Elasticity

Elastic Properties of
Matter
An
An elastic
elastic body
body isis one
one that
that returns
returns to
to its
its original
original
shape
shapeafter
after aa deformation.
deformation.

Golf Ball Rubber Band Soccer Ball

Elastic Properties of
Matter
An
An inelastic
inelastic body
body isis one
one that
that does
does not
not return
return to
to its
its
original
original shape
shape after
after aa deformation.
deformation.

Dough or Bread Clay Inelastic Ball

 Elastic or Inelastic?

An elastic collision loses In an inelastic collision,

no energy. The deform- energy is lost and the
ation on collision is fully deformation may be
restored. permanent.
 An Elastic Spring
A spring is an example of an elastic body that can
be deformed by stretching.

AArestoring
restoringforce,
force, F,
F, acts
acts
in
in the
thedirection
direction opposite
opposite
the
thedisplacement
displacementof of the
the
F oscillating
oscillatingbody.
body.
x
FF == -kx
-kx
 Hooke’s Law
When a spring is stretched, there is a restoring
force that is proportional to the displacement.

FF =
= -kx
-kx
x
The spring constant k FF
F is a property of the kk 
m spring given by: xx

The
The spring
spring constant
constant kk isis aa measure
measure
of
of the
the elasticity
elasticity of
of the
the spring.
spring.
 Stress and Strain
Stress refers to the cause of a deformation, and
strain refers to the effect of the deformation.

The downward force F

causes the displacement x.

F Thus, the stress is the force;

x
the strain is the elongation.
 Types of
Stress
F
A tensile stress occurs when
equal and opposite forces are W
directed away from each other.
Tension

A compressive stress occurs W

when equal and opposite
forces are directed toward F
each other. Compression
 Summary of
Definitions
Stress is the ratio of an applied force F to the
area A over which it acts:
FF NN lb
lb
Stress 
Stress  Units : Pa  or
Units : Pa  22 or 22
AA m
m in.
in.
Strain is the relative change in the dimensions or
shape of a body as the result of an applied stress:

Examples:
Examples: Change
Changeinin length
length per
per unit
unit length;
length;
change
change in
in volume
volume perper unit
unit volume.
volume.
Longitudinal Stress
and Strain
For wires, rods, and bars,
there is a longitudinal
L A stress F/A that produces a
F
A change in length per unit
L length. In such cases:

FF LL
Stress 
Stress Strain 
Strain
AA LL
Example 1. A steel wire 10 m long
and 2 mm in diameter is attached to
the ceiling and a 200-N weight is
attached to the end. What is the
applied stress?

First find area of wire:

 D  (0.002 m)
2 2
L A A 
F 4 4
A
A = 3.14 x 10-6 m2
L

F 200 N Stress
Stress   6.37 x 107 Pa
A 3.14 x 10-6 m 2
Example 1 (Cont.) A 10 m steel wire
stretches 3.08 mm due to the 200 N
load. What is the longitudinal strain?

Given: L = 10 m; L = 3.08 mm
L 0.00308 m
L Srain  
L 10 m
L Longitudinal Strain
3.08 x 10-4
 The Elastic Limit
The elastic limit is the maximum stress a body can
experience without becoming permanently deformed.

2m F 2m

Okay
W
FF W Beyond limit
Stress 
Stress
AA W
If the stress exceeds the elastic limit, the final
length will be longer than the original 2 m.
 The Ultimate Strength
The ultimate strength is the greatest stress a body can
experience without breaking or rupturing.

2m F

W
FF W W
Stress 
Stress
AA W W
If the stress exceeds the ultimate strength,
the string breaks!
Example 2. The elastic limit for steel
is 2.48 x 108 Pa. What is the
maximum weight that can be
supported without exceeding the
elastic limit?

Recall: A = 3.14 x 10-6 m2

F
L A Stress   2.48 x 108 Pa
F A
A
L F = (2.48 x 108 Pa) A

F = (2.48 x 108 Pa)(3.14 x 10-6 m2) FF ==779

779 N
N
Example 2(Cont.) The ultimate strength
for steel is 4089 x 108 Pa. What is the
maxi- mum weight that can be
supported without breaking the wire?

Recall: A = 3.14 x 10-6 m2

F
L A Stress   4.89 x 108 Pa
F A
A
L F = (4.89 x 108 Pa) A

F = (4.89 x 108 Pa)(3.14 x 10-6 m2) FF ==1536

1536 N
N
 The Modulus of
Elasticity
Provided that the elastic limit is not exceeded,
an elastic deformation (strain) is directly
proportional to the magnitude of the applied
force per unit area (stress).

stress
stress
Modulus
Modulus of Elasticity 
of Elasticity
strain
strain
Example 3. In our previous example,
the stress applied to the steel wire was
6.37 x 107 Pa and the strain was 3.08 x 10-4.
Find the modulus of elasticity for steel.

7
Stress 6.37 x 10 Pa
Modulus   -4
L Strain 3.08 x 10
Modulus
Modulus == 207
207 xx 10
109 Pa
9
Pa
L

This
This longitudinal
longitudinal modulus
modulus of of elasticity
elasticity isis called
called
Young’s
Young’s Modulus
Modulus and
and isis denoted
denoted by
by the
the symbol
symbol Y. Y.
 Young’s Modulus
For materials whose length is much greater than the width or
thickness, we are concerned with the longitudinal modulus of
elasticity, or Young’s Modulus (Y).

longitudinal
longitudinal stress
stress
Young modulus 
Young''ss modulus
longitudinal
longitudinal strain
strain

FF // AA FL
FL lb
lb
YY   Units
Units :: Pa
Pa or
or
LL//LL AALL in.
in.
22
Example 4: Young’s modulus
for brass is 8.96 x 1011Pa. A
120-N weight is attached to an
8-m length of brass wire; find
the increase in length. The 8m
diameter is 1.5 mm.

L
120 N
First find area of wire:
 D 2  (0.0015 m) 2
A  A = 1.77 x 10-6 m2
4 4
FL
FL FL
FL
YY  or LL 
or
AALL AY
AY
 Example 4:
(Continued)
Y = 8.96 x 1011 Pa; F = 120 N;
8m
L = 8 m; A = 1.77 x 10-6 m2
F = 120 N; L = ?
L
FL FL
Y or L  120 N
A L AY
FL (120 N)(8.00 m)
L  
AY (1.77 x 10-6 m 2 )(8.96 x 1011Pa)

Increase in length: L
L == 0.605
0.605 mm
mm
 Shear Modulus
A shearing stress alters only the shape of the body,
leaving the volume unchanged. For example,
consider equal and opposite shearing forces F
acting on the cube below:
A d
l  F
F

The shearing force F produces a shearing

angle The angle  is the strain and the
stress is given by F/A as before.
 Calculating Shear
Modulus
d A
Stress is FF
F force per
F l  Stress 
Stress
unit area: AA
The strain is the angle dd
expressed in radians: Strain  
Strain
ll
The shear modulus S is defined as the ratio of the
shearing stress F/A to the shearing strain :

The
The shear
shear modulus:
modulus: FF AA
SS 
Units
Units are
are in
in Pascals.
Pascals. 
Example 5. A steel stud (S = 8.27 x 1010Pa)
1 cm in diameter projects 4 cm from the
wall. A 36,000 N shearing force is applied to
the end. What is the defection d of the
stud?

 D  (0.01 m)
2 2

l A 
4 4
d
Area: A = 7.85 x 10-5 m2
F
F A F A Fl Fl
S   ; d
 d l Ad AS
(36, 000 N)(0.04 m)
d dd == 0.222
0.222 mm
mm
(7.85 x 10-5 m 2 )(8.27 x 1010 Pa)
 Volume Elasticity
Not all deformations are linear. Sometimes an applied
stress F/A results in a decrease of volume. In such
cases, there is a bulk modulus B of elasticity.

Volume
Volume stress
stress FF AA
BB  
Volume strain VV VV
Volume strain

The
The bulk
bulk modulus
modulus isis negative
negative
because
because of
of decrease
decrease inin V.
V.
 The Bulk Modulus
Volume
Volume stress
stress FF AA
BB  
Volume strain VV VV
Volume strain

Since F/A is generally pressure P, we may write:

PP PV
PV
BB  
VV //VV VV
Units remain in Pascals (Pa)
since the strain is unitless.
Example 7. A hydrostatic press contains
5 liters of oil. Find the decrease in
volume of the oil if it is subjected to a
pressure of 3000 kPa. (Assume that B =
1700 MPa.)

P  PV
B 
V / V V
 PV (3 x 10 Pa)(5 L)
6
V   9
B (1.70 x 10 Pa)

Decrease in V;
V
V == -8.82
-8.82 mL
mL
milliliters (mL):
 Summary: Elastic and
Inelastic
An
An elastic
elastic body
body isis one
one that
that returns
returns to
to its
its original
original
shape
shapeafter
after aa deformation.
deformation.
An elastic collision loses no energy. The deform-
ation on collision is fully restored.

An
An inelastic
inelastic body
body isis one
one that
that does
does not
not return
return to
to its
its
original
original shape
shape after
after aa deformation.
deformation.

In an inelastic collision, energy is lost and the

deformation may be permanent.
 Summary
Types of Stress F
A tensile stress occurs when
equal and opposite forces are W
directed away from each other. Tension

A compressive stress occurs W

when equal and opposite
forces are directed toward F
each other. Compression
 Summary of
Definitions
Stress is the ratio of an applied force F to the
area A over which it acts:
FF NN lb
lb
Stress 
Stress  Units : Pa  or
Units : Pa  22 or 22
AA m
m in.
in.
Strain is the relative change in the dimensions or
shape of a body as the result of an applied stress:

Examples:
Examples: Change
Changeinin length
length per
per unit
unit length;
length;
change
change in
in volume
volume perper unit
unit volume.
volume.
Longitudinal Stress
and Strain
For wires, rods, and bars,
there is a longitudinal
L A stress F/A that produces a
F
A change in length per unit
L length. In such cases:

FF LL
Stress 
Stress Strain 
Strain
AA LL
 The Elastic Limit
The elastic limit is the maximum stress a body can
experience without becoming permanently deformed.

The Ultimate Strength

The ultimate strength is the greatest stress a body can
experience without breaking or rupturing.
 Young’s Modulus
For materials whose length is much greater than the
width or thickness, we are concerned with the
longitudinal modulus of elasticity, or Young’s
Modulus Y.
longitudinal
longitudinal stress
stress
Young modulus 
Young''ss modulus
longitudinal
longitudinal strain
strain
FF // AA FL
FL lb
lb
YY   Units
Units :: Pa
Pa or
or
LL//LL AALL in.
in.
22
 The Shear Modulus
d A
Stress is FF
F force per
F l  Stress 
Stress
unit area: AA
The strain is the angle dd
expressed in radians: Strain  
Strain
ll
The shear modulus S is defined as the ratio of the
shearing stress F/A to the shearing strain :

The
The shear
shear modulus:
modulus: FF AA
SS 
Units
Units are
are in
in Pascals.
Pascals. 
 The Bulk Modulus
Volume
Volume stress
stress FF AA
BB  
Volume strain VV VV
Volume strain

Since F/A is generally pressure P, we may write:

PP PV
PV
BB  
VV //VV VV
Units remain in Pascals (Pa)
since the strain is unitless.
1. A steel rod 2.0 m long has a cross-
sectional area of 0.30 cm2. It is hung by
one end from a support, and a 550-kg
milling machine is hung from its other
end. Determine the stress on the rod and
the resulting strain and elongation.

2. A hydraulic press contains 0.25m3 (250 L)

of oil. Find the decrease in the volume of the
oil when it is subjected to a pressure
increase1.6 x 107 Pa (about 160 atm or 2300
psi). The bulk modulus of the oil is 5.0 x 109
Pa.
3. Suppose the object (figure below) is the
brass base plate of an outdoor sculpture that
experiences shear forces in an earthquake.
The plate is 0.80 m square and 0.50 cm
thick. What is the force exerted on each of
its edges if the resulting displacement x is
0.16 mm?