FIRE ALARM

A MINI-PROJECT REPORT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Ch. Contents Page

No No

1. Introduction

1.1.1. Thermistor 5

1.1.2. Transistor 6

1.1.3. IC UM3561 6

1.1.4 8 Pin IC Base 7

2. Construction of Fire Alarm

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2.1. Circuit Explanation

2.1.1 Components 10

2.2 Principle 11

2.3 Working 11

3. Conclusion

3.1 Applications 12

3.2 Advantages 12

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 4. References 13

CHAPTER - 1
1. INTRODUCTION
A key aspect of fire protection is to identify a developing fire emerging in a
timing manner and to alert the building's occupants and fire emergency organizations .This is
the role of fire detection and alarm systems. Depending on the anticipated fire scenario,
building and use type, number and type of occupants and criticality of contents and missions,
these systems can provide several main functions, First they provide a means to identify a
developing fire through either manual or automatic methods and second ,they alert building
occupants to a fire condition and the need to evacuate. Another common function is the
transmission of an alarm notification signal to the fire department or other emergency
response organization. They may also shut down electrical, air handling equipment or special
process operations and they may be used to initiate automatic suppression systems. This
section will describe the basic aspects of fire detection and alarm systems.

1.1. DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS

1.1.1. THERMISTOR (10k)
Thermistor is a type of resistor whose resistance is dependent on temperature, more
than in standard resistors .The word is a portmanteau of thermal and resistor. Thermistors are
widely used as inrush current limiter, temperature sensors (Negative Temperature Co-
efficient or NTC type typically), self-resetting over current protectors and self-regulating
heating elements. (Positive Temperature coefficient or PTC type typically)

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 Fig. 1.1.1 Thermistor
1.1.2. TRANSISTOR (BC 547)
A Transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals
and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material usually with at least three
terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the
transistor's terminals changes the current through another pair of terminals. Because the
controlled (output)power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are
packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits.

Fig.1.1.2 Transistor

1.1.3 IC UM3561

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 IC UM3561 is an excellent ROM IC that can generate Multi siren tones simulating
Police siren, Ambulance siren, Fire brigade siren and Machine gun sound. This 8 pin low
power IC can work down to 2.4 volts. UM3561 is a low-cost, low-power CMOS LSI
designed for use in alarm and toy applications. Since the integrated circuit includes oscillator
and selector circuits, a compact sound module can be constructed with only a few additional
components. The IC has an inbuilt oscillator and tone selection pins. It is easy to make a siren
generator with only a few external components. Only one external resistor and a speaker
driver transistor are sufficient to make a simple siren generator. Inside the IC, there is an
oscillator circuit and the frequency of oscillations is controlled by the external resistor
connected to OSC 1(Pin 7) and OSC2 (Pin 8). The oscillations thus generated will be then
transferred to a control circuit which function based on the tone selection through the
connections of SEL 1 (Pin 6) and SEL2 (Pin 1) . The control circuit passes the signal to an
address counter and then to the ROM. The tone pulses thus generated will be available from
the output pin 3. Since the sound is weak, an amplifier is necessary to get loud sound. A
single NPN transistor will amplify the sound.
IC Specifications: Absolute Maximum Ratings
 DC Supply Voltage: Min 2.4V Type 3V Max 5.0V
 Input Voltage Range: VSS -0.3V to VDD +0.3V
 Operating Ambient Temperature: -10°C to +60°C
 Storage Temperature : -55°C to +125°C
 Operating current: Min 180 uA

Fig 1.1.3 IC UM3561

1.1.4. EIGHT PIN IC BASE (DUAL IN LINE PACKAGE)

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 A DIP is usually referred to as a DIPn, where n is the total number of pins. . In
microelectronics, a dual in-line package (DIP or DIL), or dual in-line pin package (DIPP) is
an electronic component package with a rectangular housing and two parallel rows of
electrical connecting pins. For example, a microcircuit package with two rows of seven
vertical lead would be a DIP14.The figure below shows three DIP14 ICs. Common package
have as few as four and as many as 64 leads. Many analog and digital integrated circuit types
are available in DIP packages, as are arrays of transistors, switches, light emitting diodes and
resistors.DIP plugs for ribbon cables can be used with standard IC sockets.

Most DIP packages are secured to a printed circuit board by inserting the pins through holes
in the board and soldering them in place. Where replacement of the parts is necessary, such as
in test fixtures or where programmable devices must be removed for changes, a DIP socket is
used. Some sockets include a zero insertion force mechanism.

Fig 1.1.4 IC DIP 14

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 Fig 1.1.4 8 pin IC base

CHAPTER – 2

2. CONSTRUCTION OF FIRE ALARM

This fire alarm circuits is built with UM3561 siren IC.A thermistor is used as heat
sensor. When the temperature increases, the resistance of the thermistor drops to the tune of
1K at 70 degree Celsius. It consists of three transistors and the preset. This makes a low
resistance path for the transistors to conduct the current flow to the speaker .This sets the
alarm sound.

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 Fig.2.1 Circuit Diagram

2.1.1. COMPONENTS

S.No Components Range Quantity

1. IC UM3561 - 1

2. Thermistor 10 k 1

3. Transistor BC 547 2 3
1
BD 139

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 4. 8 Pin IC Base - 1

5. Resistor 1k 3
1
10 k 5
1
220 k

6. Battery 3V 1

7. Speaker 3V 1

2.1. PRINCIPLE

A fire alarm works on the principle of detecting the fire leakage or a fire accident, this
detecting of fire is done with the help of thermistor.

2.3. WORKING OF FIRE ALARM CIRCUIT

The fire alarm circuit is built with UM3561 siren IC.A thermistor is used as heat
sensor. The temperature resistance of the thermistor is high (over 10K).When the temperature
increases, the resistance of the thermistor drops to the tune of 1K at 70 degree Celsius. This
turns off T1 and turns on T2 and the IC and switch on the alarm.
In this fire alarm mini project, three components are very important i.e. thermistor,
IC (UM3561) (Which is timer IC) and third one is transistor which is used to drive the circuit.
The timer IC used in this circuit works as an astable multivibrator oscillator which is used to
oscillate in audio frequency band. As stated earlier, timer IC is driven by two transistor T1
and T2.The frequency of timer IC (UM3561) depends upon the values of resistors R4 and R5.
The loudspeaker which is used for fire alarm is connected to the pin no 3 of timer IC through
transistor T3.
When temperature of thermistor increases it causes a low resistance path for a current flowing
towards base of transistor. For this type of fire alarm circuit we can use a power supply of 3V
to 12V.
The circuit consists of a 10k ohm thermistor. This is an NTC thermistor, which decreases its
resistance in the temperature.
At room temperature it had a resistance of 10k ohms. Another resistance is connected to the

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thermistor to form voltage divider circuit and this is connected to the transistor thorough a
diode.
Speaker switches on only when the transistor is grounded and when the temperature increases
or fire is detected.

Fig.2.2 Fire Alarm

CHAPTER - 3

3. CONCLUSION

This small size fire alarm system is used to sense the presence of fire, smoke or any
other type of aerosols. It also helps to warn people from danger and we can prevent the
accident by its alert sound. We can also use this type of fire alarm system in houses,
buildings, industries and other important places to avoid serious fire accidents.

3.1. APPLICATIONS
* A fire alarm system is number of device working together to detect and warn people
through visual and audio appliances when smoke, fire, carbon monoxide or other

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emergencies are present.

* These alarm may be activated from smoke detectors and heat detectors.
* They may also be activated via manual fire alarm activation devices such as manual
call points or pull stations. Fire alarm sounders can be set to certain frequencies and different
tones including low, medium and high, depending on the country manufacturer of the device.

*These alarms may be activated from smoke detectors and heat detectors.

3.2. ADVANTAGES
* Quick acting - provides for earlier detection than other types of smoke detectors or
thermal detectors.

* It can detect fires that are in the incipient stage or detect other aerosol type smoke
products.

* Provide early warning.

* Low cost than thermal detector but it is very useful in emerged stages, not affected by
dusty or dirty environments.

* Responds faster than smoke detectors and minimum maintenance only and suitable
for protection of property.
4. REFERENCES

* www.fieldsfire.com

* www.ehow.com

* en.m.wikipedia.org

* www.google.com

* www.cdsys.co.uk

* www.circuitsgallery.com

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