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Cagayan de Oro Campus

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Unit 3c2
Energy Equation:
Source: Engineering Fluid
Mechanics by Elger, et al
Head Losses in
Pipes (Major)

CE 316-Hydraulics
Ruth Guinita-Cabahug, DTE
Faculty, Department of Civil Engineering
College of Engineering and Architecture
 Learning Outcomes
▪ Describe a conduit

▪ Calculate Reynolds Number

▪ Describe developing flow and fully developed flow

▪ Discuss the different formulas used in calculating head

loss in pipelines

▪ Describe the main features of the Moody diagram

▪ Estimate friction factor, 𝑓, for turbulent flow using the

Moody diagram

▪ Apply the Moody diagram and Darcy-Weisbach formula

in pipeline problems
 Major Head Losses 𝒉𝒇
▪ caused by pipe friction along straight sections in pipe of
uniform diameter and uniform roughness

Darcy-Weisbach Formula

𝐿 𝑉2
ℎ𝑓 = 𝑓
𝐷 2𝑔

where:
𝑓 = 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝐿 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝐷 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑉 = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑛 𝑚/𝑠
 Major Head Losses 𝒉𝒇
For non-circular pipes, D = 4R
where: R = hydraulic radius
𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑨
𝑅= =
𝑤𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑷

For circular pipes, the head loss in terms of

discharge 𝑸 is expressed as:
𝑳 𝟐
𝒉𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟔 𝒇 𝟓 𝑸
𝑫

where:
𝑄 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚3 /𝑠
 Major Head Losses 𝒉𝒇
▪ Value of 𝒇 :
Laminar flow
𝐿 𝑉2 64 𝜇
ℎ𝑓 = 𝑓 𝑓= 𝑣=
𝐷 2𝑔 𝑅𝑒 𝜌

32𝜇𝐿𝑉 𝜇
ℎ𝑓 = 𝑣=
𝜌𝑔𝐷2 𝜌

32𝑣𝐿𝑉
ℎ𝑓 =
𝑔𝐷2
 Major Head Losses 𝒉𝒇
Turbulent flow
1) turbulent flow in smooth and rough pipes
8𝜏𝑜 8𝑉𝑠2
𝑓= 2 = 2
𝜌𝑉 𝑉

2) smooth pipes, Re between 3,000 to 100, 000

0.316
𝑓 = 0.25
𝑅𝑒

3) smooth pipes with Re up to about 3,000,000

1
= 2𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑅𝑒 𝑓 − 0.8
𝑓
 Major Head Losses 𝒉𝒇
Turbulent flow (cont’d)
4) For rough pipes
1 𝑑
= 2 log + 1.74
𝑓 𝜀

5) For all pipes (Colebrook equation)

1 𝜀 9.35
= 1.14 − 2 log +
𝑓 𝑑 𝑅𝑒 𝑓

where:
𝜀 = 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑅𝑒 = 𝑅𝑒𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑠 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑑 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
 Major Head Losses 𝒉𝒇
5) Colebrook equation (cont’d))

1 𝜀/𝐷 2.51 Implicit in 𝒇. Requires

= −2.0 log +
𝑓 3.7 𝑅𝑒 𝑓 tedious iteration

Colebrook-White Equation:

1 𝑘 1.26
= −4 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 +
𝑓 3.71 𝑑 𝑅𝑒 𝑓

1.26
Note: for Large 𝑹𝒆 ≈0
𝑅𝑒 𝑓
 Major Head Losses 𝒉𝒇

▪ An approximate explicit relation for 𝒇 is given

by S.E. Haaland in 1983:

1.11
1 6.9 𝜀/𝐷
= −1.8 𝑙𝑜𝑔 +
𝑓 𝑅𝑒 3.7
 Major Head Losses 𝒉𝒇
Hazen-Williams Formula
▪ widely used in waterworks industry
▪ applicable only to water flow in pipes larger than
𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎 (2 inches) and velocities less than 𝟑𝒎/𝒔
▪ formula is designed for both flow in pipes and open
channels, but commonly used in pipes

𝑸 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕𝟖𝟓 𝑪𝟏 𝑫𝟐.𝟔𝟑 𝑺𝟎.𝟓𝟒

where:
𝐶1 = 𝐻𝑎𝑧𝑒𝑛 − 𝑊𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐷 = 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 (𝑚)
𝑆 = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝐺𝐿
𝐻𝐿
𝑆=
𝐿
𝑄 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚3 /𝑠
 Major Head Losses 𝒉𝒇
Hazen-Williams Formula
𝟏𝟎. 𝟔𝟕𝑳𝑸𝟏.𝟖𝟓
𝒉𝒇 = (S.I. Unit)
𝑪𝟏.𝟖𝟓
𝟏 𝑫𝟒.𝟖𝟕
Recommended value of C1 for Hazen-Williams Formula

Description of Pipe Values of C1

Extremely smooth & straight pipe 140

New, smooth cast iron pipes 130
Average cast iron pipes 110
Vitrified sewer pipes 110
Cast iron pipes, some years in service 100
Cast iron pipes, in bad condition 80
New riveted steel 110
Smooth wooden or wood stave 120
 Major Head Losses 𝒉𝒇
Manning Formula
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
𝑽 = 𝑹𝟑 𝑺𝟐
𝒏

where:
𝑛 = 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐴
𝑅 = ; ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝑃
𝐷
𝑅 = ; 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑠
4
𝑆 = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐸𝐺𝐿
 Major Head Losses 𝒉𝒇
Manning Formula (cont’d):
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
𝑽 = 𝑹𝟑 𝑺𝟐
𝒏
𝐷 ℎ𝑓
𝑅= ; 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑠 𝑆=
4 𝐿
𝟐 𝟏
𝟏 𝑫 𝟑 𝒉𝒇 𝟐
𝑽=
𝒏 𝟒 𝑳

▪ solving for 𝒉𝒇 in terms of velocity

𝟔. 𝟑𝟓 𝒏𝟐 𝑳 𝑽𝟐
𝒉𝒇 = 𝟒 (S.I. Unit)
𝑫𝟑 Note: for non-circular pipes, use 𝑫 = 𝟒𝑹
 Major Head Losses 𝒉𝒇
Manning Formula (cont’d):
1 2 1
𝑉 = 𝑅3 𝑆 2
𝑛
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝑄
𝑉=
𝐴
▪ Head loss due to friction in terms of discharge 𝑸

𝟏𝟎. 𝟐𝟗 𝒏𝟐 𝑳 𝑸𝟐
𝒉𝒇 = 𝟏𝟔
𝑫𝟑
 Major Head Losses 𝒉𝒇
Manning Formula (cont’d):
For values of “𝒏” to be used in Manning Formula
Kind of pipe Variation Use in design
from to from to
Brass & glass pipe 0.009 0.013 0.009 0.011
Asbestos-cement pipe 0.010 0.014 0.010 0.012
Wrought iron & welded steel pipe 0.010 0.014 0.011 0.013
Wood-stave pipe 0.010 0.015 0.011 0.013
Clean-cast iron pipe 0.010 0.017 0.011 0.013
Concrete pipe 0.011 0.017 0.011 0.012
Very smooth 0.010 0.017 0.012 0.014
“wet mix” steel forms 0.013 0.017 0.015 0.016
“dry mix” rough forms 0.015 0.035 0.016 0.017
with rough joints 0.012 0.014
common-clay drainage 0.013 0.015
vitrified sewer pipe 0.015 0.017
riveted-steel pipe 0.020 0.022
dirty or tuberculated cast-iron pipe
corrugated iron pipe

Source: Hydraulics by H.W. King, C.O. Wisler, J.G. Woodburn

 Moody Diagram

Moody Chart : Friction factor as a function of Reynolds number and relative roughness for
round pipes
 Moody Diagram
Wholly turbulent flow

𝜺
𝑫

Laminar
flow

Smooth

Transition range

𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝟏𝟎𝟕

𝜌𝑉𝐷
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇
Moody Chart : Friction factor as a function of Reynolds number and relative
roughness for round pipes
 Moody Diagram
▪ Colebrook combined all
data for transition and
turbulent flow in smooth as
well as rough pipes into what
is known as the Colebrook
equation:
1 𝜀/𝐷 2.51
= −2.0 𝑙𝑜𝑔 +
𝑓 3.7 𝑅𝑒 𝑓

▪ Approximate explicit relation for 𝒇 is given by S.E. Haaland

in 1983:
1.11
1 6.9 𝜀/𝐷
= −1.8 log +
𝑓 𝑅𝑒 3.7
Moody Diagram
▪ For hydraulically smooth
pipe, the friction factor is
approximated by Blasius
(1911):
𝒇 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝑹𝒆 −𝟏/𝟒

▪ Simplified formula by
Aldsul (1952):
𝟏/𝟒
𝜺 𝟔𝟖
𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏 +
𝑫 𝑹𝒆
 Moody Diagram
▪ To use the Moody diagram,
values of surface roughness
must be known
▪ The table below shows
some representative values

Surface roughness values for various engineering materials

Moody Diagram : Types of Fluid
Flow Problem
In the design and analysis of piping systems that
involve the use of the Moody diagram, three types
of problems are encountered:
1) Determining the pressure drop when the pipe length
and diameter are given for a specified flow rate (or
velocity)
2) Determining the flow rate when the pipe length and
diameter are given for a specified pressure drop
3) Determining the pipe diameter when the pipe length and
flow rate are given for a specified pressure drop
 Sample Problem No. 1
Oil with 𝝆 = 𝟗𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒈/𝒎𝟑 and kinematic coefficient of
viscosity, 𝒗 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏 𝒎𝟐 /𝒔, flows at 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔 through a
500 m of 200mm diameter cast-iron pipe. Determine the
following:
1) head loss; and
2) The pressure drop if the pipe slopes down at 10𝑜 in the
flow direction
Given:
𝐿 = 500𝑚 𝐷 = 200 𝑚𝑚
𝜌 = 900 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 𝑣 = 0.00001 𝑚2 /𝑠
𝑄 = 0.20 𝑚3 /𝑠 𝜃 = 10𝑜
Required:
1) Head loss
2) Pressure drop
 Sample Problem No. 1(Solution)
Given: Solution:
𝐿 = 500𝑚 1) Solve for the head loss in the system
𝐷 = 200 𝑚𝑚 ▪ Solve for the Reynolds number
𝑘𝑔 V𝐷
𝜌 = 900 3 𝑅𝑒 =
𝑚 𝑣
𝑣 = 0.00001 𝑚2 /𝑠 where:
𝑚3 𝑄 0.20
𝑄 = 0.20 V= =𝜋
𝑠 𝐴 0.200 2
4
𝜃 = 10𝑜
V = 6.366𝑚/𝑠
Required: 6.366 0.20
1) Head loss 𝑅𝑒 =
0.00001
2) Pressure drop
𝑹𝒆 = 𝟏𝟐𝟕𝟑𝟐𝟎 > 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎, turbulent flow
 Sample Problem No. 1(Solution)
Solution:
1) Solve for the head loss in the
system
𝜀
▪ Solve for the relative roughness,
𝐷
✓ From the Table, the absolute
roughness of cast-iron, 𝜺 =
𝟎. 𝟐𝟔𝒎𝒎
𝜀 0.26 1
= = 0.0013
𝐷 200 𝜀 68 4
▪ Solve for the friction factor, 𝒇,
𝑓 = 0.11 +
𝐷 𝑅𝑒
using Aldsul formula or read from 1
the Moody diagram 68 4
1/4 𝑓 = 0.11 0.0013 +
𝜀 68 127320
𝑓 = 0.11 +
𝐷 𝑅𝑒 𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟖
 Sample Problem No. 1(Solution)
Solution: ▪ Estimated:
1) Solve for the head loss in the
system 𝑓 = 0.0228
 Sample Problem No. 1(Solution)
Solution:
1) Solve for the head loss in the system
✓ From Darcy-Weisbach
𝐿 𝑉2
ℎ𝑓 = 𝑓
𝐷 2𝑔

500 6.366 2
ℎ𝑓 = 0.0228
0.200 2 𝑥 9.81

𝒉𝒇 = 𝟏𝟏𝟕. 𝟕𝟑𝟔 𝒎
 Sample Problem No. 1(Solution)
Solution:
2) Solve for the pressure drop in the system
1 𝜃

𝑧1 𝑳 2
𝑧2

𝐷𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑚
▪ BE between points 1 and 2
𝑉1 2 𝑃1 𝑉2 2 𝑃2
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2 + ℎ𝑓
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾
 Sample Problem No. 1(Solution)
Solution:
2) Solve for the pressure drop in the system (cont’d)

▪ BE between points 1 and 2

𝑉1 2 𝑃1 𝑉2 2 𝑃2
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2 + ℎ𝑓
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾

where:
ℎ𝑓 = 117.736 𝑚
𝑉1 = 𝑉2
 Sample Problem No. 1(Solution)
Solution:
2) Solve for the pressure drop in the system (cont’d)
𝑧1 − 𝑧2

▪ BE between points 1 and 2

𝑉1 2 𝑃1 𝑉2 2 𝑃2
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2 + ℎ𝑓
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾
𝑃1 𝑃2
− + 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = ℎ𝑓
𝛾 𝛾
where:
𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 𝐿𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 500 𝑠𝑖𝑛10𝑜 = 86.824 𝑚
 Sample Problem No. 1(Solution)
Solution:
2) Solve for the pressure drop in the system (cont’d)
▪ BE between points 1 and 2
𝑃1 𝑃2
− + 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = ℎ𝑓
𝛾 𝛾
𝑃1 − 𝑃2
+ 86.8.24 = 117.736
𝛾
𝑃1 − 𝑃2
= 117.736 − 86.824
𝛾
𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = ∆𝑃 = 𝛾 30.912 = 𝜌𝑔 30.912
∆𝑃 = 900 9.81 30.912

∆𝑷 = 𝟐𝟕𝟐. 𝟗𝟐𝟐 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐

 Sample Problem No. 2
Points A and B are 5 kilometers apart along a new 60cm
diameter cast iron pipe conveying water. Point A is 9 m
higher than Point B. If the pressure at Point B is 140 kPa
greater than at Point A, determine the direction and amount
of flow. Use coefficient of friction of cast iron, 𝑓 = 0.0019.
Given:

𝑨 𝐿 = 5𝑘𝑚
𝑃𝐴 9𝑚

𝑓 = 0.0019 𝑃𝐵 = 𝑃𝐴 + 140

Required: Direction and amount of flow

 Sample Problem No. 2
▪ Solve for the direction of flow

𝑨 𝐿 = 5𝑘𝑚
𝑃𝐴 9𝑚

𝑩
𝑓 = 0.0019
𝑃𝐵 = 𝑃𝐴 + 140
Consider Continuity Equation:

𝑄𝐴 = 𝑄𝐵 Since the diameter of pipe

is the same throughout its
length, therefore, 𝐴𝐴 = 𝐴𝐵
𝑽 𝑨 = 𝑽𝑩 (Eq 1)
 Sample Problem No. 2
▪ Solve for the direction of flow

𝑽𝑨 = 𝑽𝑩 (Eq 1)

Consider BE between Points A and B :

𝑉𝐴2 𝑃𝐴 𝑉𝐵2 𝑃𝐵
+ + 𝑍𝐴 = + + 𝑍𝐵 + 𝐻𝐿
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾

𝑃𝐴 𝑃𝐵
𝐻𝐿 = − + 𝑍𝐴 − 𝑍𝐵
𝛾 𝛾
𝑃𝐴 𝑃𝐵
𝐻𝐿 = − +9−0
𝛾 𝛾
 Sample Problem No. 2
▪ Solve for the direction of flow

𝑽𝑨 = 𝑽𝑩 (Eq 1)

Consider BE between Points A and B :

𝑃𝐴 𝑃𝐵
𝐻𝐿 = − +9+0
𝛾 𝛾
𝑃𝐴 (𝑃𝐴 + 140)
𝐻𝐿 = − +9+0
𝛾 𝛾
𝟏𝟒𝟎 (Therefore, flow is
𝑯𝑳 = − + 𝟗 = −𝟓. 𝟐𝟕𝒎 from Point B to
𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 Point A)
 Sample Problem No. 2
▪ Solve for the amount of flow

𝑽𝑨 = 𝑽𝑩 (Eq 1)

Consider Darcy-Weisbach head loss formula

𝐿 𝑉𝐵2
𝐻𝐿 = 𝑓
𝐷 2𝑔

5000 𝑉𝐵2
5.27 = 0.0019
0.60 2 9.81
𝑽𝑩 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟔 𝒎/𝒔
 Sample Problem No. 2
▪ Solve for the amount of flow

𝑽𝑨 = 𝑽𝑩 (Eq 1)

Consider Darcy-Weisbach head loss formula

𝑽𝑩 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏 𝒎/𝒔

𝑄 = 𝑉𝐵 𝐴𝐵
𝜋 2
𝑄 = 2.56 0.60
4
𝑸 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟐𝟑 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
 Sample Problem No. 2
▪ Solve for the amount of flow

𝑽𝑨 = 𝑽𝑩 (Eq 1)

Consider Darcy-Weisbach head loss formula

𝐿 2
𝐻𝐿 = ℎ𝑓 = 0.083𝑓 5 𝑄𝐵
𝐷
5000 2
5.27 = 0.083 0.0019 5
𝑄𝐵
0.60
𝑸𝑩 = 𝑸𝑨 = 𝑸 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟐𝟏 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
 Moody Diagram
Play video:
CE316-Unit 3c Estimate friction factor from a
Moody Chart and estimate friction factor using
Colebrook-White Equation via EXCEL Solver
function
Minor Losses and Moody
Diagram
For more information on minor or local losses, watch this
video of Dr. Isaac Wait:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d8RIAg4A9G4&t=4s