Heat Transfer: Nur Istianah-THP-FTP-UB-2016

Heat Transfer
Nur Istianah-THP-FTP-UB-2016
Unsteady-state heat transfer
Temperature is changing with time, it is a function of
both location and time
It was in such as process: food pasteurization,
sterilization, refrigeration/chilling/cooling
Introduction
9
Unsteady state heat transfer
• In another words, in unsteady transient heat conduction,
temperature is a function of both time and spatial coordinates
 By using Fourier’s Equation governs the temperature response of a
body, and Thermal Energy equation (first law of thermodynamics
for closed system), one can fined the thermal conductivity of any
body by recording temperature change of its center with the time.
 Rate of heat transfer by conduction from the center of the body out side
or in opposite direction can be describe by Fourier’s Law
Nur Istianah-THP-FTP-UB-2016 11
Unsteady state heat transfer
• When the body is a metal semi infinite slab or cylinder

or sphere, for one-dimensional case the combination
equation is:
Where for slab m=0

for cylinder m=1
for sphere m=2
From thermodynamics definition of the thermal diffusivity
The general equation may be

modified to:
Biot Number
Ti Ts T
Ti Ts
Conduction
Ts T
Convection
R
Where

Bi<0.1 Ts
Ti
This Figure shows Meaning of Biot number Bi=1
value (the relation between Biot number value

Bi>>1
and the temperature gradient of any solid T
object).

Three cases for unsteady-state heat transfer
• NBi < 0.1 : negligible internal resistance to heat

transfer
• 0.1 < NBi < 40 : finite internal and surface
resistance to heat transfer
• NBi > 40 : negligible surface resistance to heat
transfer
Low Biot Number less than 0.1
• This indicates that the thermal resistance is negligible compared to the

convection resistance and Ti  Ts and the solid may have a uniform
temperature.
• This phenomenon is called (Lumped Thermal Capacity).
• Where in this case the heat transfer by convection from the surface will
balance the change of the internal energy of the solid.
At initial conditions
t = 0 T = Ti
the integration of of the above eq.
1
h G
T - T¥ -
rC p R
t
=e
Ti - T¥
rC p R This equation shows that the solid body
G= Time constant
h temperature approaches the surrounding
temperature T exponentially, which
means that the solid temperature change
rapidly at the beginning and slowdown
𝑇 − 𝑇∞ −
𝑡 after.
=𝑒 Γ For a big value of (1/) the solid reach
𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇∞ T in very short time (very high
conducting material).
Fourier modules (Fo)

• If we rearrange the exponent term in the above equation
𝑡 ℎ𝑡 ℎ𝑅 𝑘
= = 2
𝑡
Γ 𝜌𝐶𝑝 𝑅 𝑘 𝜌𝐶𝑝 𝑅 Fourier number (Fo)
a
Fo = t
R 2
Contoh soal [4]
16
0.1 <NBi < 40
Finite internal and surface resistances to heat transfer
Y=ϴ
X = Bi*Ʈ
Unsteady State (dimensionless)
T1  T k
T1 = suhu medium (K)
Y m T0 = suhu awal (K)
T1  T0 hR T = suhu akhir (K)
t  = difusivitas termal
x
X 2 n t = waktu (detik)
R R k = konduktivitas panas (W/m.K)
k h = koefisien transfer panas (W/m2.K)
  = densitas (kg/m3)
Cp cp = panas spesifik (J/kg.K)
x = posisi dari pusat (m)
Y  f ( X , n, m) R = dimensi relatif (1/2 ketebalan) (m)
20
(Ta–T)
(Ta–Ti) 1/NBi
NFo = t / D2
(Ta–T)
(Ta–Ti)
1/NBi
NFo = t / D2
(Ta–T)
(Ta–Ti) 1/NBi
NFo = t / D2
Gurney-Lurie Chart
• For calculation of temperature at any position

of the object, Gurney-Lurie Chart can be used.
21
t
X  2
x1
position t
Contoh soal [5]
Daging berbentuk persegi dengan ketebalan 2.54

cm mempunyai suhu awal 10°C dimasak dalam
oven dengan suhu 177°C sehingga suhu pusat
mencapai 121°C. Koefisien konveksi diasumsikan
konstan sebesar 25.6 W/m2.K. Hitung waktu yang
diperlukan!
Konduktivitas panas sebesar 0.69 W/m.K dan
difusivitas panas sebesar 5.85x10-4 m2/jam.
Unsteady State (dimensionless)
T1  T k
T1 = suhu medium (K)
Y m T0 = suhu awal (K)
T1  T0 hR T = suhu akhir (K)
t  = difusivitas termal
x
X 2 n t = waktu (detik)
R R k = konduktivitas panas (W/m.K)
k h = koefisien transfer panas (W/m2.K)
  = densitas (kg/m3)
Cp cp = panas spesifik (J/kg.K)
x = posisi dari pusat (m)
Y  f ( X , n, m) R = dimensi relatif (1/2 ketebalan) (m)
20
Contoh soal [5]
Latihan soal [2]
Produk butter dengan ketebalan 92,4 mm yang

mempunyai suhu 277,6 K ditempatkan dalam ruangan
bersuhu 297,1 K. Bagian samping dan bawah
kontainer butter dianggap terisolasi, sedangkan
bagian permukaan atas berhubungan dengan udara
luar. Koefisien konveksi sebesar 8,52 W/m2. Hitung
suhu pada permukaan atas, pada jarak 25,4 mm di
bawah permukaan dan pada bagian tengah dari
butter setelah 5 jam dibiarkan di udara luar.
k butter 0,197 W/m.K, cp = 2300 J/kg.K,  = 998
kg/m3
25
x= 4.62 cm
x= 4.62-
2.54=2.08cm
9.24 cm
Finite objects
26
Finite object
27
Finite object (Two or three dimension)
Y x = T1 - Tx dengan Xx dan mx
T1 – T 0
Y y = T1 - Ty dengan Xy dan my
T1 – T 0
Y z = T1 - Tz dengan Xz dan mz
T1 – T 0
Y x,y,z = (Yx)(Yy)(Yz ))= T1 – Tx,y,z

T1 – T0
28
Contoh soal [6]
Kaleng silinder berisi softdrink mempunyai

diameter 4,8 cm dan suhu awal 27C. Kaleng ini
disterilkan dalam retort dan dikenai uap dengan
suhu 177C. Hitung suhu di pusat kaleng selama
pemanasan 45 menit jika bagian atas dan bawah
kaleng terisolasi.
Koefisien transfer panas dari uap sebesar 4540
W/m2.K. Sifat fisik dari softdrink adalah sebagai
berikut; k 0,48 W/m.K dan  2,007 x 10-7 m2/s.
Contoh soal [6]
Latihan soal [3]
Kaleng silinder berisi puree mempunyai diameter

2,68 in dan tinggi 4 in serta suhu 85 F. Kaleng ini
disterilkan dalam retort dan dikenai uap dengan
suhu 240 F.
Hitung suhu di pusat kaleng selama pemanasan 45
menit.
Koefisien transfer panas dari uap sebesar 4542
W/m2.K. Sifat fisik dari puree adalah sebagai berikut;
k 0,830 W/m.K dan  2,007 x 10-7 m2/s.
Latihan soal [4]
• Estimate the time when temperature at the

geometric center of a 6 cm diameter apple held in
2C water stream reaches 3C. The initial uniform
temperature of the apple is 15C. The convective
heat transfer coefficient in water surrounding the
apple is 50 W/m2C. The properties of the apple are
thermal conductivity k = 0.355 W/mC, specific heat
Cp = 3.6 kJ/kgC, and density = 820 kg/m3.
Latihan soal [5]
• Estimate the temperature at the geometric center of a food

product contained in a 303X406 can exposed to boiling water
at 100C for 30 min. The product is assumed to heat and cool
by conduction. The initial uniform temperature of product is
35C. The properties of the food are thermal conductivity k =
0.34 W/mC, specific heat Cp = 3.5 kJ/kgC, and density  =
900 kg/m3. The convective heat transfer coefficient for boiling
water is estimated to be 2000 W/m2C.
TUGAS
1. Karkas daging mempunyai nilai  1073 kg/m3, cp 3,48
kJ/kg.K, dan k 0,498 W/m.K. Daging berbentuk lempeng
mempunyai ketebalan 0,203 m dan suhu awal 37.8 C
didinginkan sehingga suhu pusat mencapai 10 C.
Udara dingin bersuhu 1,7 C dan mempunyai nilai h 39,7

W/m2.K digunakan untuk mendinginkan.
Hitung waktu yang diperlukan.
2. Daging berbentuk persegi panjang dengan ketebalan 4 cm
dengan suhu awal 8C dimasak dengan menggunakan
oven bersuhu 185C hingga mencapai suhu pusat 121 C.
Koefisien konveksi diasumsikan konstan dengan nilai
sebesar 25,6 W/m2.K. Nilai konduktivitas panas sebesar
0,69 W/m.K dan nilai difusivitas panas () sebesar 5,85 x
10-4 m2/jam.
• Hitung waktu yang diperlukan untuk proses di atas!
3. Pipa baja berisi uap air mempunyai diameter luar 95
mm dan nilai k sebesar 45 W/m.K. Pipa ini dilapisi
dengan 75 mm isolator yang mempunyai nilai k 0,043
W/m.K. Dua termokopel ditempatkan pada antarmuka
antara dinding pipa dan isolator serta pada permukaan
luar isolator dan menunjukkan suhu berturut-turut
125C dan 35C.
• Hitung kehilangan panas yang terjadi per meter pipa.
THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION
The best person is one give something useful always

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Heat Transfer

• When the body is a metal semi infinite slab or cylinder

Where for slab m=0

From thermodynamics definition of the thermal diffusivity

The general equation may be

value (the relation between Biot number value

• NBi < 0.1 : negligible internal resistance to heat

• This indicates that the thermal resistance is negligible compared to the

Fourier modules (Fo)

Finite internal and surface resistances to heat transfer

• For calculation of temperature at any position

Daging berbentuk persegi dengan ketebalan 2.54

Produk butter dengan ketebalan 92,4 mm yang

Y x,y,z = (Yx)(Yy)(Yz ))= T1 – Tx,y,z

Kaleng silinder berisi softdrink mempunyai

Kaleng silinder berisi puree mempunyai diameter

• Estimate the time when temperature at the

• Estimate the temperature at the geometric center of a food

Udara dingin bersuhu 1,7 C dan mempunyai nilai h 39,7

Hitung waktu yang diperlukan.

• Hitung waktu yang diperlukan untuk proses di atas!

• Hitung kehilangan panas yang terjadi per meter pipa.

The best person is one give something useful always

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