Professional Documents
Culture Documents
NET
http://www.one-school.net/notes.html 1
Short Notes: Form 5 Chemistry
Rate or Reaction
Calculation
Rate of Reaction (Average Rate)
Quantity change of reactants/products
Rates of reaction =
Total time for the reaction
If the quantity change is immeasurable
1
Rates of reaction =
Total time for the reaction
Find the Rate From a Graph
Average Rate Rates At an Instant
The rate of reaction is equal to the slope of the graph
of quantity against time.
(Product)
Rate of Reaction =
(Time)
The rate of reaction at an instant, t, is equal to the
slope of tangent at that instant.
(Product)
Rate of Reaction =
(Time)
ONE-SCHOOL.NET
http://www.one-school.net/notes.html 2
Chemical Reaction
Precipitation of Sulphur
2HCl
(aq)
+ Na
2
S
2
O
3(aq)
2NaCl
(aq)
+ S
(s)
+ SO
2(g)
+ H
2
O
(l)
Notes:
1. Yellow precipitate (sulphur) is formed.
2. The reaction is slow.
Na
2
S
2
O
3
: Sodium thiosulphate
Potassium Dichromate (VI) with Ethanedioic Acid
Cr
2
O
7
2-
+ 14H
+
+ 3C
2
O
4
2-
6CO
2
+ 7H
2
O + 2Cr
3+
Notes:
1. In the reaction, the orange colour of the solution
turns into green.
Cr
2
O
7
2-
: dichromate(VI) ion (Orange)
C
2
O
4
2-
: ethanedioate ion (Colourless)
Cr
3+
: Chromium(III) ion (green)
Potassium Manganate(VII) with Ethanedioic Acid
2MnO
4
-
+ 16H
+
+ 5C
2
O
4
2-
10CO
2
+ 8H
2
O + 2Mn
2+
Notes:
1. Mn
2+
is colourless
2. In the reaction, the purple colour of the solution
turns into colourless.
MnO
4
-
: Manganate(VII) ion (Purple)
Mn
2+
: Manganese(II) ion colourless
Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide
2H
2
O
2
-
2H
2
O + O
2
Catalyst: manganese(IV) oxide(MnO
2
), Iron(III) oxide (Fe
2
O
3
), silver (Ag)
Haber Process (Manufacture Ammonia)
N
2
+ 3H
2
2NH
3
(More detail in Form 4 Chapter 9)
Contact Process(Manufacture Sulphuric Acid)
2SO
2
+ O
2
2SO
3
(More detail in Form 4 Chapter 9)
ONE-SCHOOL.NET
http://www.one-school.net/notes.html 3
Ostwald Process (Manufacture Nitric Acid)
Stage 1
4NH
3(g)
+ 5O
2(g)
4NO
(g)
+ 6H
2
O
(g)
Notes:
1. Temperature = 900oC
2. Pressure = 4-10 atm
3. Catalyse = Platinum (Pt)
Stage 2
2NO
(g)
+ O
2(g)
2NO
2(g)
Dissolve in water
3NO
2(g)
+ H
2
O
(l)
2HNO
3(aq)
+ NO
(g)
Carbon Compound
Alkane
Alkane
Combustion
Complete
Combustion
Incomplete
Combustion
Substitution
Reaction
(Halogenation)
Combustion
Complete combustion
C
2
H
6
+
7
2
O
2
2CO
2
+ 3H
2
O
Incomplete combustion
C
2
H
6
+
5
2
O
2
2CO + 3H
2
O
C
2
H
6
+
3
2
O
2
2C + 3H
2
O
ONE-SCHOOL.NET
http://www.one-school.net/notes.html 4
Substitution Reaction
Alkene
Alkene
Combustion
Complete
Combustion
Incomplete
Combustion
Addition Reaction
+Bromine/Chlorine
+Potassium
Manganate(VII)
+Hydrogen
+Hydrogen Halide
+Steam
Polymerization
Alkane Alcohol
Craking Dehydration
Preparation of Alkene
Cracking of Alkane
2C
4
H
10
CH
4
+ C
2
H
4
+ C
2
H
6
+ C
3
H
6
Dehydration of Alchohol
C
2
H
5
OH + C
2
H
4
+ H
2
O
ONE-SCHOOL.NET
http://www.one-school.net/notes.html 5
Combustion:
Complete combustion:
C
2
H
4
+ 3O
2
2CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
Incomplete combustion
C
2
H
4
+ 2O
2
2CO + 2H
2
O
C
2
H
4
+ O
2
2C + 2H
2
O
Addition Reaction:
+ Bromine:
+ Potassium Manganate(VII):
+ Hydrohen:
(Catalyst: platinum/nickel)
+ Hydrogen Halide:
+ Steam (H
2
O):
(Catalyst: phosphoric acid; Temperature: 300
o
C; Pressure: 60atm)
Polymerization
(Catalyst: oxygen; Temperature: 200
o
C; Pressure: 1200atm)
ONE-SCHOOL.NET
http://www.one-school.net/notes.html 6
Alcohol
Alkene Carbohydrate
Alcohol fermentation Addition
+Sodium dehydration Combustion
Oxidation
(+K
2
CrO
7
/KMnO
4
)
Preparation of alchohol
Fermentation of Carbohydrate (Glucose)
C
6
H
12
O
6
2C
2
H
5
OH + 2CO
2
Addition of Alkene
C
2
H
4
+ H
2
O C
2
H
5
OH
[Catalyst:Phosphoric acid; Temperature:300
o
C; Pressure: 60atm ]
or
C
2
H
4
+ H
2
SO
4
CH
3
CH
2
OSO
3
H
CH
3
CH
2
OSO
3
H + H
2
O CH
3
CH
2
OH + H
2
SO
4
Combustion of Alcohol
C
2
H
5
OH + 3O
2
2CO
2
+ 3H
2
O
Dehydration of Alcohol
C
2
H
5
OH + C
2
H
4
+ H
2
O
Alcohol + Sodium
2C
2
H
5
OH + 2Na 2C
2
H
5
ONa + H
2
Oxidation of Alcohol
C
2
H
5
OH + 2[O] CH
3
COOH + H
2
O
ONE-SCHOOL.NET
http://www.one-school.net/notes.html 7
Carboxylic Acid
Aldehydes Alchohol
Carboxylic acid Oxidation Oxidation
+Metal +oxide base +alkali +Metal carbonate +Alchohol
Salt +H
2
O Salt +H
2
O Salt +H
2
Salt +CO
2
+H
2
O
Esther
Preparation of Carboxylic acid
Oxidation of Alcohol
C
2
H
5
OH + 2[O] CH
3
COOH + H
2
O
Oxidation of Aldehyde
C
2
H
6
O + [O] CH
3
COOH
Reaction
Carboxylic Acid + Alkali
CH
3
COOH + NaOH CH
3
COONa + H
2
O
Carboxylic Acid + Metal Oxide
2CH
3
COOH + MgO Mg(CH
3
COO)
2
+ H
2
O
Carboxylic Acid + Metal
2CH
3
COOH + Mg Mg(CH
3
COO)
2
+ H
2
Carboxylic Acid + Metal Carbonate
2CH
3
COOH + CaCO
3
Ca(CH
3
COO)
2
+ CO
2
+H
2
O
Carboxylic Acid + Alchohol
CH
3
COOH + C
2
H
5
OH CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
+ H
2
O
ONE-SCHOOL.NET
http://www.one-school.net/notes.html
8
Summary of The Reaction
ONE-SCHOOL.NET
http://www.one-school.net/notes.html
9
Oxidation and Reduction
Iron(II) to Iron(III)
Oxidising agent: Chlorine or Bromine
+
Fe
2+
Fe
3+
+ e
Cl
2
+ 2e 2Cl
2Fe
2+
+ Cl
2
2Fe
3+
+ 2Cl
+
Fe
2+
Fe
3+
+ e
Br
2
+ 2e 2Br
2Fe
2+
+ Br
2
2Fe
3+
+ 2Cl
Observation:
1. The green colour of Fe
2+
solution turns brown
Observation:
1. The green colour of Fe
2+
solution turn brown
2. The brown colour of bromine water turns into
colourless.
Oxidising agent: Potassium Permanganate(VII)
+
Fe
2+
Fe
3+
+ e
MnO
4
+ 8H
+
+ 5e Mn
2+
+ 4H
2
O
5Fe
2+
+ MnO
4
+ 8H
+
5Fe
3+
+ Mn
2+
+ 4H
2
O
Observation:
1. The green colour of solution Fe
2+
turns brown
2. The purple colour of the MnO
4
+ 8H
+
6Fe
3+
+ Mn
2+
+ 4H
2
O
Observation:
1. The green colour of solution Fe
2+
turns brown.
2. The orange colour of the Cr
2
O
7
2-
solution turns green.
Oxidising agent: Hidrogen Peroxide
+
Fe
2+
Fe
3+
+ e
H
2
O
2
+ 2H
+
+ 2e 2H
2
O
2Fe
2+
+ H
2
O
2
+ 2H
+
2Fe
3+
+ 2H
2
O
Observation:
1. The green colour of solution Fe
2+
turns brown
Oxidising agent: Concentrated Nitric Acid
+
Fe
2+
Fe
3+
+ e
NO
3
-
+ 4H
+
+ 3e NO + 2H
2
O
3Fe
2+
+ NO
3
-
+ 4H
+
3Fe
3+
+ NO + 2H
2
O
Observation:
1. The green colour of solution Fe
2+
turns brown
ONE-SCHOOL.NET
http://www.one-school.net/notes.html
10
Iron(III) to Iron(II)
Reducing Agent: More reactive Metal
+
Fe
3+
+ e Fe
2+
Zn Zn
2+
+ 2e
2Fe
3+
+ Zn 2Fe
2+
+ Zn
2+
Observation:
1. The brown colour of the iron(III) solution turn green.
2. Zinc powder dissolve in the solution.
Reducing Agent: Sulphur Dioxide
+
Fe
3+
+ e Fe
2+
SO
2
+ 2H
2
O SO
4
2-
+ 4H
+
+ 2e
2Fe
3+
+ SO
2
+ 2H
2
O 2Fe
2+
+ SO
4
2-
+ 4H
+
Observation:
1. The brown colour of the iron(III) solution turn green.
Reducing Agent: Hydrogen Sulphide
+
Fe
3+
+ e Fe
2+
H
2
S 2H
+
+ S + 2e
2Fe
3+
+ H
2
S 2Fe
2+
+ 2H
+
+ S
Observation:
1. The brown colour of the iron(III) solution turn green.
2. Yellow precipitate forms in the solution.
Reducing Agent: Sodium Sulphite
+
Fe
3+
+ e Fe
2+
SO
3
2-
+ H
2
O SO
4
2-
+ 2H
+
+ 2e
2Fe
3+
+ SO
3
2-
+ H
2
O 2Fe
2+
+ SO
4
2-
+ 2H
+
Observation:
1. The brown colour of the iron(III) solution turn green.
Reducing Agent: Tin(II) Chloride
+
Fe
3+
+ e Fe
2+
Sn
2+
Sn
4+
+ 2e
2Fe
3+
+ Sn
2+
2Fe
2+
+ Sn
4+
Observation:
1. The brown colour of the iron(III) solution turn green.
ONE-SCHOOL.NET
http://www.one-school.net/notes.html
11
Displacement of Metal
[A more reactive metal can displace a less reactive ion of metal from its compound.]
Example:
Mg + PbCl
2
MgCl
2
+ Pb
3Zn + Fe
2
O
3
3ZnO + 2Fe
Al + CuSO
4
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ Cu
Electrochemical Series
Reactivity Series
Displacement of Halogen
[A more reactive halogen can displace a less reactive halide from its compound.]
Example:
Cl
2
+ KBr KCl + Br
2
Br
2
+ NaI NaBr + I
2
F
2
+ KI KF + I
2
Reactivity of Halogen
Colour of Halogen and Halide
Halogen Colour in
water
Colour in
CCl
4
Chlorine (Cl
2
) Pale Yellow Pale Yellow
Bromine (Br
2
) Brown/Orange/
Yellow
Brown/Orange/
Yellow
Iodine (I
2
) Brown/Orange/
Yellow
Purple
Halogen Colour in
water
Colour in
CCl
4
Chloride (Cl
-
) Colourless Colourless
Bromide (Br
-
) Colourless Colourless
Iodide (I
-
) Colourless Colourless
More reactive
F
2
> Cl
2
> Br
2
> I
2
> At
2
More reactive
K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, C, Zn, H, Fe, Sn, Pb, Cu, Ag
More electropositive
K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Sn, Pb, H, Cu, Ag
Kalau Nak Cari Makanan Ada Zat Ferum Seperti Papaya Harus Cari di Argentina
ONE-SCHOOL.NET
http://www.one-school.net/notes.html
12
The Oxidising Agent and Reducing Agent
Oxidising Agent (Reduction) Redusing Agent (Oxidation)
Halogen
Cl
2
+ 2e 2Cl
Br
2
+ 2e 2Br
I
2
+ 2e 2I
Metal
Mg Mg
2+
+ 2e
Zn Zn
2+
+ 2e
Al Al
3+
+ 2e
Metal Ion
Mg
2+
+ 2e Mg
Pb
2+
+ 2e Pb
Sn
2+
+ 2e Sn
Halide Ion
2Cl
Cl
2
+ 2e
2Br
Br
2
+ 2e
2I
I
2
+ 2e
Fe
3+
Fe
3+
+ e Fe
2+
Fe
2+
Fe
2+
Fe
3+
+ e
Potassium Manganate(VII)
MnO
4
+ 8H
+
+ 5e Mn
2+
+ 4H
2
O
Sulphur Dioxide
SO
2
+ 2H
2
O SO
4
2-
+ 4H
+
+ 2e
Potassium Dicromate(VI)
Cr
2
O
7
2-
+ 14 H
+
+ 6e 2Cr
3+
+ 7H
2
O
Hydrogen Sulphide
H
2
S 2H
+
+ S + 2e
Hydrogen Peroxide
H
2
O
2
+ 2H
+
+ 2e 2H
2
O
Sodium Sulphite Aqueous
SO
3
2-
+ H
2
O SO
4
2-
+ 2H
+
+ 2e
Concentrated Nitric Acid
NO
3
-
+ 4H
+
+ 3e NO + 2H
2
O
Tin(II) Chloride Aqueous
Sn
2+
Sn
4+
+ 2e
Rusting
Step 1: Formation pf Ion
Anode:
Fe Fe
2+
+ 2e
Cathode:
O
2
+ H
2
O 4OH
-
+ 4e
Step 2: Corrosion of Iron
Fe
2+
+ 2OH
-
Fe(OH)
2
Step 3: Formation of iron(III) hydroxide
4Fe(OH)
2
+ H
2
O + O
2
4Fe(OH)
3
Step 4: Formation of Hydrated Iron(III) Oxide
Fe(OH)
3
Fe
2
O
3
xH
2
O
General Equation
4Fe + 3O
2
+ xH
2
O 2Fe
2
O
3
xH
2
O
ONE-SCHOOL.NET
http://www.one-school.net/notes.html
13
Preparation of Oxygen Gas
Decomposition of Potassium Manganate (VII)
2KMnO
4
K
2
MnO
4
+ MnO
2
+ O
2
Decomposition of Potassium Chlorate (V)
2KClO
3
2KCl + 3O
2
[Manganese(IV) Oxide as catalyst]
Decomposition of Potassium Nitrate
2KNO
3
2KNO
2
+ O
2
Extraction of Iron From Its Ore
Production of Carbon Dioxide
C + O
2
CO
2
Production of Carbon Monoxide
CaCO
3
CaO + CO
Reduction of Iron Ore to Iron
Upper Section of the Ballast Furnace
Fe
2
O
3
+ 3CO 2Fe + 3CO
2
Fe
3
O
4
+ 4 CO 3Fe + 4CO
2
Lower Section of the Ballast Furnace
Fe
2
O
3
+ 3C 2Fe + 3CO
Fe
3
O
4
+ 4 C 3Fe + 4CO
2
Removal of Impurities
CaO + SiO
2
CaSiO
3
ONE-SCHOOL.NET
http://www.one-school.net/notes.html
14
Thermochemistry
Calculation
Heat of Reaction
Thermal Energy Change
Number of Mole
H =
Thermal Energy Change
Q = mc
m = mass of solution = volume of solution
c = specific heat capacity of solution
Number of Mole
For solution
1000
MV
n =
For gas (When volume is given)
3 3
Volume of gas
Molar volume of gas (22.4dm at stp / 24dm at rtp)
n =
For solid, liquid or gas ( When mass is given )
mass
Molar mass (RAM/RMM)
n =
Chemical Reaction
Exothermic Reaction
Dissolving Alkali or Acid
-
2
NaOH Na OH
H O +
+
2
2
2 4 4
H SO H SO
H O
+
+
Dissolving of Anhydrous Salt
2 2
2
4 4
CuSO Cu SO
H O
+
+
2
2
2 3 3
Na CO 2Na CO
H O
+
+
ONE-SCHOOL.NET
http://www.one-school.net/notes.html
15
Combustion of Fuel
Example:
Combustion of Carbon
C + O
2
CO
2
Combustion of Hydrogen
2H
2
+ O
2
2H
2
O
Combustion of Ethane
C
2
H
6
+
7
2
O
2
2CO
2
+ 3H
2
O
Reaction of Acid
Neutralisation
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H
2
O
2HNO
3
+ CaO Ca(NO
3
)
2
+ H
2
O
Acid + Reactive Metal
H
2
SO
4
+ Zn ZnSO
4
+ H
2
Acid + Carbonate Acid
HCl + CaCO
3
CaCl
2
+ CO
2
+ HCl
Displacement Reaction
Zn + CuSO
4
ZnSO
4
+ Cu
Endothermic Reaction
Dissolving of Ammonium Chloride, Ammonium Nitrate and Ammonium Sulphate
-
2
4 4
NH Cl NH Cl
H O
+
+
2
4 3 4 3
NH NO NH NO
H O
+
+
2
2
4 4 4 4
(NH )SO 2NH SO
H O
+
+
Dissolving of Hydrated Salt
CuSO
4
xH
2
O Cu
2+
+ SO
4
2-
+ xH
2
O
Na
2
CO
3
xH
2
O 2Na+ + CO
3
2-
+ xH
2
O
Thermal Decomposition of salts
CaCO
3
CaO + CO
2
2Ca(NO
3
)
2
2CaO + 4NO
2
+ O
2