CONTENTS CONTENTS CONTENTS CONTENTS CONTENTS

F FF FFOREWORD OREWORD OREWORD OREWORD OREWORD v

P PP PPREFACE REFACE REFACE REFACE REFACE vii
CHAPTER NINE CHAPTER NINE CHAPTER NINE CHAPTER NINE CHAPTER NINE
R RR RRAY AY AY AY AY O OO OOPTICS PTICS PTICS PTICS PTICS AND AND AND AND AND O OO OOPTICAL PTICAL PTICAL PTICAL PTICAL I II IINSTRUMENTS NSTRUMENTS NSTRUMENTS NSTRUMENTS NSTRUMENTS
9.1 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.1 Introduction 309
9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 Reflection of Light by Spherical Mirrors 310
9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 Refraction 316
9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 Total Internal Reflection 319
9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 Refraction at Spherical Surfaces and by Lenses 323
9.6 9.6 9.6 9.6 9.6 Refraction through a Prism 330
9.7 9.7 9.7 9.7 9.7 Dispersion by a Prism 332
9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 9.8 Some Natural Phenomena due to Sunlight 333
9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 Optical Instruments 335
CHAPTER TEN CHAPTER TEN CHAPTER TEN CHAPTER TEN CHAPTER TEN
W WW WWAVE AVE AVE AVE AVE O OO OOPTICS PTICS PTICS PTICS PTICS
10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.1 Introduction 351
10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 Huygens Principle 353
10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 Refraction and reflection of plane waves using Huygens Principle 355
10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 Coherent and Incoherent Addition of Waves 360
10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 Interference of Light Waves and Youngs Experiment 362
10.6 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.6 Diffraction 367
10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 Polarisation 376
CHAPTER ELEVEN CHAPTER ELEVEN CHAPTER ELEVEN CHAPTER ELEVEN CHAPTER ELEVEN
D DD DDUAL UAL UAL UAL UAL N NN NNATURE ATURE ATURE ATURE ATURE OF OF OF OF OF R RR RRADIATION ADIATION ADIATION ADIATION ADIATION AND AND AND AND AND M MM MMATTER ATTER ATTER ATTER ATTER
11.1 11.1 11.1 11.1 11.1 Introduction 386
11.2 11.2 11.2 11.2 11.2 Electron Emission 387
11.3 11.3 11.3 11.3 11.3 Photoelectric Effect 388
11.4 11.4 11.4 11.4 11.4 Experimental Study of Photoelectric Effect 389
11.5 11.5 11.5 11.5 11.5 Photoelectric Effect and Wave Theory of Light 393
11.6 11.6 11.6 11.6 11.6 Einsteins Photoelectric Equation: Energy Quantum of Radiation 393
11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 Particle Nature of Light: The Photon 395
11.8 11.8 11.8 11.8 11.8 Wave Nature of Matter 398
11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 Davisson and Germer Experiment 403
CHAPTER TWELVE CHAPTER TWELVE CHAPTER TWELVE CHAPTER TWELVE CHAPTER TWELVE
A AA AATOMS TOMS TOMS TOMS TOMS
12.1 12.1 12.1 12.1 12.1 Introduction 414
12.2 12.2 12.2 12.2 12.2 Alpha-particle Scattering and Rutherfords Nuclear Model of Atom 415
12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3 Atomic Spectra 420
12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.4 Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom 422
12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 The Line Spectra of the Hydrogen Atom 428
12.6 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.6 DE Broglies Explanation of Bohrs Second Postulate of Quantisation 430
CHAPTER THIRTEEN CHAPTER THIRTEEN CHAPTER THIRTEEN CHAPTER THIRTEEN CHAPTER THIRTEEN
N NN NNUCLEI UCLEI UCLEI UCLEI UCLEI
13.1 13.1 13.1 13.1 13.1 Introduction 438
13.2 13.2 13.2 13.2 13.2 Atomic Masses and Composition of Nucleus 438
13.3 13.3 13.3 13.3 13.3 Size of the Nucleus 441
13.5 13.5 13.5 13.5 13.5 Nuclear Force 445
13.6 13.6 13.6 13.6 13.6 Radioactivity 446
13.7 13.7 13.7 13.7 13.7 Nuclear Energy 451
CHAPTER FOURTEEN CHAPTER FOURTEEN CHAPTER FOURTEEN CHAPTER FOURTEEN CHAPTER FOURTEEN
S SS SSEMICONDUCTOR EMICONDUCTOR EMICONDUCTOR EMICONDUCTOR EMICONDUCTOR E EE EELECTRON LECTRON LECTRON LECTRON LECTRONIC IC IC IC ICS SS SS: M : M : M : M : MATERIALS ATERIALS ATERIALS ATERIALS ATERIALS, , , , , DEVICES DEVICES DEVICES DEVICES DEVICES AND AND AND AND AND SIMPLE SIMPLE SIMPLE SIMPLE SIMPLE CIRCUITS CIRCUITS CIRCUITS CIRCUITS CIRCUITS
14.1 14.1 14.1 14.1 14.1 Introduction 467
14.2 14.2 14.2 14.2 14.2 Classification of Metals, Conductors and Semiconductors 468
14.3 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.3 Intrinsic Semiconductor 472
14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 Extrinsic Semiconductor 474
14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 p-n Junction 478
14.6 14.6 14.6 14.6 14.6 Semiconductor diode 479
14.7 14.7 14.7 14.7 14.7 Application of Junction Diode as a Rectifier 483
14.8 14.8 14.8 14.8 14.8 Special Purpose p-n Junction Diodes 485
14.9 14.9 14.9 14.9 14.9 Junction Transistor 490
14.10 14.10 14.10 14.10 14.10 Digital Electronics and Logic Gates 501
14.11 14.11 14.11 14.11 14.11 Integrated Circuits 505
CHAPTER FIFTEEN CHAPTER FIFTEEN CHAPTER FIFTEEN CHAPTER FIFTEEN CHAPTER FIFTEEN
C CC CCOMMUNICATION OMMUNICATION OMMUNICATION OMMUNICATION OMMUNICATION S SS SSYSTEMS YSTEMS YSTEMS YSTEMS YSTEMS
15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 Introduction 513
15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.2 Elements of a Communication System 513
15.3 15.3 15.3 15.3 15.3 Basic Terminology Used in Electronic Communication Systems 515
15.4 15.4 15.4 15.4 15.4 Bandwidth of Signals 517
15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 Bandwidth of Transmission Medium 518
15.6 15.6 15.6 15.6 15.6 Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves 519
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15.7 15.7 15.7 15.7 15.7 Modulation and its Necessity 522
15.8 15.8 15.8 15.8 15.8 Amplitude Modulation 524
15.9 15.9 15.9 15.9 15.9 Production of Amplitude Modulated Wave 525
15.10 15.10 15.10 15.10 15.10 Detection of Amplitude Modulated Wave 526
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 528
APPENDICES APPENDICES APPENDICES APPENDICES APPENDICES 532
ANSWERS ANSWERS ANSWERS ANSWERS ANSWERS 534
BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY 552
INDEX INDEX INDEX INDEX INDEX 554
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