and height H is
(2008)
7. Under fully turbulent flow conditions, the frictional pressure drop across a packed bed varies
with the superficial velocity (V) of the fluid as
(A) V -1 (B) V (C) V 3/2 (D) V 2
(2009)
Q.22. In Hagen-Poiseuille flow through a cylindrical tube, the radial profile of shear stress is
(A) constant (B) cubic (C) parabolic (D) linear
(2010)
Q. 34 Two liquids (P and Q) having same viscosity are flowing through a double pipe heat
exchanger as shown in the schematic below.
Densities of P and Q are 1000 and 800 kg/m3 respectively. The average velocities of the liquids
P and Q are 1 and 2.5 m/s respectively. The inner diameters of the pipes are 0.31 and 0.1
m. Both pipes are 5 mm thick. The ratio of the Reynolds numbers ReP to ReQ is
(A) 2.5 (B) 1.5 (C) 1 (D) 4
(2011)
Flow over Plates
13b). For flow over a flat plate wherein a laminar boundary layer is present for the case of a
zero pressure gradient, The parabolic profile for velocity u is given by,
u = a1y + a2 y2 for y ≤ δ;
u = V0 for y ≥ δ;
Find a1 and a2. V0 is the free stream velocity
(1992)
1.10 In the laminar boundary layer flow over a flat plate, the ratio (δ/x) varies as :
Where δ is the boundary layer thickness and x is the distance from the leading edge in the
direction of flow.
(2000)
1.6 For flow past a flat plate, if x is the distance along the plate in the direction of flow, the
boundary layer thickness is proportional to
(2002)
CH-6 Consider the flow in a liquid film of constant thickness (Q) along a vertical wall as shown
in the figure below.
Assuming laminar, one-dimensional, fully developed flow, the y-direction Navier Stockes
(A) (C)
(B) (D)
(2010)
Q.12 For uniform laminar flow (in the x-direction) past a flat plate at high Reynolds number,
the local boundary layer thickness (δ) varies with the distance along the plate (x) as
(A) (B) (C) (D)
(2012)
(1999)
2.9 A 1 m high bed made up of 2 mm particles is to be fluidised by an oil (density 900 kg/m3;
viscosity 0.01 Pa s). If at the point of incipient fluidisation, the bed voidage is 39% and the
pressure drop across the bed is 10 kPa, then the density of particles is
A) 2571 kg/m3, B) 3514 kg/m3, C) 4000 kg/m3, D) 4350 kg/m3
(2000)
2.4 A gas (density = 1.5 kg/m3, viscosity = 2 x 10-5 kg/m s) flowing through a packed bed
(particle size = 0.5 cm, porosity = 0.5) at a superficial velocity of 2 m/s causes a pressure drop of
8400 Pa/m. The pressure drop for another gas, with density of 1.5 kg/m3 and viscosity of 3 x 10-
5
kg/m s, flowing at 3 m/s will be
A) 8400 Pa/m B) 18900 Pa/m C) 12600 Pa/m D) 16800 Pa/m
(2002)
Q.20. The height of a fluidized bed at incipient fluidization is 0.075 m, and the corresponding
voidage is 0.38. If the voidage of the bed increases to 0.5, then the height of the bed would be
(A) 0.058 m (B) 0.061 m (C) 0.075 m (D) 0.093 m
(2010)
Common Data for Questions 48 and 49 :
For a liquid flowing through a packed bed the pressure drop per unit length of the bed
where, is the superficial liquid velocity, ε is the bed porosity, is average particle size, фρ
is particle sphericity, ρf is liquid density and µf is liquid viscosity
(1993)
2(i). For an orifice meter, the pressure recovery is ___________ than that for a venturimeter.
(1994)
2(iii) A pitot tube indicates 5 cm of water (manometer) when it is being used for measuring
velocity of air. The velocity of air in m/s is –
(2003)
37. In a laminar flow through a pipe of radius R, the fraction of the total fluid flowing through a
circular cross-section of radius R/2 centered at the pipe axis is
(A) 3/8 (B) 7/16 (C) 1/2 (D) ¾
(2006)-Based on Velocity Profile, Pitot Tube
39. The pressure differential across a venturimeter, inclined at 45° to the vertical (as shown in the
figure) is measured with the help of a manometer to estimate the flowrate of a fluid flowing
through it. If the density of the flowing fluid is ρ and the density of the manometer fluid is ρm ,
the velocity of the fluid at the throat can be obtained from the expression
(2007)
Q.11 The local velocity of a fluid along a streamline can be measured by
(A) Pitot tube (B) Venturi meter (C) Rotameter (D) Orifice meter
(2012)
Pumps
3(a). For a centrifugal pump the positively suction head is defined as,
(A). hvs + hps
(B). hvd + hpd
(C). hvs + hps = Ps
(D). hvd + hpd = Pd
(1997)
1.10 In centrifugal pumps, cavitation occurs when pressure of the impeller eye or vane becomes
A) less than atmospheric pressure, B) more than liquid vapour pressure,
C) less than liquid vapour pressure, D) more than atmospheric pressure,
(1999)
11. Oil of viscosity 100 cP is to be pumped as shown in the following figure. The pipe used
every where is of 7 cm I.D. If the efficiency of the pump is 80%, find the energy required for
pumping the oil at 20 m3/hr. Density of the oil is 800 kg/m3.
(1999)
1.5 With increasing flow rate, the hydraulic efficiency of a centrifugal pump—
A) monotonically decreases B) decreases and then increases
C) remains constant D) increases and then decreases
(2002)
51) A centrifugal pump is used to pump water through a horizontal distance of 150 m and then
raised to an overhead tank 10 m above. The pipe is smooth with an I.D. of 50 mm. What head
(m of water) must the pump generate at its exit (E) to deliver water at a flowrate of 0.001 m3 /s?
The Fanning friction factor, f is 0.0062
a) 10 m b) 11 m c) 12 m d) 20 m
(2003)
8. Match the following for a centrifugal pump with impeller speed n.
(P) Capacity (1) proportional to n
(Q) Head (2) proportional to n2
(3) proportional to n3
(A) P-2, Q-1 (B) P-1, Q-3 (C) P-2, Q-3 (D) P-1, Q-2
(2006)
38. The figure shows a series-parallel configuration of three identical centrifugal pumps. The
head increase ∆H across a single such pump varies with flowrate Q according to ∆H = a – bQ2 .
The expression for the total head increase ∆H = H2 – H1 in terms of a and b and the total
flowrate Q1 for this configuration is given by
(2007)
38. A pump draws oil (specific gravity 0.8) from a storage tank and discharges it to an overhead
tank. The mechanical energy delivered by the pump to the fluid is 50 J/kg. The velocities at the
suction and the discharge points of the pump are 1 m/s and 7 m/s, respectively. Neglecting friction
losses and assuming kinetic energy correction factor to be unity, the pressure developed by the
pump (in kN/m2) is
A) 19.2 B) 20.8 C) 40 D) 80
(2008)
Q.21. A storage vessel exposed to atmosphere (absolute pressure = 10.3 m of water) has a
diameter of 3 m and is initially filled with water to a height of 2 m. The pump draws water from
the vessel and is located at an elevation of 5 m above the bottom of the vessel. The frictional
head loss in the suction pipe is 2 m of water. If the vapour pressure of the liquid at the
temperature of operation is 3 m of water, then the available NPSH is
A) 2.3 m (B) 5.3 m (C) 6.3 m (D) 8.3 m
(2010)
Q.16 Match the pumps in Group I with the corresponding fluids in Group II.
GROUP I GROUP II
P. Gear pump. I. Highly viscous liquid
Q. Peristaltic pump II. Aqueous sterile liquid
III Slurry.
Types of Fluids
3(b). Match the following:
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(1994)
1.11 For laminar flow of a shear-thinning liquid in a pipe, if the volumetric flow rate is doubled,
the pressure gradient will increase by a factor of
A) 2, B) < 2, C) > 2, D) 1 / 2,
(2000)
2.6 A Bingham fluid of viscosity M = 10 Pa s, and yield stress τ0 = 10 k Pa, is sheared between
flat parallel plates separated by a distance 10-3 m. The top plate is moving with a velocity of 1
m/s. The shear stress on the plate is
A) 10 kPa B) 20 kPa C) 30 kPa D) 40 kPa
(2001)
11. The velocity profile for a Bingham plastic fluid flowing (under laminar conditions) in a pipe
is
a) parabolic
b) flat
c) flat near the wall and parabolic in the middle
d) parabolic near the wall and flat in the middle
(2003)
12. Match the following types of fluid (in group I) with their respective constitutive relations (in
group II), where τ is the stress and γ is the strain rate,
Group I
P. Pseudoplastic
Q. Bingham plastic
Group II
material is given by where B is a constant. If M, L and T are the mass, length and
time dimension respectively, what is the dimension of the constant B ?
(a) ML-1 T-1 (b) ML-1 T-2
(c) MT-1 (d) ML-1
(2005)
Agitation
2.9 At low Reynold’s numbers the power (P) required for agitating a fluid in a stirred tank
becomes independent of inertial forces. In this limit, indicate which of the following relations is
satisfied :
A) P0 a Re-1.0, B) P0 a Re0.0,
C) P0 a Re0.5, D) P0 a Re1.0,
P0 = P / ρN3D5 : Power number,
2
Re = ρND /µ : Reynold’s number,
N is the impeller rotational speed, and D is the impeller diameter.
(1998)
Sedimentation/flow past solid particle
3(b). A spherical particle is falling slowly. In a viscous liquid such that Reynolds number is less
than 1. Which statement is correct for this situation?
(A). Inertial and drag forces are important.
(B). Drag, gravitational and buoyancy forces are important.
(C). Drag forces and gravitational force are important.
(D). None of the above.
(1992)
3(c). As the velocity V and thus the Reynolds number of a flow past a sphere increases from
low values, the drag force for Re << 1,
(A). Increase linearly with V.
(B). Decrease linearly with V.
(C). Decrease as V2.
(D). None of these.
(1992)
1.8 In the low Reynolds number region, the drag force on a sphere is proportional to
A) V, B) V2,
4
C) V, D) V0.5,
Where V is the terminal setting velocity of the sphere in a viscous medium.
(1997)
1.9 Boundary layer separation is characterized by one of the conditions given below, where Re is
the Reynold’s number for the flow. Select the appropriate conditions.
A) Re << 1, accelerating flow, B) Re >> 1, accelerating flow,
C) Re << 1, decelerating flow, D) Re >> 1, decelerating flow,
(1998)
2.3 The drag coefficient for a bacterium moving in water at 1 mm/s, will be of the following
order of magnitude (assume size of the bacterium to be 1 micron and kinematic viscosity of
water to be 10-6 m2/s)
A) 24000 B) 24 C) 0.24 D) 0.44
(2002)
Q.35 The diameter of a drop of liquid fuel changes with time, due to combustion, according to
the relationship, while burning, the drop falls at its terminal velocity under
Stokes’ flow regime. The distance it will travel before complete combustion, is given by
Cyclone
2.6 Velocity of a small particle of diameter Dp at a distance r from the rotational axis of a
cyclone rotating at an angular speed w is given by (the other symbols are as per standard
notation)
(1999)
Valves
1.10 A globe valve is most suitable for applications in which –
a) the valve is required to be either fully open or fully closed,
b) flow control is required,
c) the fluid contains dispersed particles,
d) One-way flow is required,
(1998)
Q.45 A control valve, with a turndown ratio of 50, follows equal percentage characteristics. The
flow rate
of a liquid through the valve at 40% stem position is 1 m3/h. What will be the flow rate in m3/h
at
50% stem position, if the pressure drop across the valve remains unchanged? (Up to 2 digits after
the decimal point.) ________
(2013)