CE 368 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLAB

CE 368 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

Classification of Slabs :
1. One way slab – a slab supported by two beams or if s/l < 0.5
2. Two way slab – a slab supported by four beams or if s/l  0.5

Slabs that primarily deflect in one direction are referred to as one-way

slabs

When slabs are supported by columns arranged generally in rows so that

the slabs can deflect in two directions, they are usually referred to as two-
way slabs
CE 368 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
CE 368 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
CE 368 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

Two-way slabs can be strengthened by the addition of beams between the

columns, by thickening the slabs around the columns (drop panels), and
by flaring the columns under the slabs (column capitals).

Flat plates, Figure 16.1(b), are solid concrete slabs of uniform depths
that transfer loads directly to the supporting columns without the aid
of beams or capitals or drop panels. Flat plates can be constructed
quickly because of their simple formwork and reinforcing bar
arrangements.
CE 368 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

They need the smallest overall story heights to provide specified

headroom requirements, and they give the most flexibility in the
arrangement of columns and partitions. They also provide little
obstruction to light and have high fire resistance because there are few
sharp corners where spalling of the concrete might occur. Flat plates
are probably the most commonly used slab system today for multistory
reinforced concrete hotels, motels, apartment houses, hospitals, and
dormitories.
CE 368 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

Flat plates present a possible problem in transferring the shear at the

perimeter of the columns. In other words, there is a danger that the
columns may punch through the slabs. As a result, it is frequently
necessary to increase column sizes or slab thicknesses or to use shear
heads. Shear heads consist of steel I or channel shapes placed in the
slab over the columns. Although such procedures may seem expensive,
the simple formwork required for flat plates will usually result in such
economical construction that the extra costs required for shear heads
are more than canceled. For heavy industrial loads or long spans,
however, some other type of floor system may be required.
CE 368 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

Flat slabs, shown in Figure 16.1(c), include two-way reinforced concrete

slabs with capitals, drop panels, or both. These slabs are very satisfactory
for heavy loads and long spans. Although the formwork is more expensive
than for flat plates, flat slabs will require less concrete and reinforcing than
would be required for flat plates with the same loads and spans. They are
particularly economical for warehouses, parking and industrial buildings,
and similar structures, where exposed drop panels or capitals are
acceptable.
CE 368 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

In Figure 16.1(d), a two-way slab with beams is shown. This type of

floor system is used where its cost is less than the costs of flat plates
or flat slabs. In other words, when the loads or spans or both become
quite large, the slab thickness and column sizes required for flat
plates or flat slabs are of such magnitude that it is more economical to
use two-way slabs with beams, despite the higher formwork costs.
CE 368 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

Another type of floor system is the waffle slab. The floor is constructed by
arranging square fiberglass or metal pans with tapered sides with spaces.
When the concrete is placed over and between the pans and the forms
are removed, the waffle shape is obtained. The intervals or gaps between
the pans form the beam webs. These webs are rather deep and provide
large moment arms for the reinforcing bars. With waffle slabs, the weight
of the concrete is greatly reduced without significantly changing the
moment resistance of the floor system. As in flat plates, shear can be a
problem near columns. Consequently, waffle floors are usually made solid
in those areas to increase shear resistance.
CE 368 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
CE 368 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

Analysis of Two Way Slab by Coefficient Method

𝑀𝑠 = 𝐶𝑠 𝑤𝐿𝑠 2 (𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

𝑀𝑏 = 𝐶𝑏 𝑤𝐿𝑏 2 (𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝐶𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝑏 = 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒

𝑤 = 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

𝐿𝑠 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐿𝑏 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
1
𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
3
CE 368 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

column
strip 𝐿𝑠
4

Middle strip
𝐿𝑠
2

column 𝐿𝑠
strip
4
𝐿𝑏 𝐿𝑏 𝐿𝑏
4 2 4
CE 368 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

4 8 4

9 2 8 3 7

4 9

5 1

6
CE 368 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
CE 368 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
CE 368 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
CE 368 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

Steps in Designing Two Way Slab by Coefficient Method

1. Solve for m= 𝐿𝑠 / 𝐿𝑏  0.5

2. Solve for minimum thickness

𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙
𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 =  90mm
180
3. Solve for ultimate loads 𝑤𝑢 , 𝑤𝑢𝐷𝑙 , 𝑤𝑢𝑙𝑙

4. Check which case will it fall. Then get its corresponding coefficients.
CE 368 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

5. If a case has continuous edge, solve for negative moments at continuous

edge
𝑀𝑠 = 𝐶𝑠 𝑤𝐿𝑠 2 (𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

𝑀𝑏 = 𝐶𝑏 𝑤𝐿𝑏 2 (𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

6. Solve for positive moments along short and long direction
𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑀𝑠𝐷𝐿 = 𝐶𝑠 𝑤𝐿𝑠 2 𝑀𝑏𝐷𝐿 = 𝐶𝑏 𝑤𝐿𝑏 2

𝑀𝑠𝐿𝐿 = 𝐶𝑠 𝑤𝐿𝑠 2 𝑀𝑏𝐿𝐿 = 𝐶𝑏 𝑤𝐿𝑏 2

𝑀𝑇𝑠 = 𝑀𝑠𝐷𝐿 + 𝑀𝑠𝐿𝐿 𝑀𝑇𝑏 = 𝑀𝑏𝐷𝐿 + 𝑀𝑏𝐿𝐿

CE 368 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

7. Solve for negative moments at discontinuous edges = 1/3 of

positive moments
1 1
−𝑀𝑇𝑠 = 𝑀𝑇𝑠 −𝑀𝑇𝑏 = 𝑀𝑇𝑏
3 3

8. Solve for 𝜌 along short direction: midspan, continuous edge, discontinuous

edge. 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝑚𝑖𝑛 <  < 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ,

𝑓′𝑐 2 𝑅𝑛 𝑀𝑢
𝜌 = 0.85 1− 1− 𝑅𝑛 =
𝑓𝑦 0.85 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝜙 𝑏 𝑑2
CE 368 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

1.4 0.85 𝑓′𝑐 𝛽1 600

𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦 + 600

 < 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ; 𝑢𝑠𝑒  = 𝑚𝑖𝑛  > 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ; 𝑢𝑠𝑒  = 𝑚𝑎𝑥

9. Compute steel area along short span at midspan, continuous edge,

discontinuous edge. 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 then spacing of bars

1000 𝜋
(12)2 = 𝐴𝑠
𝑠 4
CE 368 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

10. Solve for 𝜌 along long direction: midspan, continuous edge,

discontinuous edge. 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝑚𝑖𝑛 <  < 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ,
11. Compute steel area along long span at midspan, continuous edge,
discontinuous edge. 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 then spacing of bars

Values of d:
Along short direction: d = t – clear cover – ½ (diameter of bar)
Along long direction: d = t – clear cover –3/2(diameter of bar)
Negative moments at discontinuous edges are assumed equal to 1/3 of the
positive moment in the same direction
Moment in the column strip is 2/3 of the moment in the middle strip in the
same direction
CE 368 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

Design a monolithic reinforced concrete slab having clear span

dimensions of 6m x 7.5m. The floor slab is to carry a service live load of
6.5kPa uniformly distributed over its surface. 𝑓𝑦 = 414𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓′𝑐 = 21𝑀𝑃𝑎