Chapter 2 part-2

Analysis and design of flat slabs

 INTRODUCTION

 Flat slab is a reinforced concrete slab supported directly by columns

without the use of beams.
 The absence of beams means that the slab has to…
* Carry the shear forces which are concentrated around the column,
* Transmit the moment to the columns and
* Suffer greater deflections.
 Column supported two-way slabs may have the following forms:
 Flat Plate
Flat slab
Cont’d
Flat Plate (simple flat slab)

 are flat slabs with flat soffit (bottom part)

 have uniform thickness

 supported on columns

 used for relatively light loads

 most economical for spans from 4.5m to 6m

Cont’d
 Flat slab

 are slab systems with load transfer to the column is accomplished by

thickening the slab near the column, using drop panels and/or by
flaring the top of the column to form a column capital.

 Are suitable for spans up to 9m and LL ≥ 5kN/m^2.

 Weak for lateral forces (like wind and earthquake load).

Cont’d
Uses of column heads :
* increase shear strength of slab

* reduce the moment in the slab by reducing

the clear or effective span

Uses of drop panels

 increase shear strength of slab

 increase negative moment capacity of slab

 stiffen the slab and hence reduce deflection

Cont’d
Benefits of flat slab
Flexibility in room layout

Saving in building height

Shorter construction time

Formwork requirement is
reduced
Cont’d
Flat Slab Design Method As Per EBCS EN 1992-1-1:2013

Finite Element Method (FEM)

Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)

Yield Line Method (YLM)

Grillage Analysis (GA)

 Equivalent frame method (EFM)
 This method is suitable for the analysis of flat slab having regular layouts of columns.

 Flat slab structure is divided longitudinally and transversely into frames consisting of columns and
strips of slabs.

EBCS EN 1992-1-1:2013 RECOMMENDATION FOR (EFM)

 This provides an acceptable representation of the behaviour of the floor by a

system of columns and slab(middle) strips analysed separately in each

direction.

 Rather than a full height frame, a series of sub frames comprising a single

floor with columns above and below is more commonly used subject to the

most unfavourable arrangement of load.

cont’d
 The total or final moments calculate on the edge and interior strips can be

distributed to the column and middle strips based on their percentage as

given on the code.

 The structure should be divided longitudinally and transversely into frames

consisting of columns and sections of slabs contained between the centre lines

of adjacent panels or the edge of the slab as appropriate.

 On the slab shown NS, the whole slab system is divided in to the edge strips

and the interior strips used in flat slab analysis and are illustrated as follows

on the next slide.

Cont’d
.
Cont’d
 To distribute the moments calculated from the ES and IS, the panels
should be assumed to be divided into column and middle strips (see
Figure below).
Cont’d
 Column strip is a design strip with a width on each side of a column center line
equal to 0.25Lx or equal to the drop size if the drop size is not less than Lx/3. And
the width of middle strips should then be adjusted accordingly.

• Middle strip is a design strip bounded by two column strips.

 The total bending moments obtained from the analysis should be
distributed across the width of the slab.
Cont’d
 PUNCHING SHEAR
What is punching shear?

 punching shear is perimeter shear which occurs in slabs with out

beams around columns.

 The failure mechanism is by shear, hence the name Punching Shear.

 Punching shear can result from a concentrated load or reaction acting

on a relatively small area, called the loaded area Aload of a slab or
foundation.
Cont’d
 Punching Shear is the most common and is a major design consideration in
flat slab construction.

 Tests show that cracks develop radially from the column position, in a
sudden and brittle failure on inclined faces of truncated cones or pyramids at
an angle of about 26.6° to the horizontal
Example
1. The following floor plan is planned to design using flat plat floor
system with the column layout shown. Design all panel for the following
preliminary dimension and material properties using Equivalent Frame
Method (EFM) according to EBCS EN 1992-1-1- 2013 for flexure.
Preliminary dimension and material properties
 Frame is braced/ non sway

 Story height= 3.6m

 Individual panel dimension= 5.5mx5.5m

 Column dimension= 450mmx450mm

 Service live load on slab= 5kN/m

2

 Dead load from partition and finishing =1.25kN/m

2

 Unit weight of concrete (γc ) =25kN/m3 , Material C25/30, S =400MPa, Ecm=

33Gpa, Es =200Gpa
Cont’d
Cont’d
Cont’d

𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

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• The area of reinforcement required is determined using the following equation and
the general design chart No.1,

𝑀𝑠𝑑, 𝑠 𝑀𝑠𝑑, 𝑠
𝐴𝑠 = =
𝑧 ∗ 𝑓𝑦𝑑 (𝐾𝑧 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ 𝑓𝑦𝑑)
The value of Kz can be extracted from the general design chart no.1 using the value
of μ.
𝑀𝑠𝑑
𝜇= 2
, 𝑧 = 𝐾𝑧 ∗ 𝑑
𝑏 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑

𝑀𝑠𝑑
𝐴𝑠 =
𝑧 ∗ 𝑓𝑦𝑑
Cont’d
Step: 6 Design for flexure

12 12
𝑑 = 230 − 25 − = 199𝑚𝑚 = 𝑑𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝. 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑2 = 230 − 25 − 12 − = 187𝑚𝑚
2 2 2
2
𝑎𝑠 = 𝜋 ∗ 6 = 113.1𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚
𝐴𝑠, 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 ∗ ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑑 > 0.0013𝑏 ∗ 𝑑 = 592.6𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑘
Where fctm= for C25 is 2.6MPa
𝑎𝑠 113.2
𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑏 ∗ = 1875 ∗ = 358𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 592.6
Use the minimum spacing as 350mm with 12mm dia. bar
Cont’d