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The
TheUniversity
UniversityofofMustansiriyah
Mustansiriyah Subject:Pavement
PavementStructural
StructuralAnalysis
Analysis
Faculty
FacultyofofEngineering
Engineering Dr. Rana Amir Yousif
2021-2022
rd
Highway
HighwayandandTransportation
TransportationEngineering
EngineeringDepartment
Department 3 Year
2 Stage
nd t
Lecture
PAVEMENT STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS, Lecture 3
Stresses in Flexible Pavement (layered system: Two layers system)
Reference
1. Yang H. Huang, Pavement Analysis and Design, second Edition, Pernctile Hall Inc.
USA, 1993.
2. Yoder, E. J. and M. W. Witczak, “ Principles of Pavement Design”, A Wiley-
Interscience Publication, John Wiley & Sons Inc.,USA 1975
3. A.T. Papagiannakis and E.A Masad, “Pavement Design and Materials”
4. AASHTO Guide for design of pavement structures 1993, AASHTO, American
Association of State Highways and Transportation Officials, USA. 1993.
5. Fred L. Mannering and Walter P. Kilarsk, 1998, “Principles of Highways Engineering
and Traffic Analysis” second edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc., USA, 1998
6. Oglesby Clarkson H., “ Highway Engineering”, John Wiley & Sons Inc., USA, 1975
7. Nicholas J. Garber and Lester A. Hotel, “Traffic and Highway engineering”
54
The University of Mustansiriyah Subject: Pavement Structural Analysis
Faculty of Engineering 2021-2022
rd
Highway and Transportation Engineering Department 3 Year Stage
Layered system
Flexible pavements are layered systems with better materials on top and cannot
be represented by a homogeneous mass, so the use of Burmister's layered theory
is more appropriate. Burmister (1943) first developed solutions for a two-layer
system and then extended them to a three-layer system (Burmister, 1945) .With
the advent of computers, the theory can be applied to a multilayer system with
any number of layers (Huang, 1967, 1968a) .
Figure 2 .13 shows an n-layer system. The basic assumptions to be satisfied are:
The basic assumptions to be satisfied are:

1. Each layer is homogeneous, isotropic, and linearly elastic with an elastic
modulus E and a Poisson ratio v.
2. The material is weightless and infinite in areal extent.
3. Each layer has a finite thickness h, except that the lowest layer is infinite in
thickness.
4. A uniform pressure q is applied on the surface over a circular area of radius a.
5. Continuity conditions are satisfied at the layer interfaces, as indicated by the
same vertical stress, shear stress, vertical displacement, and radial displacement.
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2.2.1 Two-Layer Systems

The exact case of a two-layer system is the full-depth construction in which a
thick layer of HMA is placed directly on the subgrade.
If a pavement is composed of three layers (e .g ., an asphalt surface course, a
granular base course, and a subgrade), it is necessary to combine the base course
and the subgrade into a single layer for computing the stresses and strains in the
asphalt layer or to combine the asphalt surface course and base course for
computing the stresses and strains in the subgrade .
Vertical Stress:
The vertical stress on the top of subgrade is an important factor in pavement
design. The function of a pavement is to reduce the vertical stress on the
subgrade so that detrimental pavement deformations will not occur. The
allowable vertical stress on a given subgrade depends on the strength or
modulus of the subgrade. To combine the effect of stress and strength, the
vertical compressive strain has been used most frequently as a design criterion.
The Stresses in a Two-Layer System Depend on:

1. The modulus ratio El/E2.
2. Thickness–radius ratio h/a
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Steps to Solve Two-Layer Systems:

Step 1
Find E1/E2 value.
Find a/h1 value.
Step 2
As example (if a/h1 =1.6 and E1/E2 = 5)
From Figure 2.15 please follow the char then c/q can obtain.
Example2.5:
Circular load having radius 6 in. (152 mm) and uniform pressure 80 psi (552
kPa) is applied on a two-layer system, as shown in Figure 2.16. The sub-grade
has elastic modulus 5000 psi (35 MPa) and can support a maximum vertical
stress of 8 psi (55 kPa). If the HMA has elastic modulus 500,000 psi (3.45 GPa),
what is the required thickness of a full-depth pavement? If a thin surface
treatment is applied on a granular base with elastic modulus 25,000 psi (173
MPa), what is the thickness of base course required?
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Solution:
Given E1/E2= 50,000/5000 = 100. And c/q = 8 / 80 = 0.1
From figure 2.15, a/h1 = 1.15,
h1= 5.2 in .(132 mm), which is the minimum thickness for full depth .
Vertical Surface Deflection:
Vertical surface deflections have been used as a criterion of pavement design.
For Flexible Plate
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For Rigid Plate
The deflection factor is a function of:
2. Thickness–radius ratio h1/a.
Steps to Solve Two-Layer Systems (Vertical Surface Deflection):

Step 1
 Find E1/E2 value.
 Find a/h1 value.
Step 2
 As example (if a/h1= 4 and E1/E2= 50)
 from Figure 2.17 please follow the chart then F2 can obtain. , F2=0.1
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Example:
A total load of 20,000 lb (89 kN) was applied on the surface of a two-layer
system through a rigid plate 12 in. (305 mm) in diameter, as shown in Figure
2.18. Layer 1 has a thickness of 8 in. (203 mm) and layer 2 has an elastic
modulus of 6400 psi (44.2 MPa). Both layers are incompressible with a Poisson
ratio of 0.5. If the deflection of the plate is 0.1 in. (2.54 mm), determine the
elastic modulus of layer 1?
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Solution:
The average pressure on the plate is q= 20000/36=176.8 psi
From Eq. 2.15
F2= 0.1*6400/ (1.18 *176.8 *6)= 0.511
From Figure 2.17, E1/E2=5
E1=5*6400=32000 psi
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Vertical Interface Deflection:
The vertical interface deflection has also been used as a design criterion. Figure
2.19 can be used to determine the vertical interface deflection in a two-layer system
(Huang, 1969c).
The deflection is expressed in terms of the deflection factor F by:
The deflection factor is a function of:

2. Thickness–radius ratio h1/a.
3. r/a.
Where :
r: is the radial distance from the center of loaded area.
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Steps to Solve Two-Layer Systems (Vertical Interface Deflection):
Step 1
 Find E1/E2 value.
 Find h1/a value.
 Find r/a value.
Step 2
 As example (if E1/E2= 1, h1/a = 4, and r/a = 2)
 from Figure 2.19 please follow the chart then F= 0.3 can obtain.
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Example 2.7:
Figure 2.20 shows a set of dual tires, each having contact radius 4.52 in. (115
mm) and contact pressure 70 psi (483 kPa). The center-to-center spacing of the
dual is 13.5 in. (343 mm). Layer 1 has thickness 6 in. (152 mm) and elastic
modulus 100,000 psi (690 MPa); layer 2 has elastic modulus 10,000 psi (69
MPa). Determine the vertical deflection at point A, which is on the interface
beneath the center of one loaded area?
Solution:
Given E1/E2= 100,000/10,000 = 10
h1/a = 6 / 4.52= 1.33
The deflection factor at point A due to the left load where:
r/a= 0
From Figure 2.19, F = 0.56
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The deflection factor at point A due to the right load where :
r/a= 13.5 / 4.52 = 2.99
From Figure 2.19, F = 0.28
By superposition F = 0.56 + 0.28 = 0.84

From Eq. 2.16
w = 70*4.52/10,000*0.84= 0.027 in. (0.69 mm)
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Solution
1. In the first case shown in Figure P2.3a, ω is known and E2 is required
So, We will find the E2 from Equation 2.10
Therefore .we need to find q……> q=P/A=10600/a2 = 10600/(36)=93.72 psi
2. In the second case shown in Figure P2.3b, the case is two-layer system, ω, h
and E2 are known and E1 is required
So, We need to use equation 2.15 for rigid plate to find F2 , then use figure 2.17
to find E1
A) Firstly, we need to find q resulted from the new load
q= 21200/(36)=187.45 psi
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B) Find F2 from eq. 2.15
C) Use figure 2.17 to fine E1,

h1/a=10/6=1.67…….> from Figure, E1/E2=4
Then E1=4(E2)= 4(3312.34)= 13249.36 psi
3. In third case in Figure P2.3c, E1, E2, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜔 are known , h is required
Pay attention the case here is flexible plate, So, we will use Equation 2.14 to find
F2 and Figure 2.17 to find h/a , then h
a) Find a for the new flexible load
a=√𝑃𝜋𝑞= √50000100𝜋=12.6 in
b) To use Figure 2.17, we need to find the F2 from Eq. 2.14
𝐹2= 𝐸2(𝜔)1.18𝑞𝑎= 3312.34 (0.2)1.5(100)(12.6)=0.35
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c) From figure 2.17, h/a= 5.6
d) h=5.5 (12.6)=69.3 in
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Solution
1. To find the maximum surface deflection, use Figure 2.17
E1/E2 = 200000/10000=20
2. To find the interface deflection, use Figure 2.19
Because there is no chart for E1/E2=20, we will use interpolation of the F resulted from
E1/E2=10 and from E1/E2=25
a)E1/E2=10, h1/a=1.27, r/a=0 ……..>F=0.58
b) E1/E2=25, h1/a=1.27, r/a=0 ………> F=0.43
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Critical Tensile Strain
 The tensile strains at the bottom of asphalt layer have been used as a design
criterion to prevent fatigue cracking.
 Two types of principal strains could be considered:
- The overall principal strain based on all six components of normal and
shear stresses.
- The horizontal principal strain based on the horizontal normal and shear
stresses only.
 The overall principal strain is slightly greater than the horizontal principal
strain, so the use of overall principal strain is on the safe side.
 Huang (1973a) developed charts for determining the critical tensile strain at
the bottom of layer 1 for a two-layer system.
 The critical tensile strain is the overall strain and can be determined from
in which e is the critical tensile strain and

Fe is the strain factor, which can be determined from the charts.
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Single Wheel
Figure 2.21 presents the strain factor for a two-layer system under a circular
loaded area.
In most cases, the critical tensile strain occurs under the centre of the loaded area,
where the shear stress is zero.
However, when both h1/a and E1/E2 are small, the critical tensile strain occurs at
some distance from the centre, as the predominant effect of the shear stress.
Under such situations, the principal tensile strains at the radial distances 0, 0.5a,
a, and 1.5a from the center were computed, and the critical value was obtained
and plotted in Figure 2.21.
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Steps for determining
Step 1 Enter h1/a (for example h1/a=1.5)
Step 2 Enter E1/E2 (for example =10)
Step 3 Use figure 2.21 to find Fe (for Fe= 0.5)
Step 4 Use equation 2.17 to find e. (e=q*0.5/E1)
Example 2.8:
Figure 2.22 shows a full-depth asphalt pavement 8 in.(203 mm) thick subjected to a
single-wheel load of 9000 lb (40 kN) having contact pressure 67.7 psi (467 kPa). If the
elastic modulus of the asphalt layer is 150,000 psi (1 .04 GPa) and that of the subgrade
is 15,000 psi (104 MPa), determine the critical tensile strain in the asphalt layer.
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Dual Wheels
 The two-layer theory indicates that the strain factor for dual wheels depends
on h1/a, Sd/a, and E1/E2 .
 As long as the ratios h1/a and Sd/a remain the same, the strain factor will be
the same, no matter how large or small the contact radius a may be.
 Consider a set of dual wheels with Sd = 24 in. (610 mm) and a = 3 in. (76
mm). The strain factors for various values of h1 and E1/E2 were calculated
and the conversion factors were obtained and plotted as a set of curves on the
upper part of Figure 2.23.
 Another set of curves based on the same Sd but with a = 8 in. (203 mm) is
plotted at the bottom.
 In this method, the dual wheels are replaced by a single wheel with the same
contact radius a, so that Figure 2.21 can still be used.
 Because the strain factor for dual wheels is generally greater than that for a
single wheel, a conversion factor C, which is the ratio between dual- and
single-wheel strain factors, must be determined. Multiplication of the
conversion factor by the strain factor obtained from Figure 2.21 will yield the
strain factor for dual wheels.
 It can be seen that, for the same dual spacing, the larger the contact radius, the
larger the conversion factor.
 However, the change in conversion factor due to the change in contact radius
is not very large, so a straight-line interpolation should give a fairly accurate
conversion factor for any other contact radii.
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 Although Figure 2.23 is based on Sd =24 in. (610 mm), it can be applied to
any given Sd by simply changing a and h1 in proportion to the change in
Sd, so that the ratios h1/a and Sd/a remain the same.
The steps of determining the critical tensile strain resulted from dual wheels
are as follow:
1. Finding the conversation factor C to adjust the results of single wheel to

dual wheel using Figure 2.23 as follows:
(C=the ratio between dual-wheels and single-wheel strain factors)
a. From the given Sd, h1 and a, determine the modified radius a` and the
modified thickness h1`
b. Using h` and E1/E2 to find conversion factors C1 and C2 from Figure

2.23
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1.15
The steps of using chart 2.23:

Step I, enter h1’ (for example h1’=10)
Step II, enter E1/E2 for both the upper and bottom charts (for example E1/E2=5)
Step III, Find C1 and C2 (C1=1.13 , C2= 1.2)
c. Determine the conversion factor for a' by a straight-line interpolation

between 3 and 8 in . (76 and 203 mm), or
2. Find Fe from Figure 2.21

3. Multiply C (from step 2) by Fe (from step 3)
4. Find the critical tensile strain € using Equation 2.17
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Example 2.9:
For the same pavement as in Example 2.8, if the 9000-lb (40-kN) load is applied
over a set of dual tires with a centre-to-centre spacing of 11.5 in. (292 mm) and a
contact pressure of 67 .7 psi (467kPa), as shown in Figure 2.24, determine the
critical tensile strain in the asphalt layer.
Solution
a=√ ( )
= 4.6 in
Sd = 11.5 in. , h1= 8 in.

E1=150000psi , E2=15000 psi , E1/E2=10
1. Finding the conversation factor C to adjust the results of single wheel to
dual wheel using Figure 2.23 as follows:
(C=the ratio between dual-wheels and single-wheel strain factors)
a. From the given Sd, h1 and a, determine the modified radius a` and the
modified thickness h1`
a`= 24*4.6/11.5=9.6 in
h1`=24*8/11.5= 16.7 in
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b. Using h` and E1/E2 to find conversion factors
C1=1.35 , C2=1.46
c. Determine the conversion factor for a' by a straight-line interpolation
between 3 and 8 in. (76 and 203 mm), or
C = 1.35 + 0.2 (9.6 –3)(1.46 – 1.35) =1.50.
5. Find Fe from Figure 2.21, h1/a= 8/4.6=1.73………………>Fe=0.47
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6. Multiply C (from step 2) by Fe (from step 3)

Fe (for dual wheels)=1.5*0.47=0.705
7. Find the critical tensile strain e using Equation 2.17

e=67.7*0.705/150000=3.18×10-4
Dual-Tandem Wheels
Charts similar to Figure 2.23 with dual spacing Sd of 24 in. (610 mm) and
tandem spacings St of 24 in. (610 mm), 48 in. (1220 mm), and 72 in .(1830 mm)
were developed for determining the conversion factor due to dual-tandem wheels,
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as shown in Figures 2.25, 2.26, and 2.27. The use of these charts is similar to the
use of Figure 2.23. Because the conversion factor for dual-tandem wheels
depends on h1/a, Sd /a, and St/a.
To determine the strain factor for dual Tandem wheels, the following variables
are considered:
1. The contact radius a
2. Layer thickness h1
3. Elastic modules E1, E2
4. The dual spacing Sd
5. The tandem spacing St
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The following procedure are used to find the critical tensile strain of dual-tandem
wheel
1. Modify the tandem spacing, St`=St (24/Sd)
2. Modify a and h1 to find a` and h1` using Eq.2.18a and 2.18b
3. Find the conversion factors C1 and C2 then interpolate them
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• If St=24 use Figure 2.25, then interpolate C1 and C2 using Eq 2.19
• If 24<St<48 use Figures 2.25 and 2.26, the interpolate the obtained C as
follows:
- Find C1 and C2 from Figure 2.25 then interpolate them using Eq 2.19
- interpolate the both above C using Eq 2.20
C = C(of smaller St)+[C(of bigger St)-C(of smaller St)][St`-St smaller]/[St bigger-
St smaller] ……………..(2.20)
• If 48<St<72 use Figures 2.26 and 2.27 then interpolate the obtained C as
follows:
- Find C1 and C2 from Figure 2.26, then interpolate them using Eq 2.19
- Interpolate the both above C using Eq 2.20
• If 72<St<120 use Figures 2.27 and 2.23 then interpolate the obtained C as
follows:
- Interpolate the both above C using Eq 2.20
• If St >120 then the wheels configurations is considered Dual wheel , use
Figure 2.23 then interpolate C1 and C2 using Eq 2.19
4. Find the strain factor Fe using Figure 2.21
5. Multiply the result of step 4 by the C resulted from step 3
6. Find the critical tensile strain e using equation 2.17
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Example 2.10:
Same as example 2.9, except that an identical set of duals is added to form dual-
tandem wheels having the tandem spacing 49 in. (1.25 m), as shown in Figure 2.28.
Solution
a=√ ( )
= 4.6 in
Sd = 11.5 in. , h1= 8 in. , E1=150000psi , E2=15000 psi , E1/E2=10
1. Modify the tandem spacing, St`=St (24/Sd)

St`=49 (24/11.5) = 102.3 in.
2. Modify a and h1 to find a` and h1` using Eq.2.18a and 2.18b.
a`= 24*4.6/11.5=9.6 in
h1`=24*8/11.5= 16.7 in
3. Find the conversion factors C1 and C2 then interpolate them

As St` = 102 , 72<St<120, Then Use Figures 2.27 and 2.23 to find C1 and C2
Enter St = 72 in, a=3 in., h1 =16.7 in Figure 2.27 …..> C1=1.23
St = 72 in, a=8 in, h1=16.7 in Figure 2.27…..> C2=1.3
By interpolation of C1 and C2 using Eq 2.19
C = 1.23 + 0.2 (9.6 - 3) (1.30 -1.23) = 1.32
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Enter St=120, a=3in., h1= 16.7 in Figure 2.23 …….> C1=1.35

St=120, a=8in, h1=16.7in Figure 2.23 ….……> C2=1.46
By interpolation of C1 and C2 using Eq 2.19
C=1.35+0.2(9.6-3)(1.46-1.35)=1.5
Interpolate the C of 1.32 for St= 72 in and 1.50 for St = 120 in using Eq 2.20
C=C(of St=72)+[C(of St=120)-C(of St=72)] [St`-St smaller]/[St bigger-St smaller]
C = 1.32 +(1.50 - 1.32)(102.3-72)/(120-72) =1.43
4. Find the strain factor due to single wheel Use Figure 2.21, Fe= 0.47
5. Find the strain factor due to dual-tandem wheels through multiplying the Fe of
0.47 by C
Adjust Fe= 1.43 ×0.47 = 0.672.
6. Find the critical tensile strain using Equation 2.17

e=67.7×0.672/150,000=3.03×10-4
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Solution
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90
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Q4.
For the pavement structure shown in Figure 3, a plate bearing test is made to
record total load of 20000Ib causing deflection of 0.1in.
A) Determine the thickness of the first layer to sustain the recorded deflection.
B) If the rigid plate is replaced with tire load exerting a contact pressure over
a circular area with radius of 5 in. Determine the tire load in Ib to maintain
the recorded deflection of 0.1 with the same material properties of the both
two layers and the thickness of the first layer in found in (A).
Figure 3
Solution
a= √ =6.5 in
( )
A) From Eq 2.15,
wo=1.18qaF2/E2…….> F2=0.1(5000)/1.18(150)(6.5)=0.43
From Figure 2.17, F2=0.43 and E1/E2=200000/5000=40…..>h1/a=0.68 (or 0.7)
h1=6.5*0.68=4.4 in
B) a=5in
From Figure 2.17, E1/E2=40…..>h1/a=4.4/5=0.88….> F2=0.35
From Eq 2.15,
wo=1.5qaF2/E2…….> q=0.1(5000)/1.5(5)(0.35)=190.5 psi
Load (P) = Pressure*(area of the contact pressure area)
=190.5()(25)= 14960 Ib
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94

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The

PAVEMENT STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS, Lecture 3

Stresses in Flexible Pavement (layered system: Two layers system)

The basic assumptions to be satisfied are:

2.2.1 Two-Layer Systems

The Stresses in a Two-Layer System Depend on:

Steps to Solve Two-Layer Systems:

Vertical Surface Deflection:

Vertical surface deflections have been used as a criterion of pavement design.

For Flexible Plate

For Rigid Plate

The deflection factor is a function of:

1. The modulus ratio El/E2.

2. Thickness–radius ratio h1/a.

Steps to Solve Two-Layer Systems (Vertical Surface Deflection):

The average pressure on the plate is q= 20000/36=176.8 psi

From Eq. 2.15

F2= 0.1*6400/ (1.18 *176.8 *6)= 0.511

From Figure 2.17, E1/E2=5

Vertical Interface Deflection:

The deflection is expressed in terms of the deflection factor F by:

The deflection factor is a function of:

Steps to Solve Two-Layer Systems (Vertical Interface Deflection):

 Find E1/E2 value.

 Find h1/a value.

 Find r/a value.

 As example (if E1/E2= 1, h1/a = 4, and r/a = 2)

The deflection factor at point A due to the right load where :

r/a= 13.5 / 4.52 = 2.99

From Figure 2.19, F = 0.28

By superposition F = 0.56 + 0.28 = 0.84

w = 70*4.52/10,000*0.84= 0.027 in. (0.69 mm)

So, We will find the E2 from Equation 2.10

Therefore .we need to find q……> q=P/A=10600/a2 = 10600/(36)=93.72 psi

B) Find F2 from eq. 2.15

C) Use figure 2.17 to fine E1,

c) From figure 2.17, h/a= 5.6

2. To find the interface deflection, use Figure 2.19

E1/E2=10 and from E1/E2=25

a)E1/E2=10, h1/a=1.27, r/a=0 ……..>F=0.58

b) E1/E2=25, h1/a=1.27, r/a=0 ………> F=0.43

Critical Tensile Strain

in which e is the critical tensile strain and

Steps for determining

Step 1 Enter h1/a (for example h1/a=1.5)

Step 2 Enter E1/E2 (for example =10)

Step 3 Use figure 2.21 to find Fe (for Fe= 0.5)

Step 4 Use equation 2.17 to find e. (e=q*0.5/E1)

1. Finding the conversation factor C to adjust the results of single wheel to

b. Using h` and E1/E2 to find conversion factors C1 and C2 from Figure

The steps of using chart 2.23:

c. Determine the conversion factor for a' by a straight-line interpolation

2. Find Fe from Figure 2.21

Sd = 11.5 in. , h1= 8 in.

b. Using h` and E1/E2 to find conversion factors

6. Multiply C (from step 2) by Fe (from step 3)

7. Find the critical tensile strain e using Equation 2.17

• If St=24 use Figure 2.25, then interpolate C1 and C2 using Eq 2.19

• If St=48 use Figure 2.26, then interpolate C1 and C2 using Eq 2.19

• If St=72 use Figure 2.27, then interpolate C1 and C2 using Eq 2.19

Sd = 11.5 in. , h1= 8 in. , E1=150000psi , E2=15000 psi , E1/E2=10

1. Modify the tandem spacing, St`=St (24/Sd)

3. Find the conversion factors C1 and C2 then interpolate them

F2= 0.16400/ (1.18 176.8 *6)= 0.511

w = 704.52/10,0000.84= 0.027 in. (0.69 mm)