GS,TS L HONG NINH

L cch thc m ngi nghin cu ph bin kt

qu nghin cu ti nhng nh khoa hc hay cc
nh chuyn mn khc.
Format vit mt bi bo khoa hc trn cc tp
ch y- sinh hc c chun ha nhm gip
cho cc nh khoa hc trnh by cc d liu c t
chc v c h thng.
Nhng tiu trong bi bo gm: gii thiu,
phng php, kt qu, bn lun. Nhng tp ch,
hay cc Website c th c nhng yu cu ring,
sao cho ph hp vi trang bo ca h.
I. I CNG

Tin trnh vit nn bt u t trong tin trnh lp k hoch nghin
cu v c tip tc khi nghin cu c trin khai thc hin.
Khi kt qu nghin cu c phn tch th bn nhp u tin cng
c hon tt
Chnh l bn tho ny l phn rt quan trng: k c chnh l ni
dung v th cch mt bi bo
Khng phi tt c cc format u ph hp cho bi bo khoa hc
th d nh bo co trng hp hay xem xt h thng, cc bo co
nghin cu nh tnh, vit lun n
Hi ng quc t cc Ban ch bt tp ch y hc a ra yu cu
chung thng nht khi a ng mt bi bo trn tp ch y-sinh
hc, v nhng yu cu ny c xem xt theo chu k, ln gn y
nht l vo thng 11 nm 2003
I. I CNG

MT TN BI BO TT GM:
- M t ni dung bi bo ngn gn nht ( t ch nht), khng qu di hay
qu ngn, thng vo khong t 10-12 t. Ni chung l cc bn phi
xem xt ct gn tn bi bo cc bn cho n khi no khng th ct
gn na l c
- Ni chung tn bi bo khng nn c ch no tha, khng cn thit,
cng khng nn c cm t tha nh observation on hay A study of..
Mt vi tp ch cn yu cu c tn bi bo chy( running title, short
title) in trn nh ca tng trang bo, thng vo khong 30-50 k
t
II. TN BI BO

ABSTRACT: nn c khi bt u mt bi bo. Abstract l mt phn
ca bi bo gm cc d liu in t c sn trong bi bo c ly
ra.
Abstract cn nu: mc ch ca nghin cu, qui trnh c bn ca
nghin cu gm: chn la i tng ngi hay ng vt th
nghim, thit k nghin cu: quan st m t hay phn tch, cc kt
qu quan trng v ngha thng k, cc kt lun quan trng ca
nghin cu. Nn nhn mnh ti im quan trng v mi ca
nghin cu.
III. VIT ABSTRACT V T KHA

Mt abstract tt: l mt version thu nh ca bi bo:
Tm tt ngn gn tng phn quan trng v theo cu trc ca
bi bo
S ch trong abstract thng di 150 t ( khng cu trc) v
di 250 t ( Abstract c cu trc)
Abstract thng c vit th qu kh n
Abstract c th t ng mt mnh (n cha ng c ni
dung bi bo) m khng nht thit phi tham kho ton b bi
bo
Abstract khng cha ti liu tham kho , hnh hay biu bng
no c, cng khng cha t vit tt tr khi n qu ph bin
III. VIT ABSTRACT V T KHA

T kha:
Mt s tp ch yu cu phi c t 3 n
10 t kha hay cm t ngn.
T kha thng c t bn di
abstract
III. VIT ABSTRACT V T KHA

4 Phn trong bi bo:
- Gii thiu: nu l do ti sao tc gi phi
tin hnh hnh nghin cu?
- Phng php: tc gi lm nh th no,
bng cch no?
- Kt qu: tc gi tm c g?
- Bn lun: Nhng kt qu ny c ngha
g?
Cu trc ca bi bo

Phn gii thiu NN :
Ni cho ngi c bit ti sao nghin cu c thc
hin
Nn lm r, nu r vn c th no c nghin
cu v cn c tr li ( cu hi nghin cu l g?).
Cn nu ln cc vn chuyn bit trong nghin cu
l g?
Lm tng s quan tm ca c gi: t t dng u tin
cn nu sao thu ht c c gi. Ngi nghin
cu c khuyn lm sao thu ht ch khng nn
ni qu mc ( ni pht)
VIT PHN GII THIU
( M U )

Phn gii thiu KHNG NN:
Gii thch bt c ci g c th tm c trong cc sch
gio khoa thuc lnh vc m bn ang nghin cu
Ghi ton l nhng tham kho, nhng nn chn lc
nhng tham kho ht sc cht ch, l nhng tham
kho xuyn sut nghin cu ca bn
Cha ng nhng s liu hay nhng kt lun
c bo co
VIT PHN GII THIU
( M U )

Cc nguyn tc: ( NN)
Phi vit chi tit thit k nghin cu gip ngi c c
th lm li nghin cu v thm nh gi tr cc kt qu
nghin cu
Cc thnh phn ca phng php nn trnh by di
dng cc tiu v nn m t chi tit cho c gi
c th lm li kt qu nghin cu
Phng php nn c tham kho nhng khng cn
phi m t chi tit. xut bn, cc phng php
cha ng thun cao( well known) cn m t ngn chi
tit c th tham kho c
Nhng phng php mi hay p.p c chnh l cn
pho m t r rng, v cho bit l do s dng, cng
nh nhng hn ch ca chng

VIT PHN PHNG PHP

Nguyn tc ( t.t) KHNG NN:
Nu bnh nhn, ng vt nh l cht/vt liu th
nghim. T vt liu th nghim ch nn dng cho
bnh phm m thi
Dng tn thng mi ca cc thuc, ch dng tn/
cng thc ha hc ca thuc/ha cht
VIT PHN PHNG PHP

o c
Khi nghin cu trn ngi, tc gi phi chng t cho
thy qui trnh th nghim ph hp ci cc chun mc
o c v chi trch nhim trc hi ng y c c
quan, quc gia tng thch vi tuyn b Helsinki
Tn bnh nhn, bnh vin khng nn dng. Nhng
chm sc c bit khng nn xut hin trong phn vt
liu minh ha
Khi th nghim trn ng vt, tc gi nn ch ra nhng
hng dn hay nhng lut quc gia v chm sc
ng vt v vic s dng ng vt th nghim km
theo
VIT PHN PHNG PHP

S thng k:
P.p thng k nn m t chi tit cho c gi hiu v
kim tra d liu gc thm nh kt qu.
Phng php thng k cng chun cng tt
Chng trnh/phn mm thng k nn c ghi ra
Cc t vit tt, k hiu phi c nh ngha
Phng php ngu nhin ha nu dng cn nu r,
vic phn phi i tngvo cc nhm cn m t chi
tit, bin php m, phng php m cn nu, ni r
ra
i tng b mt cn c bo co v phn tch. (
khng b ra khng phn tch, nen nh phi tun th
nguyn tc l: c a vo l phi c phn tch)
Nn trnh dng cc thut ng k thut thng k nh:
ngu nhin, c ngha, s lin quan, mu
VIT PHN PHNG PHP

Nguyn tc:
Mc tiu : lun lun ghi nh
Nhng kt qu khng lin quan ti mc tiu khng nn cp trong
phn kt qu
Kt qu nn trnh by chi tit nh khoa hc khc c th nh gi
tnh gi tr v mc chnh xc ca cc kt qu.
Cc s thng k khng nn bao ph chim ht bi bo nhng cc phn
tch thng k nn c m t ng, xc hp.
Kt qu nn trnh by di dng cu vn, bng hay cc minh ha khc
nh biu , th
Bng v biu thng dng tm tt mt b d liu ln
Khng nhc li di dng cu vn cc d liu c trong cc bng v
hnh
S bng v hnh cng nn hn ch khi cn gii thch hay tranh lun
v bi bo th d tm.
Lut xem c nn c hnh hay khng l : khi cn nghi ng th nn b
chng ra.



VIT PHN KT QU

Cc bng:
Bng m t cc tr s b d liu tt hn l trnh by dng vn
bng
Trnh by c mi lin quan c th no
Khng dng bng khi d liu d trnh by bng mt vi cu
vn ( table mc hn khi in n) hay khi khng c s lin h gia
cc bin hay lin h v thi gian
Bng nn trnh by d hiu m khng cn phi gii thch di
dng thm, ngi c c tn bi bo, abstract lt nhn qua
bng v cc minh ha quyt nh xem c nn c bi bo
khng.
Bng phi c nh s v ta ca bng ( chnh xc )
Nu cn c footnote gii thch thm
Mt bng tt khng c nhng ch khng cn thit no trong
tn ca bng, cng khng nhc li ct v hng
VIT PHN KT QU

c ng Bng cn:
Khng qu rng so vi column ca bo. Bng ct n
bo a double-colum page < 60 k t; a table running
the full with of a page < 120 k t dng
Cc bng nn nh double spacing v tch ring
tng trang / bng
Bng khng nn cc hng dc , ngang bn trong
Bng nn nh s th t
S dng qu nhiu bng s lm bi bo qu di lm
kh cho vic in n. Vic xut bn th ban bin tp s
xem c bao nhiu bng c dng / 1000 ch.
Nguyn tc chung l < 1 bng/ 1000 ch ( 4 trang)
VIT PHN KT QU

Minh ha:
Ch dng cho mc ch c bit:
Bng chng gip cho tranh lun, tho lun v thy l tin
Hiu qu hn trnh by d liu; -> flowchart
Graph: minh ha s lin quan:
Tr s l quan trng th table tt hn graph
Nu trend v s lin quan l quan trng hn tr s th
graph tt hn table

VIT PHN KT QU

Mc ch n bn:
Professionally drawn anf photographed
X ray films, others : sharp, blossy, black and white
photographic prints, 127 x 173 mm ( 5 x 7 inches)
Figure should have label, number ; if figure has
published, ( original source, permission)
VIT PHN KT QU

Nn nhn mnh cc im quan trng v mi ca
nghin cu v cc kt lun s c rt ra t nhng
im ny. ( Should emphasize the new and
important aspects of the study and conclusions that
follow from them)
Should not repeat in detail data or other material
given in the introduction or results sections
Mt bi bo tt l bi bo c phn tho lun, bn
lun c ch ch v l phn ct li ca bi bo.
(Good paper have a targeted discussion and keep it
focused)
BN LUN V KT LUN

6 thnh t ca phn bn lun:
1. Nu nhng tm thy, pht hin chnh
2. im mnh v im yu ca nghin cu
3. im mnh v im yu so vi cc nghin cu khc
4. ngha ca nghin cu, nhng c ch, cc ng
dn chng cho cc nh lm sng v cc nh lp
chnh sch
5. Nhng cu hi cha tr li c v cc nghin cu
tng lai
6. Kt lun
BN LUN V KT LUN

1. Nhng pht hin chnh:
Cu tr li ca cu hi nghin cu hay nhc li
nhng pht hin chnh. Thng khng vit qu di (
khng qu mt vi cu )
Nn bt u phn tho lun bng mt cu cho thy
bi bo c nhng thng tin mi v y hc. Ngi xem
xt, nh gi bi bo thng bt u cng vic ca
h vi gi thuyt khng ngha l bi bo khng cho
thm c mt thng tin no mi
BN LUN V KT LUN

2. im mnh v im yu ca ti:
Cn cn bng im mnh v yu, khng qu thin v
mt pha
Ngi xem xt nh gi s xem xt xem tc gi
n nhng yu im nh th no. Nu ngi c
pht hin ra im yu ca ti, m tc gi khng
cp ti trong phn bn lun th nim tin v ti s b
lung lay. Nhng tiu nh nhng hn ch ca
ti l rt c gi tr.
Nhng g khng c trong phn kt qu th khng nn
bn lun
BN LUN V KT LUN

3. im mnh v im yu so vi nghin cu khc:
Tt c cc chng c , thm ch i nghch nhau cng cn em
ra xem xt. Tc gi cng cn ng v pha i nghch xem
xt nh gi sn phm ca mnh.
Cc tc gi cng nn trnh khu tr, chm ch vo cc trch
dn t cc nghin cu trc y c cng mt cu hi nghin
cu c cng mt kt qu nghin cu . Nhng trch dn nh
vy nn phn gii thiu, t vn
Tc gi nn bnh lun v phng php, cc pht hin v cc
kt lun
Bt c s khc bit no trong kt qu cn c bn lun ti
ni ti chn. Khng th ni Kt qu t cng trnh ny khc vi
kt qu t cng trnh kia, ri khng bn lun ti sao nh vy.
Nu nh tc gi khng bit c ti sao khc bit, th cng
nn trnh ng rng kt qu t cng trnh ca minh th tt hn
ca ngi khc
BN LUN V KT LUN

4. ngha ca nghin cu: cho nh lm sng, nh
chnh sch
Phn ny nn vit tht cn thn. Khng nn vt qu
nhng bng chng c c t nghin cu
Rt nn nhn mnh n khng nhng ch ci g nn/
hm m cn ci khng nn/ khng hm
Gip c gi c ci nhn ton cc c ph phn v kt
qu cng trnh
BN LUN V KT LUN

5. vn cha tr li v nghin cu mi:
Nghin cu mi nhng vn cha c tr li trong nghin
cu
Mt nghin cu tt l nghin cu m xut xut c
tng mi, vn mi cho nghin cu tip theo
Cc cu hi nghin cu mi l g? ngh c th nghin cu

6. kt lun:
Strong clear conclusions
Introduction: thunder -> conclusion : the ends with lighting
Link with goal study
Trnh cu ni/ vn khng cht lng v khng c h tr t
kt qu ti
Nn l rng nhng kt qu m tnh cng quan trng nh kt
qu dng tnh
BN LUN V KT LUN

Li cm n ( nu c) nhng phi ngn gn v c th
LI CM N

L phn quan trng ca mt bi bo khoa hc
S ti liu tham kho nn gii hn nhng ti
liu no c nh hng, lin quan trc tip n
cng trnh nghin cu ( tr review article),
thng khng qu 40 ( Halsey, 1998)
C kim tra cn thn, c thm nh vi ti liu
gc. DeLacy et al, 1985 20 % sai
Trong nghin cu y sinh hc c 2 kiu trch dn
chnh: Harvard system v Vancouver system
TRCH DN
TI LIU THAM KHO

Harvard system :
Th t trch dn theo th t a, b, c
Trong bi vn, tham kho c trch dn c cho vo
ngoc n (by giving in parentheses) tn tc gi v nm
xut bn. Khi tn tc gi l mt phn ca cu th ch c nm
l nm trong ngoc n. Khi c nhiu tham kho th nn lit
k theo th t v tch ring bng du phy.
Khi bi bo c vit bi 2 tc gi th tn c hai u c
trch dn. Nu c nhiu tc gi > 2 th tt c cc tn c
lit k ln u tin m tham kho c trch dn. Nu ch
lit k mt tn thi th thm t et al ( ngha l nhng ngi
khc na). Nu dng t la tin th et alii ( masculine) v aliae
( feminine)
Nu 2 trch dn cng mt tc gi v cng nm xut bn th
alphabetical annotation c dng, th d 2004 a
Th t ca trch dn l tng l theo th t ca nm
TRCH DN
TI LIU THAM KHO

The Vancouver system: c chp nhn bi Hi ng quc t cc ch
bt tp ch y sinh hc. Ngy nay hu ht tp ch y sinh hc theo h thng
ny, c NLM Hoa K chp nhn
Tham kho trch dn theo th t uc cp trong bi bo
Tham kho trong bi vn, bngnn nh s arabic trong ngoc
n. Trch dn tham kho trong bng, hnh nn nh s theo s
th t c dng cho bi vn c cha bng v hnh
Nhng bi bo khng xut bn thng khng dng nh mt trch
dn tham kho. Nhng bi bo chp nhn cho in, nhng cha in
c trch dn tham kho di t in press hay forthcoming.
Nhng bi bo da in trn tp ch nhng cha c chp nhn
c x l nh bi bo khng xut bn
Khng dng tham kho di dng ( qua trao i c nhn) tr khi
l thng tin c bit quan trng m khng c t cc ngun cng
cng, khi th tn v ngy trao i phi ghi trong ngoc n ca
bi vn. Cc tc gi nn c giy c php v xc nh chnh xc
ngun t cc thng tin c nhn s dng
TRCH DN
TI LIU THAM KHO