Temps expert O1

Static fluids
 Static Fluids
The general rules of statics (as applied in solid mechanics) apply to fluids at
rest.

I Forces in Static Fluids

A static fluid can have no shearing force acting on it.

Inside the fluid domain

n
Pressure force normal
Fluid dS to the boundary
S

Solid

Outside the fluid domain

 Static Fluids
II Fluid Pressure

II.1 Definition

When a fluid at rest is in contact with a surface, the pressure produces a

force which acts at right angles to the surface :
 Static Fluids
II.2 Pressure and depth

The pressure in a fluid increases with the depth below the surface :

There is an increase of pressure with depth because the lower layers are
compressed by the weight above them.
 Static Fluids
Dams in rivers are made much thicker at the base than at the top to
withstand the greater lateral pressure in the depths of the liquid :

Low pressure
Vertical section
of a dam
Higher pressure

Highest pressure
 Static Fluids
III Variation of pressure vertically in a fluid under gravity
P2 , S z

Fluid density ρ

mg
z2
Area S

P1 , S z1

Vertical elemental cylinder of fluid

In the above figure we can see an element of fluid which is a vertical column
of constant cross sectional area, S surrounded by the same fluid of density
ρ.
 Static Fluids
The pressure at the bottom of the cylinder is p1 at level z1 , and at the top
is p2 at level z2.

The fluid is at rest and in equilibrium so all the forces in the vertical
direction sum to zero, we have :

Force due to p1 on S (upward) : F1 = p1.S

Force due to p2 on S (downward) : F2 = p2.S

Force due to the weight of element (downward) :

mg = ρgS(z2 – z1)
 Static Fluids
Taking upward as positive, in equilibrium we have :

p1.S – p2.S = ρgS (z2 – z1)

p1 – p2 = ρg (z2 – z1)

Thus in a fluid under gravity, pressure decreases with increase in height.

p + ρgz = Cte
 Static Fluids
III.1 Example with atmospheric pressure

The number of air molecules above a surface changes as the height of the
surface above the ground changes.

There are fewer air molecules above the 50 1 mb

kilometer surface than are found above the 50 km
12 km surface.

Since the number of air molecules above a 100 mb

surface decreases with height, pressure 12 km
likewise decreases with height.
1000 mb
ground

Unit area
 Static Fluids
III.2 Pressure at the top of a building

The Empire State building in New York City, rises to a

height of approximately 380 m.

The Burj Khalifa in Dubai, rises to a height of 828 m.

pb = 105 Pa ρair = 1.225 kg/m3

Estimate the ratio of the pressure at the top of the building to the
pressure at its base.

pb – pt = ρg (zt – zb) pt = pb – ρgh

= 0.954 (ESB) = 0.900 (BK)

 Static Fluids
III.3 Static fluids in a open tank
A B
For the open tank, with piezometers patm
attached on the side; containing two 2m
different immiscible liquids.
Liquid A (s.g. = 0.72)

1/ Find the elevation of the liquid surface

in the piezometer A. 0.3 m
Liquid B (s.g. = 2.36)

g = 9.81 m/s2 ρwater = 103 kg/m3

Liquid A will simply rise in piezometer A to the same elevation as liquid A in

the tank (hA = 2 m).
 Static Fluids
2/ Find the elevation of the liquid surface in the piezometer B.

Liquid B will simply rise in piezometer B to elevation 0.3 m + additional

amount as a result of the overlying pressure of liquid A.

The overlying pressure can be determined by :

p = ρAgh = 720*9.81 (2 – 0.3) = 12.07 103 Pa

= 0.519 m
 Static Fluids
The height liquid B will rise in piezometer B to an elevation of :

hB = 0.3 + 0.519 = 0.819 m

3/ Find the pressure at the bottom of the tank.

The pressure at the bottom is :

pbottom = 105 + (720*9.81).(2 – 0.3) + (2360*9.81).(0.3)

pbottom = 1.19 105 Pa = 1.19 bar

 Static Fluids
IV Archimedes's principle

When a body is immerged in a fluid, it experiences an upthrust, or apparent

loss of weight, equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body.
 Static Fluids

The volume of the body is : Vb , its weight is : mb.g = ρb.Vb.g

The volume of the displaced fluid is : Vf , FB = mf.g = ρf.Vf.g

ρb.Vb = ρf.Vf

Up thrust or buoyant force : FB

p1 Fluid density : ρf
a pa
h G Body density : ρb

p2 Weight of body
mg
 Static Fluids
The cross section of the body is S, its volume : V b = S.h
The volume of the displaced fluid : Vf = S.(h - a)

Forces in the vertical direction :

•Force due to p1 on S (downward) : F1 = p1.S = pa.S

•Force due to p2 on S (upward) : F2 = p2.S = [ pa + ρf g(h-a)] S

•Force due to the weight of body (downward) : mg = ρ bgS.h

 Static Fluids
All the forces in the vertical direction sum to zero :

F2 - F1 = FB = mg ρf.g.S.(h – a) = ρb.g.S.h

Upthrust : FB = ρf.g.S.(h – a) = ρf.g.Vf

FB = Buoyant force (Archimedes upthrust) [N]

ρf = Density of the fluid [kg/m3]
Vf = Volume of the displaced fluid [m3]
Suspended body (neutrally buoyant)

ρ < ρf
Floating body Fluid
ρ = ρf Sinking body
ρf ρ > ρf
 Static Fluids
IV.1 Numerical example : The loaded barge

This barge is w = 7 m in width; its empty mass (boat mass without load) is m 0
= 40 tones.

Air

45° H = 2.5 m 45° Water

L = 15 m
1/ Give the expression of its loaded mass ml in terms of its dimensions, its
empty mass, and water density.
g (ml + m0) = g ρ (V ) V = w. (L.H + H2)
water displaced fluid

ml = ρ water
w. (L.H + H2) - m0

2/ What is the load mass? ml = 266 250 kg = 266 T

 Static Fluids

Air

H=? 45°
45° Water

L = 15 m

3/ What is the new value of H if ml = 100 T ?

H2 + 15 H – 20 = 0

Positive solution : H = 1.23 m

 Static Fluids
IV.2 The raft

A raft is made up with 3 trunks and a flat plate which floats at the sea
surface. Flat plate

Sea water

1/ Give the expression of the raft mass M0: in terms of the mass of the flat
plate: MFP, the wood density: ρwood, the trunk dimensions: d and L. Compute
M 0.

Known: Trunk diameter d = 0.5 m Length of the trunk: L = 4 m

Wood density: ρwood = 700 kg/m3 ρsea water = 1027 kg/m3
Mass of the flat plate: MFP = 350 kg g = 9.81 m/s2
 Static Fluids
IV.2 The raft

= 2000 kg

2/ Give the equation of balance for the system and give the expression of
the volume of the displaced fluid: Vimmersed

Equation of balance : W = FB

= 1.947 m3
 Static Fluids
IV.2I The raft

3/ Find the fraction F of the immersed volume of the trunks: F =

Vimmersed/Vtrunks in terms of M0, ρsea water, d and L. Compute F.

= 0.8265

4/ What is the maximum load mass ML, this raft can transport without
sinking?

If F = 1 then Vimmersed = Vtrunks

= 420 kg
 Static Fluids
V Stability of Immersed and Floating Bodies

• Centers of buoyancy and gravity do not coincide

• A small rotation can result in either a restoring or overturning couple.

• Stability is important for floating bodies

 Static Fluids
V.1 Stability of a completely immersed body

Center of gravity below Center of gravity above

center of buoyancy. center of buoyancy.
 Static Fluids
V.2 Stability of Floating Body when CB is above CG

waterline
FB CB FB
CB

CG CG W Restoring couple
W
FB = W

Stable

When a boat is heeled by a gust of wind

 Static Fluids
V.3 Stability of Floating Body when CB is below CG
The metacentric height (CG-M) is a measurement of the initial static
stability of a floating body.
M

CG CG CG
W W M W

FB FB waterline
CB FB CB CB

FB = W

Container carrier
Stable Unstable

It is calculated as the distance between the centre of gravity of a ship and

its metacenter.
 Static Fluids
The distance (CG-z) is call the righting arm.

z CG
CG z M W
W waterline
CB FB FB
CB
Increasing the angle
of heel
Stable CG-z Unstable

angle of heel
0
10° 20° 30° 40°
 Static Fluids
I The loaded barge

This barge is 4 m depth, 20 m long, when the barge is empty its draught is H
= 2 m (distance between the waterline and the bottom of the hull).

12 m
Air

4m H=2m H=2m Water

8m L = 20 m

1/ Give the empty mass of the barge.

 Static Fluids
I The loaded barge

Vdisplaced fluid = L.H(8 + x)

2m
x=1m
x Air
4m
2m Water
Vdisplaced fluid = 360 m3
8m

m0 = ρwater.Vdisplaced fluid = 360 T

2/ Give the value of the draught then the barge transports 210 tones.
 Static Fluids
I The loaded barge

mT = m0 + ml = 360 + 210 = 570 T

draught : x
2m

S = x2/4 x/2 Air

4m
x Water

Vdisplaced fluid = L (8x + x2/2)

8m

With ρwater = 103 kg/m3

10/09/2020 30
 Static Fluids
I The loaded barge

The draught : x = 3 m

3/ What is the maximum load mass, this barge can transport without
sinking?

Vdisplaced fluid = 20 (8x4 + 4x2) = 800 m3

mT = 800 T then ml = 800 - 360 = 440 T