FIRE ALARM

A
PROJECT REPORT
SUBMITTED IN THE PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE
ACADEMIC REGUIREMENTS FOR THE
AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING

BY
Y.SANDEEP 21AG1A04C5

UNDER THE ESTEEMED GUIDANCE OF

MR.P.KIRAN KUMAR
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

ACE ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(NBA ACCREDITED B.TECH COURSES,ECE,EE,CSE,MECH,CIVIL)

(NAAC “A” GRADE)

AN AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTION

ANKUSHAPUR(V),GHATKESAR(M),MEDCHAL(DIST)-501301

2023-2024
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 ACE
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(NBA ACCREDITED B.TECH COURSES,ECE,EE,CSE,MECH,CIVIL)
(NAAC “ A” GRADE)

AN AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTION

ANKUSHAPUR(V),GHATKESAR(M),MEDCHAL(DIST)-
501301

------------------------------------------------------------------------
CERTIFICATE

THAT THE PROJECT WORK ENTITLED “FIRE ALARM

THIS IS TO CERTIFY” DONE BY

Y.SANDEEP 21AG1A04C5

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING IS A RECORD OF BONAFIDE WORK CARRIED OUT

BY SANDEEP.

DURING THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-2024

MR.P.KIRAN KUMAR DR. P SATISH KUMAR

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR PROFESSOR AND HOD

(PROJECT GUIDE)

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

SL.NO TOPICS PAGE.NO

1. ABSTRACT iv

2. INTRODUCTION v

3. PRINCIPLE OR METHODOLOGY vi - xiv

4. COMPONENTS REQUIRED xv

5. COMPONENT DISCRIPTION xvi

6. CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS xvii - xxii

7. CIRCIUT DESIGN xxiii

8. WORKING xxiv

9. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES xxv

10. APPLICATIONS xxvi

11. CONCLUTION xvii - xxix

12. REFERENCES xxix

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 ABSTRACT

Fire Alarm Circuit is a simple circuit that detects the fire and activates the Siren Sound or
Buzzer. Fire Alarm Circuits are very important devices to detect fire in the right time and
prevent any damage to people or property.

Fire Alarm Circuits and Smoke Sensors are a part of the security systems which help in
detecting or preventing damage. Installing Fire Alarm Systems and Smoke Sensors in
commercial buildings like offices, movie theatres, shopping malls and other public places is
compulsory.

There are many expensive and sophisticated Fire Alarm Circuit in the form of stand-alone
devices, but we have designed five very simple Fire Alarm Circuits using common
components like Thermistor, LM358, Germanium Diode, LM341 and NE555.

This is a very simple alarm circuit using Thermistor, LM358 Operational – Amplifier and a
Buzzer. The primary purpose of fire alarm system is to provide an early warning of fire so
that people can be. evacuated & immediate action can be taken to stop or eliminate of the fire
effect as soon as possible. Alarm can be. triggered by using detectors or by manual call point
(Remotely).

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 INTRODUCTION

A fire alarm system has a number of devices working together to detect and warn people
through visual and audio appliances when smoke, fire, carbon monoxide or
other emergencies are present. These alarms may be activated automatically from smoke
detectors, and heat detectors or may also be activated via manual fire alarm activation devices
such as manual call points or pull stations.
Alarms can be either motorized bells or wall mountable sounders or horns. They can also
be speaker strobes which sound an alarm, followed by a voice evacuation message which
warns people inside the building not to use the elevators. Fire alarm sounders can be set to
certain frequencies and different tones including low, medium and high, depending on the
country and manufacturer of the device. Most fire alarm systems in Europe sound like a siren
with alternating frequencies.
Fire alarm electronic devices are known as horns in the United States and Canada, and can be
either continuous or set to different codes. Fire alarm warning devices can also be set to
different volume levels. Manually actuated devices; also known as fire alarm boxes, manual
pull stations, or simply pull stations, break glass stations, and (in Europe) call points. Devices
for manual fire alarm activation are installed to be readily located (near the exits), identified,
and operated.
They are usually actuated by means of physical interaction, such as pulling a lever or
breaking glass. Automatically actuated devices can take many forms intended to respond to
any number of detectable physical changes associated with fire: convicted thermal energy;
heat detector, products of combustion; smoke detector, radiant energy; flame detector,
combustion gases; fire gas detector, and release of extinguishing agents; water-flow detector.
The newest innovations can use cameras and computer algorithms to analyse the visible
effects of fire and movement in applications inappropriate for or hostile to other detection
methods.

NOTIFICATION APPLIANCES

Notification Appliances utilize audible, visible, tactile, textual or even olfactory stimuli to
alert the occupants of the need to evacuate or take action in the event of a fire or other
emergency. Evacuation signals may consist of simple appliances that transmit encoded
information, coded appliances that transmit a predetermined pattern, and or appliances that
transmit audible and visible textual information such as live or pre-recorded instructions, and
illuminated message displays.
In the United States, fire alarm evacuation signals generally consist of a standardized audible
tone, with visual notification in all public and common use areas. Emergency signals are
intended to be distinct and understandable to avoid confusion with other signals. As per
NFPA 72, 18.4.2 (2010 Edition) Temporal Code 3 is the standard audible notification in a
modern system. It consists of a repeated 3-pulse cycle (.5s on .5s off .5s on .5s off .5s on 1.5s
off). Voice Evacuation is the second most common audible in a modern system. Legacy
systems, typically found in older schools and buildings have used continuous tones alongside

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other audible schemas.

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In the United Kingdom, fire alarm evacuation signals generally consist of a two-tone siren
with visual notification in all public and common use areas. Some fire alarm devices have an
alert signal which is generally used for schools for lesson changes, the start of morning break,
end of morning break, the start of lunch break, end of lunch break and when the school day is
over.
Audible textual appliances, which are employed as part of a fire alarm system that includes
Emergency Voice Alarm Communications (EVAC) capabilities. High-reliability speakers are
used to notifying the occupants of the need for action in connection with a fire or other
emergency. These speakers are employed in large facilities where general undirected
evacuation is considered impracticable or undesirable. The signals from the speakers are used
to direct the occupant's response.
The system may be controlled from one or more locations within the building known as Fire
Wardens Stations, or from a single location designated as the building Fire Command Center.
Speakers are automatically actuated by the fire alarm system in a fire event, and following a
pre-alert tone, selected groups of speakers may transmit one or more prerecorded messages
directing the occupants to safety. These messages may be repeated in one or more languages.
Trained personnel activating and speaking into a dedicated microphone can suppress the
replay of automated messages in order to initiate or relay real-time voice instructions.

EMERGENCY VOICE ALARM COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Some fire alarm systems utilize emergency voice alarm communication systems (EVAC) to
provide pre-recorded and manual voice messages. Voice alarm systems are typically used in
high-rise buildings, arenas and other large "defend-in-place" occupancies such as hospitals
and detention facilities where total evacuation is difficult to achieve.

Voice-based systems provide response personnel with the ability to conduct orderly
evacuation and notify building occupants of changing event circumstances.

In high rise buildings, different evacuation messages may be played on each floor, depending
on the location of the fire. The floor the fire is on along with ones above it may be told to
evacuate while floors much lower may simply be asked to stand by.

MASS NOTIFICATION SYSTEMS/EMERGENCY COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

New codes and standards introduced around 2010 especially the new UL Standard 2572, the
U.S. Department of Defence’s UFC 4-021-01 Design and O&M Mass Notification Systems,
and NFPA 72 2010 edition Chapter 24 have led fire alarm system manufacturers to expand
their systems voice evacuation capabilities to support new requirements for mass notification
including support for multiple types of emergency messaging (i.e. inclement weather
emergency, security alerts, amber alerts). The major requirements of a mass notification
system are to provide prioritized messaging according to the local facilities' emergency
response plan. The emergency response team must define the priority of potential emergency
events at the site
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and the fire alarm system must be able to support the promotion and demotion of
notifications based on this emergency response plan.

Emergency Communication Systems also have requirements for visible notification in

coordination with any audible notification activities to meet requirements of the Americans
with Disabilities Act. Many manufacturers have made efforts to certify their equipment to
meet these new and emerging standards. Mass notification system categories include the
following:

Tier 1 systems are in-building and provide the highest level of survivability

Tier 2 systems are out of the building and provide the middle level of survivability

Tier 3 systems are "At Your Side" and provide the lowest level of survivability
Mass notification systems often extend the notification appliances of a standard fire alarm
system to include PC based workstations, text-based digital signage, and a variety of remote
notification options including email, text message, RSS feed , or IVR-based telephone text-
to- speech messaging.

BUILDING SAFETY INTERFACES

Magnetic smoke door holders/retainers: wall mounted solenoids or electromagnets controlled

by a fire alarm system or detection component that magnetically secures spring-loaded self-
closing smoke tight doors in the open position. Designed to de-magnetize to allow automatic
closure of the door on command from the fire control or upon failure of the power source,
interconnection or controlling element.
Stored energy in the form of a spring or gravity can then close the door to restrict the passage
of smoke from one space to another in an effort to maintain a tenable atmosphere on either
side of the door during evacuation and firefighting efforts in buildings. Electromagnetic fire
door holders can be hard-wired into the fire panel, radio-controlled triggered by radio waves
from a central controller connected to a fire panel, or, acoustic, which learn the sound of the
fire alarm and release the door upon hearing this exact sound.
Duct mounted smoke detection: smoke detection mounted in such a manner as to sample the
airflow through ductwork and other plenums specifically fabricated for the transport of
environmental air into conditioned spaces. Interconnection to the fan motor control circuits is
intended to stop air movement, close dampers and generally prevent the recirculation of toxic
smoke and fumes produced by fire into occupiable spaces.
Emergency elevator service: activation of automatic initiating devices associated
with elevator operation is used to initiate emergency elevator functions, such as the recall of
associated elevator cab(s). The recall will cause the elevator cabs to return to the ground level
for use by fire service response teams and to ensure that cabs do not return to the floor of fire
incidence, in addition, to prevent people from becoming trapped in the elevators. Phases of
operation include primary recall (typically the ground level), alternate/secondary recall
(typically a floor adjacent to the ground level – used when the initiation occurred on the
primary level), illumination of the "fire hat" indicator when an alarm occurs in the elevator
hoist way or associated control room, and in some cases shunt trip (disconnect) of elevator
power (generally used where the control room or hoist way is protected by fire
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sprinklers).Public address rack (PAR): an audio public address rack shall be interfaced with a
fire alarm system,

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by adding a signaling control relay module to either rack power supply unit, or to the main
amplifier driving this rack. The purpose is to "mute" the BGM (background music) of this
rack in case of an emergency in case of a fire initiating the true alarm.

EUROPEAN FIRE ALARM SYSTEM CATEGORIES

Fire alarm systems in non-domestic premises are generally designed and installed in
accordance with the guidance given in BS 5839 Part 1. There are many types of fire alarm
systems each suited to different building types and applications. A fire alarm system can vary
dramatically in both price and complexity, from a single panel with a detector and sounder in
a small commercial property to an addressable fire alarm system in a multi-occupancy
building.
BS 5839 Part 1 categorizes fire alarm systems as:

"M" manual system (no automatic fire detectors so the building is fitted with call points and
sounders).

"L" automatic systems intended for the protection of life.

"P" automatic systems intended for the protection of property.

Categories for automatic systems are further subdivided into L1 to L5 and P1 to P2.

Manual systems, e.g. handbells, gongs, etc. These may be purely manual or manual
electric; the latter may have call points and sounders. They rely on the occupants of
M
the building discovering the fire and acting to warn others by operating the system.
Such systems form the basic requirement for places of employment with no sleeping
risk.

The system is installed throughout the building – the objective is to call the fire
P1 brigade as early as possible to ensure that any damage caused by the fire is minimized.
Small low-risk areas can be excepted such as toilets and cupboards less than 1m².

Detection should be provided in parts of the building where the risk of ignition is high
and/or the contents are particularly valuable. Category 2 systems provide fire detection
P2
in specified parts of the building where there is either high risk or where business
disruption must be minimized.

A category L1 system is designed for the protection of life and which has automatic
L1 detectors installed throughout all areas of the building (including roof spaces and
voids) with the aim of providing the earliest possible warning. A category L1 system
is likely to be appropriate for the majority of residential care premises. In practice,
detectors

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 should be placed in nearly all spaces and voids. With category 1 systems, the whole of
a building is covered apart from minor exceptions.

A category L2 system designed for the protection of life and which has automatic
detectors installed in escape routes, rooms adjoining escape routes and high hazard
rooms. In medium-sized premises (sleeping no more than ten residents), a category L2
L2
system is ideal. These fire alarm systems are identical to an L3 system but with
additional detection in an area where there is a high chance of ignition (e.g., kitchen)
or where the risk to people is particularly increased (e.g., sleeping risk).

This category is designed to give early warnings to everyone. Detectors should be

placed in all escape routes and all rooms that open onto escape routes. Category 3
L3 systems provide more extensive cover than category 4. The objective is to warn the
occupants of the building early enough to ensure that all are able to exit the building
before escape routes become impassable.

Category 4 systems cover escape routes and circulation areas only. Therefore,
detectors will be placed in escape routes, although this may not be suitable depending
L4
on the risk assessment or if the size and complexity of a building are increased.
Detectors might be sited in other areas of the building, but the objective is to protect
the escape route.

This is the "all other situations" category, e.g., computer rooms, which may be
protected with an extinguishing system triggered by automatic detection. Category 5
L5
systems are the "custom" category and relate to some special requirements that cannot
be covered by any other category.

TYPES OF TEMPERATURE DETECTING SENSORS

1. Resistance temperature detectors (RTDs)
2. Thermocouples
3. Thermistors
4. Infrared sensors
5. Semiconductor sensors

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RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE DETECTORS
A Resistance Thermometer or Resistance Temperature Detector is a device which used to
determine the temperature by measuring the resistance of pure electrical wire. This wire is
referred to as a temperature sensor. If we want to measure temperature with high
accuracy, RTD is the only one solution in industries. An RTD works by using a basic
principle; as the temperature of a metal increases, so does the resistance to the flow of
electricity. An electrical current is passed through the sensor, the resistance element is
used to measure the resistance of the current being passed through it.

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THERMOCOULES
A Thermocouple is a sensor used to measure temperature. Thermocouples consist of two wire
legs made from different metals. The wires legs are welded together at one end, creating a
junction. This junction is where the temperature is measured. When the junction experiences
a change in temperature, a voltage is created. What is a thermocouple and how does it
work? A thermocouple is a sensor used to measure temperature. Thermocouples are made
with two wires of different metals, joined together at one end to form a junction. As the
temperature changes, the two dissimilar metals begin to deform, causing a change in
resistance.

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THERMISTORS
A thermistor is a type of resistor whose resistance is dependent on temperature, more so than
in standard resistors. The word is a combination of thermal and resistor. A thermistor is a
resistance thermometer, or a resistor whose resistance is dependent on temperature This
type of thermistor is used the most. A PTC thermistor works a little differently. When
temperature increases, the resistance increases, and when temperature decreases, resistance
decreases.

INFRARED SENSOR
An infrared sensor is an electronic instrument that is used to sense certain characteristics of
its surroundings. It does this by either emitting or detecting infrared radiation. Infrared
sensors are also capable of measuring the heat being emitted by an object and
detecting motion. An infrared sensor emits and/or detects infrared radiation to sense its
surroundings. The
basic concept of an Infrared Sensor which is used as Obstacle detector is to transmit
an infrared signal, this infrared signal bounces from the surface of an object and the signal is
received at the infrared receiver. Infrared temperature sensors sense electromagnetic waves in
the 700 nm to 14,000 nm range. While the infrared spectrum extends up to 1,000,000 nm, IR
temperature sensors do not measure above 14,000 nm. These sensors work by focusing
the infrared energy emitted by an object onto one or more photodetectors.

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SEMICONDUCTOR SENSOR

Semiconductor-based temperature sensors, or integrated circuit (IC) temperature sensors,

operate with reverse bias, have a small capacitance and a low leakage current. They are
formed on thin wafers of silicon. They are compact, produce linear outputs, and have a small
range of temperature. At typical operating temperatures for semiconductors, the decreasing µ
dominates, and thus the resistance of both semiconductors and metals increase with
increasing temperature for the operating temperatures of semiconductor devices. Thus,
changes in the measured R can be used as a thermometer.

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 PRINCIPLE OR METHODOLOGY

The fire alarm working principle is based on thermistor used in the fire alarm circuit. This
fire alarm circuit is used to identify and indicate an increase in temperature beyond certain
value (temperature of an enclosed area). All Fire Alarm Systems essentially operate on
the same principle. If a detector detects smoke or heat, or someone operates a break glass
unit, then alarm sounders operate to warn others in the building that there may be a fire and to
evacuate. A thermistor is an inexpensive and easily obtainable temperature sensitive
resistor, thermistor working principle is it's resistance depends upon the temperature. When
temperature changes, the resistance of the thermistor changes in a predictable way. The
benefits of using a thermistor is accuracy and stability.

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 COMPONENTS REQUIRED

1. 10k Thermistor 1
2. LM358 Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) 1
3. 4.7k ohm resistor (1/4 watt) 1
4. 10k ohm potentiometer 1
5. Small Buzzer (5v buzzer) 1
6. Connecting wires
7. Mini bread board
8. 5v power supply

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 COMPONENT DISCRIPTION

10K THERMISTOR
An NTC thermistor is a thermally sensitive resistor whose resistance exhibits a large, precise
and predictable decrease as the core temperature of the resistor increases over the operating
temperature range.
The enclosed negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor, p/n 1600-10K, works by
translating temperature into resistance, with resistance decreasing as temperature increases
(hence the 'negative coefficient'). As can be seen be the graph, the resistance of
the thermistor drops very quickly.
Testing a PTC thermistor follows all the same steps as a NTC thermistor. First check, with an
ohmmeter, the thermistor without any heat applied. With a PTC thermistor at room
temperature or below, the thermistor should measure a very low resistance.
Usually, thermistor failure is caused by an open circuit due to mechanical separation between
the resistor element and lead material. This can happen as a result of improper handling,
thermal mismatch, or heat damage. Another common reason thermistors fail is simply aging.
A thermistor is an inexpensive and easily obtainable temperature sensitive resistor, thermistor
working principle is, it's resistance depends upon the temperature. When temperature
changes, the resistance of the thermistor changes in a predictable way. The benefits
of using a thermistor is accuracy and stability.
A thermistor is a resistance thermometer, or a resistor whose resistance is dependent on
temperature. ... This type of thermistor is used the most. A PTC thermistor works a little
differently. When temperature increases, the resistance increases, and when temperature
decreases, resistance decreases. Thermistors do not have continuity, they show resistance.
You should read around 10k Ohms at room temperature. If the igniter is getting 120 volts, but
not glowing, then you have a bad igniter WP33002789.

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LM358 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

LM358 is a dual op-amp IC integrated with two op-amps powered by a common power
supply. The differential input voltage range can be equal to that of power supply voltage. The
LM358 IC is a great, low power and easy to use dual channel op-amp IC.
It is designed and introduced by national semiconductor. It consists of two internally
frequency compensated, high gain, independent op-amps. This IC is designed for specially to
operate from a single power supply over a wide range of voltages. LM358 consists of two
independent, high gain operational amplifiers in one package. Important feature of this IC is
that we do not require independent power supply for working of each comparator for
wide range of power supply.
LM358 can be used as transducer amplifier, DC gain block etc. Ideal Operational
Amplifier or Ideal Op Amp. So, an ideal op amp is defined as, a differential amplifier with
infinite open loop gain, infinite input resistance and zero output resistance. The ideal op
amp has zero input current. An operational amplifier, or op amp, generally comprises a
differential-input stage with high input impedance, an intermediate-gain stage, and a push-
pull output stage with a low output impedance (no greater than 100 Ω).
That is, the output gets fed back to the inverting input through some impedance. An
Operational Amplifier or op-amp is a voltage amplifying device designed to be used with
external feedback components such as resistors and capacitors between its output and input
terminals. It is a high-gain electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input and usually a
single-ended output.

Gain of an inverted op amp = -Rf/Ri

Gain of a non-inverted op amp = 1+(Rf/Ri)

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 4.7 k ohm RESISTOR (1/4 watt)

Every 1,000,000 Ohms is known as a Megohm (Mega = one million), abbreviated to the
capital letter "M". As a couple of examples; a 4,700 Ohm resistor would be written as
either 4.7K or 4K7, and 5,600,000 Ohms would be written as 5.6M or 5M6.

Formula for color coding

R= (AB x 10^C) + D
From the figure
A=4
B=7
C=2
D=5
R = (47 x 10^2) +5%tolerance
R = 4.7x10^3
R = 4.7k = 4k7 ohm with 5% tolerance added to it

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10k ohm POTENTIOMETER

A potentiometer is a manually adjustable variable resistor with 3 terminals. Two terminals are
connected to both ends of a resistive element, and the third terminal connects to a sliding
contact, called a wiper, moving over the resistive element. A potentiometer is a manually
adjustable variable resistor with 3 terminals.
Two terminals are connected to both ends of a resistive element, and the third terminal
connects to a sliding contact, called a wiper, moving over the resistive element. The only
difference is the load of the +5V supply, which will be a bit lower with a 10K pot vice a
5K... but it's tiny in either case. A 3 terminal pot used with 3 terminals, is basically just a
voltage divider. As you move the wiper, you increase one resistor in the voltage divider,
while decreasing the resistance in the other So long as the wiper is connected to one leg of
the potentiometer, it
will behave a variable resistor.
The difference between high and low ends of a range—called the span of the circuit—has not
changed, though: a range of 10 kΩ to 20 kΩ has the same 10,000 Ω span as a range of 0 Ω to
10 kΩ. If we wish to shift the span of this rheostat circuit as well, we must change the range
of the potentiometer itself. Potentiometers, trimmers, and rheostats are all variable
resistors. Potentiometers and trimmers are used to create a variable voltage by varying
the voltage between their wiper terminal and two ends. Rheostats are used to vary the amount
of current. Without ground, there is no complete circuit. Without a complete circuit, three
Arduino can't read from the pot. But can't the A0 pin be the (-ve) part of the circuit? Voltage
inputs are what's called high-impedance, meaning they don't sink or source (much) current so
as not to affect the circuit you're measuring.

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SMALL BUZZER (5V)

The buzzer consists of an outside case with two pins to attach it to power and ground. When
current is applied to the buzzer it causes the ceramic disk to contract or expand. Changing the
This then causes the surrounding disc to vibrate. That's the sound that you hear. PUI has the
AI-3035, a piezoelectric buzzer rated for 2-5 Volt operation, nominal 3 Volts, and with a
maximum current requirement of 9 mA.
The dimensions are 30 mm diameter, 20.5 mm height excluding leads. To reduce the sound
of the buzzer, measure the resistance of the buzzer, then place a resistor the same value
as the buzzer in series with it, see how much this drops the volume. The more resistance to
quieter the buzzer should be. If the buzzer does not work with half the value try a value lower
in resistance. The purpose of the buzzer test is to test functions of the buzzers installed in a
computer.
Typically, the buzzer test is done by controlling the buzzer to sound a continuous buzzing
sound while a test engineer listens to the buzzer with ears to determine if the buzzer is in
working condition. Sensor-Buzzer is a passive buzzer. Like a magnetic speaker, it needs
voltage with different frequency so that it can make sound accordingly. The pitch becomes
louder when the frequency gets higher. All buzzers with internal oscillators have
polarity because they have small circuit built into them while the buzzers with only Piezo
disks can be operated both ways.

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CONNECTING WIRES
These are used to connect the components in the circuit.
These are used to allow current through them.
These are made up of copper, since copper is a good conductor of electricity.

MINI BREAD BOARD

Breadboards are designed to work with through-hole electronic components. These
components have long metal leads that are designed to be inserted through holes in a printed
circuit board (PCB) that are plated with a thin copper coating, which allows the components'
leads to be soldered to the board.
This board is divided into 4 parts, the 1 st and 4th part slots are connected horizontally whereas
2nd and 3rd part slots are connected vertically.
The mini breadboard has 400 slots.

5V POWER SUPPLY
For this we use a 5v battery

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 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

The circuit diagram of this simple Fire Alarm Project is shown in the following image.

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 CIRCUIT DESIGN

The design of the Fire Alarm Circuit with Siren Sound is very simple. First, connect the 10
KΩ Potentiometer to the inverting terminal of the LM358 Op - Amp. One end of the POT is
connected to +5V, another end is connected to GND and the wiper terminal is connected to
Pin 2 of Op - Amp.

We will now make a potential divider using 10 K Thermistor and 10 KΩ Resistor. The output
of this potential divider i.e. the junction point is connected to the non – inverting input of the
LM358 Operational Amplifier.

We have chosen a small, 5V buzzer in this project to make the alarm or siren sound. So,
connect the output of the LM358 Op - amp to the 5V Buzzer directly.

Pins 8 and 4 of the LM358 IC i.e. V+ and GND are connected to +5V and GND respectively.

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 WORKING

We will now see the working of the simple Fire Alarm Circuit. First thing to know is that the
main component in detecting the fire is the 10 K Thermistor. As we mentioned in the
component description, the 10 K Thermistor used here is a NTC type Thermistor. If the
temperature increases, the resistance of the Thermistor decreases.

In case of fire, the temperature increases. This increase in temperature will reduce the
resistance of the 10 K Thermistor. As the resistance decreases, the output of the voltage
divider will increase. Since the output of the voltage divider is given to the non – inverting
input of the LM358 Op – Amp, its value will become more than that of the inverting input.
As a result, the output of the Op – Amp becomes high and it activates the buzzer.

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 ADVANTAGES

 Low cost
 Reliable
 Fast response
 Circuit can be easily constructed
 High level security
 Easy to design
 Easy to modify
 Low power consumption
 Early warning benefits
 Can easily be installed anywhere in commercial buildings
 Early warning is essential to effective fire safety because fires can occur at any
time any place
 Detection distance
 Speed of response
 Sensitivity
 Range of applications
 Portable

DISADVANTAGES

 False alarm
 Blinded by thick smoke
 Senses near range heat(fire) only
 Uses continuous power supply

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 APPLICATIONS

Fire alarm in office

Remote LCD Annunciator

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Fire alarm in hotel rooms

Fire alarm in schools

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 Fire alarm projects

CONCLUTION

Thus, we conclude from this fire alarm is used for safety and emergency purpose. This is not
only use in houses but also in any type of buildings.

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 REFERENCES

1. https://www.electronicshub.org/simple-fire-alarm-circuit/#Circuit_Design
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cgsB6VmNGXo

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