Introduction

In this part of major design assignment, we are going to design of exterior and interior
beams for shear. Shear failure of reinforced concrete is also called diagonal tension failure. The failures
of reinforced concrete beams in shear are quite different from their failures in bending. Shear failures
occur suddenly with little or no advance warning. Therefore, beams are designed to fail in bending
under loads that are appreciably smaller than those are that would cause shear failures. As a result,
those members will fail ductility. They may crack and sag a great deal if overloaded, but they will not fall
apart, as they might if shear failures were possible.

Shear stress in concrete beam:

According to Engineer’s theory of bending, in a beam a state of pure shear stress exists at the neutral
axis. This causes principal tensile and compressive stresses of the same magnitude as the shear stress
and inclined at 45° to the neutral axis. This is shown in Figure below

Three Cases for Shear Reinforcement Requirement;

1. Case one: V≥ Vc shear reinforcement is required
2. Case two: 0.5φ Vc< 𝑉𝑢 < ∅ 𝑉𝑐 min shear reinforcement is required
3. Case three: Vu< 0.5∅ 𝑣𝑐 no shear reinforcement is required

Design procedure for shear reinforcement:

Design of a non-prestressed concrete beam for shear involves the following steps:

1. Determine maximum factored shear force Vu at critical sections of the member.

2. Determine shear strength provided by the concrete Vc.

 2
3. Compute Vs= Vu/∅-Vc at the critical section. If Vs> 3 √𝑓𝑐′𝑏𝑤*d increase the size of the section or the
concrete compressive strength.

4. Determine the required area of vertical stirrups Av or stirrup spacing s at a few controlling sections
along the length of the member and check the spacing limit.

Note

1- Where stirrups are required, it is usually more expedient to select a bar size and type (U-stirrups
(2 legs)) and determine the required spacing.
2- Larger stirrup sizes at wider spacing's are usually more cost effective than smaller stirrup sizes
at closer spacing's because the latter requires disproportionately high costs for fabrication and
placement.
3- Changing the stirrup spacing as few times as possible over the required length also results in
cost savings.

ACI CODES:
According to the ACI 318M-14 Code Table 21.2.1, the strength reduction factor, for shear is 0.75.
but the code also permits the use of some less conservative value given in Table 22.5.5.1:
INTRODUCTION
In this part of design assignment, we are going to design slabs. In general, slabs are classified as being
one way or two ways. When slabs are supported by columns arranged generally in rows so that the slabs
can deflect in two directions, they are usually referred to as two-way slabs. In this part we are going
design two-way slab because L/S is less than two.

For one way slab:

L/S> 2

For two way slab:

L/S≤ 2

There are 3 types of two-way slab. They are;

1- Two way solid slab (with beams)

2- Two way waffle slab ( with beams)
3- Two way waffle slab ( with integral beams)

Design procedure of two-way slab:

The basic design procedure of a two-way slab system has five steps.

1. Determine moments at critical sections in each direction, normally the negative moments at supports
and positive moment near mid-span.
2. Distribute moment’s transverse at critical sections to column and middle-strip and if beams are used
in the column strip, distribute column strip moments between slabs

And beam.

3. Determine the area of steel required in the slab at critical sections for column and middle strips.

4. Select reinforcing bars for the slab and concentrate bars near the column, if necessary.

ACI318 METHOD 3 FOR ANALYSIS OF TWO-WAY EDGE- SUPPORTED

SLAB:
According to ACI318M-2014, the minimum reinforcement near the tension face in each direction for
two-way slabs is that required for shrinkage and temperature crack control

Maximum spacing between reinforcement:

•At critical sections (mid strip) →≤ 2ℎ ≤ 460

Not critical sections (col. strip at discontinues edge) →≤ 3ℎ ≤ 460

Bending Moments: The moments in the two directions are calculated as:
Figure 1table one for negative moment

Figure 2table 2&3 live load and dead load

Introduction
Concrete columns can be roughly divided into the following three categories;

1- Short compression blocks or pedestals

2- Short reinforced concrete columns
3- Long or slender reinforced concrete columns

Thus, according to ACI Code 22.4.2, for spirally reinforced columns:

With φ = 0.75

For tied columns:

With φ = 0.65
SHORT COLUMNS UNDER COMPRESSION LOAD PLUS BENDING MOMENT: